Lecture 9 Note-taking and Summary（课堂PPT）

Lecture9Note-takingandSummaryWhytaking-noteisimportant?Whenyouarereadingorlistening,takingnoteshelpsyouconcentrate.Inordertotakenotes-towritesomethingsensible-youmustunderstandthetext.Aslisteningandreadingareinteractivetasks,takingnoteshelpyoumakesenseofthetext.Takingnotesdoesnotmeanwritingdowneverywordyouhear;youneedtoactivelydecidewhatisimportantandhowisrelatedtowhatyouhavealreadywritten.Noteshelpyoutomaintainapermanentrecordofwhatyouhavereadorlistenedto.Thisisusefulwhenrevisinginthefutureforexaminationsorotherreasons.Goodnotesshouldbeaccurate,clearandconcise.Theyshouldshowtheorganizationofthetext,andthisshouldshowtherelationshipbetweentheideas.WHATnotesshouldyoutake,basedonyourreading?Bigideas:whatmainideasarereflectedintheintroduction,conclusion,abstract,andsectiontitles?Besuretorecordallrelevantdetailsofthebigideasinthetextasyoureadtheentirepiece.WHATnotesshouldyoutake,basedonyourreading?Followvisualcues:mainideaswilloftenbebolded,italicized,bulleted（加点符）,setindifferentfont（字体）sizes,color,and/orspacing.Additionally,illustrations,figures,tables,charts,diagrams,andthecorrespondingcaptions（标题）elaborateonkeyideas.Usethesetodeterminethesignificanceofconcepts,andtotakenotesaccordingly.WHATnotesshouldyoutake,basedonyourreading?What'srepeated:concepts,formulas,facts,andprocessesmentionedmorethanonceinthepiecearelikelysignificant.HowtotakenotesWhenyou‘rereading,firstsurveythetexttofindthemainpointsandhowtheyarerelated.Thenreadforthesubsidiary（附属的）points;seehowtheyarerelatedtothemainpointsandtoeachother.Then,reducethepointstonotes.Makesurelinksandrelationshipsbetweentheideasareshown.ParaphraseParaphrasinginsteadofwritingverbatim（逐字逐句）-writinginyourownwords,exceptforformulas,definitions,andspecificfacts(i.e.involvingdates),whichshouldberecordedexactlyasinthetext.ParaphraseArestatementofatextinanotherformorotherwords,oftentosimplifyorclarifymeaning.Whenyouparaphrase,youretaineverythingabouttheoriginalwritingbutthewords.Paraphrase最重要的一种英文技能用不同的句子表达相同的东西换种方式去表达相同内容的能力也是到国外大学写论文时候必须具备的基本技能Paraphrase的方法1.使用同义词：Itisworthlookingatoneortwoaspectsofthewayamotherbehavestowardsherbaby.paraphrase:Itisusefultoobserveseveralfeaturesofhowamotheractswhensheiswithhersmallchild. Paraphrase的方法2.句子关系替换：Similarly,themuscleswillnotgrowinlengthunlesstheyareattachedtotendons(腱)andbonessothatastheboneslengthen,theyarestretched.paraphrase:Likewise,ifthemusclesarenotattachedtotendonsandbonessothatastheboneslengthen,theyarestretched,theywillnotgrowinlength.Paraphrase的方法3.转变词性：Thebombexplodedandcausedmanycasualties.paraphrase:Theexplosioncausedmanycasualties.Paraphrase的方法4.改变语态Wecanrelateastudyofthiskindtotextsinothermediatooparaphrase:Astudyofthiskindcanberelatedtotextsinothermediatoo.Paraphrase的方法5.综合IthaslongbeenknownthatCairoisthemostpopulouscityonearth,butno-oneknewexactlyhowpopulousitwasuntillastmonth.paraphrase:AlthoughCairohasbeentheworld'smostheavilypopulatedcityformanyyears,theprecisepopulationwasnotknownuntilfourweeksago.Note-taking的方法1.ListThetopicissummarizedonepointafteranother,usingnumbersandlettersandindentation（缩进）toorganizeinformationinorderofimportance.Thenumbersandletterscanbeusedbythemselvesorincombination.I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,X,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,(i),(ii),(iii),(iv),(v),(vi),(vii),(viii),(ix),(x),a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,usingdecimals:1.1,1.2,1.2.1,1.2.2,1.3,2.1,2.2,2.32.DiagramAdiagramoftheinformationshowshowthemainideasarerelatedandreflectstheorganizationoftheinformation.Youcanuseflowcharts,treediagrams,diagrams,mindmapsetc.Youcanalsoincludecircles,arrows,lines,boxes,etc.ReadingTask4:Note-takingfromthetextTable1:InfluencesofnatureInfluencesofnurtureGeneticstructureoffertilizedovumdeterminessexoffetus,colorofhair,generalbodysize,etc.Abnormaluterineenvironmentcanaffectmaturationprocess,e.g.ifmothercontractsGermanmeasles.Development(maturation)processgeneticallyprogrammedTalkingtobabiesencouragethemtomakespeech-likesoundsearlier.Almostallchildrengothroughthesamestagesoflearningmotorbehaviors.Infantslearntowalkearlierifgivensteepingpractice.SummaryAsummaryisashortenedversionofatext.Itcontainsthemainpointsinthetextandiswritteninyourownwords.Itisamixtureofreducingalongtexttoashorttextandselectingrelevantinformation.Agoodsummaryshowsthatyouhaveunderstoodthetext.ExampleSource:Theamphibia,whichistheanimalclasstowhichourfrogsandtoadsbelong,werethefirstanimalstocrawlfromtheseaandinhabittheearth.Summary:Thefirstanimalstoleavetheseaandliveondrylandweretheamphibia.usefulstages:Readandunderstandthetextcarefully.Thinkaboutthepurposeofthetext.Askwhattheauthor'spurposeisinwritingthetext?Whatisyourpurposeinwritingyoursummary?Areyousummarizingtosupportyourpoints?Selecttherelevantinformation.Thisdependsonyourpurpose.Findthemainideas-whatisimportant.Theymaybefoundintopicsentences.Distinguishbetweenmainandsubsidiaryinformation.Deletemostdetailsandexamples,unimportantinformation,anecdotes,examples,illustrations,dataetc.Findalternativewords/synonymsforthesewords/phrases-donotchangespecializedvocabularyandcommonwords.Changethestructureofthetext.Identifythemeaningrelationshipsbetweenthewords/ideas-e.g.cause/effect,generalization,contrast.Expresstheserelationshipsinadifferentway.Changethegrammarofthetext:rearrangewordsandsentences,changenounstoverbs,adjectivestoadverbs,etc.,breakuplongsentences,combineshortsentences.Simplifythetext.Reducecomplexsentencestosimplesentences,simplesentencestophrases,phrasestosinglewords.Rewritethemainideasincompletesentences.Combineyournotesintoapieceofcontinuouswriting.Useconjunctionsandadverbssuchas'therefore','however','although','since',toshowtheconnectionsbetweentheideas.Checkyourwork.Makesureyourpurposeisclear.Makesurethemeaningisthesame.Makesurethestyleisyourown. Distinguishbetweenmainandsubsidiaryinformation.Deletemostdetailsandexamples,unimportantinformation,anecdotes,examples,illustrations,dataetc.Simplifythetext.Reducecomplexsentencestosimplesentences,simplesentencestophrases,phrasestosinglewords.Exercises:Peoplewhoseprofessionalactivityliesinthefieldofpoliticsarenot,onthewhole,conspicuousfor(因…而使人注意)theirrespectforfactualaccuracy(事实的准确性).Answer:Politiciansoftenlie.Exercises:Failuretoassimilate（吸收，同化）anadequatequantityofsolidfoodoveranextendedperiodoftimeisabsolutelycertaintolead,induecourse,toafatal（致命的）conclusion.Answer:Ifyoudonoteat,youdie.Exercises:Theclimaticconditionsprevailing（盛行）intheBritishIsles（不列颠群岛）showapatternofalternatingandunpredictableperiodsofdryandwetweather,accompaniedbyasimilarlyirregularcycleoftemperaturechanges.Answer:Britishweatherischangeable.Exercises:Itisundeniablethatthelargemajorityofnon-nativelearnersofEnglishexperienceanumberofproblemsinattemptingtomasterthephonetic（语音的）patternsofthelanguage.Answer:ManylearnersfindEnglishpronunciationdifficult.Exercises:Tea,whetheroftheChinaorIndianvariety,iswellknowntobehighonthelistofthosebeverages（饮料）whicharemostfrequentlydrunkbytheinhabitantsoftheBritishIsles.Answer:TheBritishdrinkalargeamountoftea.Exercises:Itisnotuncommontoencountersentenceswhich,thoughtheycontainagreatnumberofwordsandareconstructedinahighlycomplexway,nonethelessturnoutoninspection（检查）toconveyverylittlemeaningofanykind.Answer:Somelongandcomplicatedsentencesmeanverylittle.Exercises:Oneofthemostnoticeablephenomenainanybigcity,suchasLondonorParis,isthesteadilyincreasingnumberofpetrol（汽油）-drivenvehicles,someinprivateownership,othersbelongingtothepublictransportsystem,whichcongest（充塞）theroadsandrender（使得）rapidmovementmoredifficultyearbyyear.Answer:Bigcitieshavegrowingtrafficproblems.