美国国家概况考题

1Unit1Thecountry（）1.TheUnitedStatesstretchesfromtheAtlanticOceaninthewesttothePacificOceanintheeast.（）2.TheMississippiriveristhelongestriverintheUnitedStates.（）3.TheAppalachianregionisbothcomplicatedandvaried,containingsomeofthehighestmountainsinNorthAmerica,butalsoavastexpanseofintermontanebasins,plateaus,andisolatedranges.（）4.WesternWashingtonandOregonreceiveplentyofrainandcentralCaliforniaisnoticeablydrierinwinter.()5.NewEnglandissometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.()6.WashingtonD.C.islocatedintheSouthernStatesRegion.()7.ManySouthernershaveastrongsenseofregionalloyaltyandtakeprideintheSouth’shistoryandtradition.()8.TheMidwesternStatesRegionisavastareaofgenerallyflatlandthatcoversmuchofthecenteroftheUnitedStates.()9.LasVegasandRenostandoutas“Americandreamland”,fortheyprimarilyfindwealththroughthegamblingandentertainmentindustries.()10.Hawaiihasthelargestlandareaofallthestates,andAlaskahasoneofthesmallestlandareas.1.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisthe____________countryintheworldinsize.A.LargestB.second-largestC.third-largestD.fourth-largest2.____________extendfromthenortherntipofMainesouthwesterntoAlabama.A.TheRockyMountainsB.TheAppalachianHighlandsC.TheCoastMountainsD.TheBlueMountains3.TheclimateoftheUnitedStatesisinfluencedby____________.A.theAtlanticandPacificOceansB.theGulfofMexicoC.theGreatLakesD.Alloftheabove4.Whatistheleadingcommercialcropofthesouth?A.Cotton.B.Tobacco.C.Sugarcane.D.Rice.5.WhatMidwesterncityistheautomobilecapitaloftheworld?A.Chicago.B.Detroit.C.Milwaukee.D.Cleveland.6.OneofthemostimportantlakesintheUnitedStatesis_________,whichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld.A.LakeSuperiorB.LakeMichiganC.LakeHuronD.LakeOntario7.NewEnglandliesin__________oftheUnitedStates.A.thenorthernpartB.thesouthernpartC.thenortheasternpartD.thesoutheasternpart8.ThesouthernpartofthePacificcoastinCaliforniahasa___________climate.A.subtropicalB.continentaldesertC.maritimeD.Mediterranean29.ThesmalleststateintheUnitedStatesis___________.A.WashingtonB.RhodeIslandC.HawaiiD.Maryland10.IntheUnitedStates,thelargestcityalongthePacificcoastis___________.A.LosAngelesB.SanFranciscoC.SeattleD.PortlandUnit2History（)1.ThefirstEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607.()2.TheearlyBritishsettlersorganizedtheeastcoastofNorthAmericainto17colonies.()3.WhenmanythousandsofSouthernerssawthetriumphofAbrahamLincolninthe1860electionasnotsimplyapoliticaldefeatbutalsoathreattoallsoutherninstitutionsandthesouthernwayoflife,theydecidedtosecedefromtheConfederacy.（）4.TheProgressiveMovementwasawell-organized,unifiedmovement,demandinggovernmentregulationofeconomyandsocialcondition.（)5.TheStockMarketcollapseoccurredin1928intheUnitedStates.()6.TheMarshallPlanreferstothemilitaryandeconomicaidtoGreeceandTurkeyinthe1950s.()7.NixonwasthesecondPresidentinAmericanhistorywhoresigned.（)8.Theblack-whiteracialchasminpost-Civil-Rights-MovementAmericawashighlightedbythesavagebeatingofMartinLutherKingbywhitepoliceofficersin1992.1.TheBritishestablished13coloniesalong_________.A.thewestcoastofNorthAmericaB.thewestcoastofSouthAmericaC.theeastcoastofNorthAmericaD.theeastcoastofSouthAmerica2.Intheearly1850s,withthewestwardmovement,theslaverybecameaseriouspoliticalissueendangeringtheunityofthecountrybecause_________.A.whetherornotslaverywouldexpandintothefuturestatesformedasaresultofthewestwardmovementwouldaffectthebalanceofpowerintheSenateB.theSouthinsistedthatslaveryshouldbeallowedtospreadintoallnewterritoriesC.theNorthrefusedtoletslaveryspreadintonewterritoriesD.theNorthwantedtoputanendtoslavery3.TheProgressiveMovementwantedto________inordertostopbigbusinesscontrol.A.initiatestrictgovernmentregulationB.havethegovernmentfixpricesC.breakupallthebigbusinessesD.doawaywithrebates4.The1920sintheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasaperiodof____________.A.culturalrevivalB.lossofpurposeC.developmentinscienceandtechnologyD.materialsuccessandspiritualfrustration5.Theseriouseconomiccrisisinthelate1920sand1930swasfirstbroughtaboutby_____________.A.bankfailuresB.seriousunemployment3C.farmforeclosuresD.thestockmarketcrash6.ThepurposeoftheNewDealmeasureswasto__________.A.saveAmericandemocracyandthecapitalistsystemB.checktheworseningoftheeconomicsituationC.helppeopletideoverthedifficultyD.increaseAmericanexport7.OnJune5,1947,________suggestedthattheU.S.shouldoffereconomicaidtoWesternEuropesoastoprotecttheregionfromSovietexpansion.A.GeorgeMarshallB.FranklinD.RooseveltC.GeorgeKennanD.HarryTruman8.AtthetimeofCubanMissileCrisis,thePresidentoftheU.S.was____________.A.TrumanB.EisenhowerC.KennedyD.Johnson9.NewFrontierandGreatSocietywereprogramsinitiatedby_______.A.PresidentKennedyB.PresidentJohnsonC.PresidentsKennedyandJohnsonrespectivelyD.PresidentsJohnsonandKennedyrespectively10.TheconservatismduringReagan’sadministrationwasknownas_____________.A.theNewLeftB.theNewRightC.theNewFrontierD.theNewFreedomUnit3TheAmericanidentity（）1.IntheUnitedStates,themajorsourceofpopulationgrowthistherisingbirthrate.（）2.IntheUnitedStates,thelargestminoritygroupistheAfrican-Americangroup.（）3.IntheUnitedStates,thefastest-growinggroupistheAsian-Americangroup.（）4.NativeAmericanshavealowschooldropoutrate.（）5.ThethreemajorHispanicgroupsaretheMexican-Americans,thePuertoRicansandtheCuban-Americans.（）6.ThePuertoRicansareAmericancitizens.（）7.ThefirstAsianstoarriveintheUnitedStatesinsignificantnumbersweretheJapanese.（）8.TodaytheIndiansareonlyallowedtoliveonreservations.（　）9.Traditionally,themainstreamAmericanswerecalledWASP.1.ThecurrentsituationofAfrican-Americanspresents_______.A.afavorablepictureB.anegativepictureC.amixedpictureD.apositivepicture2.Althoughdiscriminationhasbeenlegallyabolished,________.A.discriminationinemploymentstillexistsB.discriminationinuniversityadmissionstillexistsC.povertyrateoftheblacksisthehighestamongallracialandethnicgroupsD.inequalityandsubtlediscriminationstillexist3.TheCuban-Americansmainlylivein______.A.FloridaB.TexasC.LouisianaD.Alabama44.SomepeoplesayAsian-AmericansowetheirsuccesstotheAsiantraditionofthefollowingEXCEPT________.A.familyB.hardworkC.educationD.Discrimination5.Nowabout80%to90%ofimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesisfrom_______.A.AsianandHispaniccountriesB.AfricancountriesC.EuropeancountriesD.CentralandSouthAmericancountries6.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom__________.A.EnglandandtheNetherlandsB.IrelandC.WestGermanyD.EastEurope7.AmongthemajorHispanicgroupsintheUnitedStates,thelargestgroupis_______.A.thePuertoRicansB.theMexican-AmericansC.theCuban-AmericansD.theCentralandSouthAmericanimmigrants8.AmongthemajorHispanicgroupsintheUnitedStates,________havethehighestsocialstatus.A.theChicanosB.theCuban-AmericansC.thePuerto-RicansD.theLatinAmericanimmigrants9.TheNativeAmericansare__________.A.theIndiansB.thewhitesC.theblacksD.theHispanicsUnit4politicalinstitutions（　）1.TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,afteritsadoption,hasneverbeenrevised.（　）2.AccordingtotheConstitution,thefederalgovernmentisresponsibleforaddressingquestionsthataffectthenationasawholeaswellasindividualstates.（　）3.Separationofpowerisdesignedtopreventthegovernmentfrombeingtoostrong.（　）4.TheU.S.governmentisdividedintofourbranches:thelegislative,thepresidency,thebureaucracyandthejudiciary.