尼科尔森微经练习题(9)

Chapter11ApplyingtheCompetitiveModel144.Inacompetitivemarket,anefficientallocationofresourcesischaracterizedbya.apricegreaterthanthemarginalcostofproduction.b.thepossibilityoffurthermutuallybeneficialtransactions.*c.thelargestpossiblesumofconsumerandproducersurplus.d.avalueofconsumersurplusequaltothatofproducersurplus.145.Adeadweightlossofconsumerand/orproducersurplusoccurswhena.producersfailtomaximizeprofits.*b.mutuallybeneficialtransactionscannotbecompleted.c.consumersdonotmaximizetheirutility.d.thepriceofinputsincreases.146.OneexampleofRicardianrentisa.rentpaidtolandlordsunderpricecontrols.*b.thedifferencebetweenthepriceofahighlydemandeduniquepieceofartworkandtheopportunitycostofmaintainingit.c.theamountpaidtoasellerabovetheequilibriumpriceoftouristclassticketsinordertoreceivehigherqualityseatsinfirstclass.d.thepriceriseofwoolfromadiseaseamongsheep.147.Pricecontrolsa.arealwayspopularwithconsumersbecausetheylowerprices.*b.createshortages.c.increaseproducersurplusbecausefirmscannowsellagreaterquantityofagoodatalowerprice.d.arenecessarytopreserveequity.148.“Missingmarkets”resultfrom*a.highcostsoftheestablishmentofsuchmarkets.b.strictpricecontrols.c.theinabilityofproducerstogaineconomiesofscale.d.foreigncountriesdominatingadomesticmarketforaproduct.149.Intheshortrun,asalestaxisa.whollyabsorbedbytheproducer.*b.sharedbetweentheconsumerandtheproducer.c.deferreduntilthemarketisabletore-establishanequilibriumprice.d.whollyabsorbedbytheconsumer.Chapter11/ApplyingtheCompetitiveModel151151150.Inthelongrun,thegreaterburdenofaspecifictaxwillusuallybeabsorbedbya.consumers.b.theparty—consumersorproducers—withthemoreelasticdemand/supplycurve.*c.thepartywiththeleastelasticdemand/supplycurve.d.shareholdersandemployeesofthefirmintheformofreduceddividendsandwages.151.Intheshortrun,specifictaxesonafirmresultin*a.priceincreaseswhichmaynotpersistinthelongrun.b.anincreaseinconsumersurplusbecausethetaxpermitsspendinginadditionalgovernmentservices.c.shortagesofthegoodbeingtaxed.d.anincreaseinproducersurplusbecauseoftheriseinprice.152.Theexcessburdenofataxisa.theamountbywhichthepriceofagoodincreases.*b.thelossofconsumerandproducersurplusthatisnottransferredelsewhere.c.Theamountbywhichaperson’safter-taxincomedecreasesasaresultofthenewtax.d.thewelfarecoststofirmsforcedtoleavethemarketduetoaninwardshiftofthedemandcurve.153.Onewaytominimizetheexcessburdenresultingfromaspecifictaxistoa.taxonlywealthyfirmsandindividuals.b.spreadthetaxovermanygoodsandservices.*c.taxgoodsforwhicheithersupplyordemandisinelastic.d.taxluxuryitemssuchasyachtsandsportscars.154.Per-unittransactioncosts*a.maycausethedemandandsupplycurvestoshifteitherinwardoroutwarddependingonthevalueobtainedfromtransactionagents.b.referonlytothecommissionpaidtoathird-partyforeachtransactionmade.c.areabsorbedbythepartyseekingthetransaction.d.havethesameeffectonbehaviorasdolump-sumtransactioncosts;thedifferenceinterminologyispurelydefinitional.155.Whenpricesdropinresponsetoadeclineindemandforanincreasingcostindustrya.producersurpluswillincreasebutrentsmaydecrease.b.rentearnedbyelasticallysuppliedinputswilldeclinebymorethanrentearnedbyinelasticallysuppliedinputs.*c.rentearnedbyelasticallysuppliedinputswilldeclinebylessthanrentearnedbyinelasticallysuppliedinputs.d.bothproducersurplusandrentswillincrease.152156.Ifquantitysuppliediseithergreaterorlessthantheequilibriumquantity,thenallofthefollowingaretrueexcept:a.totallossofsurpluswilldependontheshapeofthedemandandsupplycurves.b.theresultinglossofconsumersurpluswilldependonthepriceofthegood.*c.totallossofsurpluswilldependonthepriceofthegood.d.therewillbeaninefficientallocationofresources.157.Intheopeningoffreetrade,ifworldpricesofagoodarelessthandomesticpricesofthatsamegood,a.domesticconsumerswillexperiencealossofsurplus.*b.domesticpriceswilldroptotheworldpricelevel.c.alldomesticproducersofthatgoodwilltrytofindanothermarketbecausetheycan’tcompetewithforeignproducers.d.domesticproducerswillincreasethequantitysuppliedinordertocrowdouttheforeign-producedgood.158.QuotasthatlimitthequantityofimportsofaforeigngoodprovideanincentiveforforeignsupplierstoI.providehigherqualitygoods.II.seekmoreopenmarketselsewhere.III.lowerpricestobemorecompetitive.IV.stopalltradewiththecountryimposingthequotas.Whichoftheabovestatementsaretrue?*a.IandIIb.IandIIIc.IIandIVd.I,III,andIVe.IIIonly159.Whenaquota/tradebarrierisinstituted,thelossofdomesticconsumersurplusmaybetransferredtoallofthefollowingexcept:a.foreignconsumers.b.domesticproducers.c.foreignproducers.*d.consumersofotherdomesticproducts.