TPO18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia

TPO 18 1. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about England and Germany? · They were completely industrialized by the start of the nineteenth century. · They possessed plentiful supplies of coal. · They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands and Scandinavia during the early nineteenth century. · They succeeded for the same reasons that the Netherlands and Scandinavia did. 2. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia? It was a more important factor than population size. It was more influential than the rate of population growth. It was more important in the early stages than it was later. It was not a significant factor. 3. According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia? The relatively small size of their populations The rapid rate at which their populations were growing The large amount of capital they had available for investment The high proportion of their citizens who were educated 4. According to paragraph 4, because of their location the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPT low-cost transportation of goods access to fish shipbuilding industrial military control of the sea 5. The word “exceptional” in the passage is closest in meaning to extraordinary surprising immediate predictable 6. The word “abolished” in the passage is closest in meaning to ended raised returned lowered 7. According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT generally liberal trade policies huge projects undertaken by the state relatively uncorrupt governments relatively little social or political disruption 8. The word “progressive” in the passage is closest in meaning to rapid partial increasing individual 9. The author includes the information that "a protectionist movement developed in Sweden" in order to · support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth · identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policy · explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands · provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information A.The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins. B.Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets. C.High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths. D.The international division of labor established by the early industrializes was well suited to these countries, a key factor in their success. 11. According to paragraph 6, a major problem with depending heavily on international markets was that they lacked stability were not well suited to agricultural products were largely controlled by the early industrializes led to slower growth of local industries 12. According to paragraph 6. what advantage could a country gain from being heavily involved in international commerce? A steadily rising national income Greater control over market fluctuations High returns when things went well A reduced need for imports 13. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second. Where would the sentence best fit? 14. Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfully. · Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates. · Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade · These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches · Thanks to their ready access to the sea. these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding · These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies · Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. █All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. █However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. █In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. █ All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century，Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands. Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy. Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen. The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation. The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports. TPO18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia 1. 第一段支持以下哪个关于英格兰和德国的观点？ （Inference Question） a) 它们在十九世纪初就已经完全工业化了。 b) 它们有富足的煤供应。 c) 它们在十九世纪早期就被荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚在经济上超过了。 d) 它们成功的原因和荷兰还有斯堪的纳维亚的原因一样。 解析：本段最后一句话“In view of their later start and their lack of coal- undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers – it is important to understand the sources of their success.”意思是：介于它们起步晚且缺煤（毫无疑问这是他们不是早期工业化国家的主要原因），理解他们成功的原因是非常重要的。第一句话说了英格兰和德国是早期工业化国家，而荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚不是，它们不是第一批的原因是因为缺煤，那么第一批肯定就不能缺煤啊，所以选第二个选项。 2. 第二段暗示了以下哪项关于人口密度在荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚工业化中的重要程度？（Inference Question） a) 它是一个比人口体积更重要的因素。 b) 它比人口增长率更有影响力。 c) 它在早期阶段的作用比在后期阶段大。 d) 它不是一个重要的因素。 解析：选项一、二、三都犯了一个严重错误，就是无中生有的比较。段落根本就没有做过此类的比较，所有全错，那么就只能选左后一个选项了。 3. 根据第二段和第三段，以下哪项对荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚在经济上的成功做出了重要贡献？ （Factual Information Question） a) 它们的人口相对较小。 b) 它们人口的急速增长。 c) 它们在投资时所拥有的大量资本。 d) 它们受教育公民的比例。 解析：段落第二、三句“In both 1850 and 1914，……international economy”意思是：在1890年和1914年，斯堪的纳维亚国家拥有欧洲最高的识字率，就是世界其他地方，它们也远远高于欧洲平均水平。这个事实在帮助国家经济在国际经济变化的潮流中找到一席之地提供了巨大价值。 4. 根据第四段，因为它们的地理位置，荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚国家在工业化时拥有以下优势，除了 （Negative Factual Information Question） a) 廉价的物品运输费 b) 接近渔业 c) 造船工业 d) 对海的军事控制 解析：段落第二句“All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry.”意思是：所有这些国家都临海，这以为这重要的国际资源，渔业、廉价运输费、海商以及造船业。 5. 与单词exceptional在文章中意思最接近的是 （Vocabulary Question） a) Extraordinary （卓越的） b) Surprising （令人惊讶的） c) Immediate （立即的） d) Predictable （可预测的） 解析：查字典：You use exceptional to describe someone or something that has a particular quality, usually a good quality, to an unusually high degree. ...children with exceptional ability... His translation is exceptional in its poetic quality. = extraordinary； 释义来自柯林斯高级学习词典。 6. 与单词abolished在文中意思最接近的是 （Vocabulary Question） a) Ended （结束） b) Raised （提高） c) Returned （回来） d) Lowered （降低） 解析：查字典，If someone in authority abolishes a system or practice, they formally put an end to it. 释义来自柯林斯高级学习词典。 7. 根据第五段，以下陈述都对荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚的工业化有积极作用，除了（Negative Factual information Question） a) 大体自由的贸易规定 b) 政府推行的大型项目 c) 相对清廉的政府 d) 社会和政治动乱相对较少 解析：第一个选项在段落第四句（followed a liberal trade policy）中提到；第三个选项在第三句（without notable corruption）中提到；第四个选项在段落第一句话（posed no significant barriers）中提到；第二个选项在第三句中提到了，但只是说政府给予铁路一些帮助，其实no grandiose state projects. 8. 与单词progressive在文中意思最接近的是 （Vocabulary Question） a) Rapid （迅速的） b) Partial （部分的） c) Increasing （不断增加的） d) Individual （个人的） 解析：progressive有向前进的意思，而选项中四个单词只有increasing有不断前进提高的意思。 9. 作者在文中提到“在瑞典有保护主义运动”的目的是什么？ （Rhetorical Purpose Question） a) 支持四个国家的政治体制没有为工业化和经济增长提供壁垒的声明 b) 指出一个大体支持自由贸易政策的特例 c) 解释为什么瑞典工业化比其他斯堪的纳维亚国家以及荷兰慢 d) 提供证据表明农业改革在支持自由贸易政策的国家发展的比那些不支持自由贸易政策的国家快。 解析：段落地数第二句“As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden.”意思是：因为小国家都依赖国外市场，它们大体都遵循自由贸易政策，尽管在瑞典有过保护主义运动。Though后面的内容只是一种补充，不代表主要内容。 10. 以下哪一项能表达出高亮句子的精华核心含义？错误选项改变重要含义或者遗漏精华信息。 The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrailizers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. 这些国家成功的关键因素是他们适应由早期工业化国家制定的国际劳动分工的能力（高识字率在其中起到帮助作用），并且能紧盯国际市场上它们尤其适合的专业领域。 a) 早期工业化国家已经控制了大多国际经济，只给这些国家留了一些边缘化的专业领域。 b) 借助高识字率的帮助，这些国家能够在既定的国际市场下找到关键的专业化领域。 c) 高识字率使这些国家能够占据国际市场并把国际分工改造成适合自己的优势。 d) 被早期工业化国家指定的国际劳动分工适合这些国家，这是它们成功的关键。 11. 根据第六段，高度依赖国际市场的重大问是它们 （Factual Information Question） a) 缺乏稳定性 b) 不怎么适合农业产品 c) 大多由早期工业化国家控制 d) 导致当地工业的缓慢增长 解析：段落第二句“This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations;”意思是：这意味着要依赖国际商业，它的波动性是臭名昭著的。 12. 根据第六段，一个国家高度融入国际商贸，能获得什么优势？ （Factual Information Question） a) 全国收入的稳步上升 b) 更大地控制商业波动 c) 事情顺利的话，回报高 d) 降低了进口需求 解析：段落第二句话后半部分“but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity.”意思是：这也意味着如果足够幸运处在繁荣时期，那么这些生产因素会有高的回报。 13. Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per captia of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second. 在这一时期，瑞典的人均资本增长率是欧洲最高的，丹麦其次。 解析：解题的关键在于this period，要找到他们增长的时期，而原文只有第三个插口的前一句是讲的他们迅速工业化的时期，所以答案就是第三个插入口。 14. Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfully 尽管荷兰和斯堪的纳维亚国家工业化开始较晚，但是他们工业化很成功。 a) 尽管这些国家一开始都很小，人口未受教育，工业化给他们带来了极大的人口增长和跟高的识字率。 b) 对亏了它们临海，这些国家享受在商业运输、渔业和造船上具有优势。 c) 因为它们一开始就有很好的蒸汽船港口，这些国家在转头贸易上的竞争有极大的优势。 d) 因为它们的政府相对稳定诚实且大体上支持自由贸易政策，这些国家因此受到了很大的帮助。 e) 这些国家之所以成功是因为高识字率帮助他们找到分工市场上的一席之地。 f) 因为它们从来没有完全依靠国际贸易，这些国家能够在国际市场上臭名昭著的波动中存活下来。 解析：选项一错，这些国家的人口识字率很高； 选项二对，第四段的主要内容； 选项三错，第四段说了它们并不是一开始就很好的港口，而是最后开发出来的。 选项四对，第五段的主要内容； 选项五对，第六段主题句的内容； 选项六错，第六段说了，它们是完全依靠国际贸易的，只不过非常幸运的处在times of prosperity. 因此，答案是：2,4,5；