（　）5.TheSupremeCourthastherighttodeclarelawsandactionsofthefederal,state,andlocalgovernmentsunconstitutional.（　）6.Candidatesforthepresidencycanonlybechosenfrompoliticalparties.（　）7.TheU.S.Presidenthasgreatexecutivepowerbutnolegislativepower.（　）8.CongressmenserveatermofsixyearswhileSenatorsserveatermoftwoyears.（　）9.TheDemocratsarethoughtofasassociatedwithbusiness,Anglo-Americans,andtherich.（　）10.ThenumberofSenatorsfromeachstateisbaseduponitspopulation.1.TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictionin________.A.allkindsofcasesB.casesinvolvingforeigncitizens5C.casesinvolvingastateD.BothBandC2.PoliticalpartiesarethebasisoftheAmericanpoliticalsystem,_________.A.butthereisnoprovisionintheConstitutionforpoliticalpartiesB.andtheConstitutionhasclearprovisionC.butthefoundingfathershadstrongapprehensionofpoliticalpartiesD.BothAandC3.Thetwomajorpartiestodayhave______differencesinpolicyconcentration.A.noB.littleC.someD.Great4.ThewritersoftheConstitutionworkedoutthechecksandbalancesinorderto_______.A.preventthegovernmentfrommisusingitspowerB.preventthegovernmentfrombeingstrongC.pacifythosewhoopposedtheConstitutionD.meetthedemandsofsmallstates5.ThePresidentoftheUnitedStatesiselected_____.A.indirectlybytheelectorsBbyCongressC.directlybythevotersD.Noneoftheabove.6.U.S.Presidentcanserve________term(s).A.onlyoneB.twoC.morethantwoD.asmanyasfour7.TheU.S.President’sappointmentshavetobeapprovedby________.A.theHouseofRepresentativesB.theSenateC.theCabinetD.theSupremeCourt8.TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesconsistsofoneChiefJusticeand______AssociateJustices.A.6B.7C.8D.109.ThetwomajorpoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStatesare_______.A.theDemocraticPartyandtheLaborPartyB.theFederalistPartyandtheDemocraticPartyC.theFederalistPartyandtheRepublicanPartyD.theDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty10.TheU.S.Congresshasthepowertooverridethepresident’svetobya_____majority.A.2/3B.3/4C.3/5D.4/5Unit5Economy（　）1.SincetheU.S.economyisbasedonfreeenterprise,thereislittlegovernmentinvolvementintheeconomy.6（　）2.TheUnitedStatesistheworld’sleadingmakerofindustrialgoods.（　）3.Inthe18thcentury,theNewEnglandcoloniesspecializedinproducingtobaccofromplantations.（　）4.WhilemostAmericansembracedtheideaofmoney-makingandheldsuccessfulbusinessmeningreatadmiration,theyresentedbigbusinessesmonopolizinganyindustryinanyform.（　）5.By1956,amajorityofU.S.workersheldblue-collarratherthanwhite-collarjobs.（　）6.ManyurbanAmericans,particularlyBlacksandHispanics,foundthepostwarprosperityinaccessibletothem.（　）7.TheAmericanWestisnowanimportantregionforcornandwheat.（　）8.WhilemanufacturinggiantssuchasIBMandGeneralElectronicenjoyworldwidereputationasthepillarsoftheAmericaneconomy,theU.S.economyisbynomeansonedominatedbygiantcorporations.（　）9.Asthenumberofworkersemployedinthetraditionalmanufacturingindustrieshasdeclined,unionmembershiphasdroppedinrecentyears.1.TheUnitedStatesranks________intheworldinthetotalvalueofitseconomicproduction.A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.Fourth2.ThefollowingarethefactorsthathavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheU.S.economyEXCEPT__________.A.thevastspaceandresourcesofthelandB.theidealsoffreedomandeconomicopportunityC.EnglishasitsnationallanguageD.hardworkbythepeople3.WhatisAmerica’smostimportantfoodcrop?A.Corn.B.Rice.C.BarleyD.Oat.4.Serviceindustriesaccountformorethan_________oftheU.S.grossdomesticproduct.A.athirdB.halfC.twothirdsD.threefourth5.ThewestwardexpansionisademonstrationofAmerican________.A.IndividualismB.patriotismC.LiberalismD.Expansionism6.HamiltonbelievedthattheUnitedStatesshouldpursueeconomicgrowththroughthefollowingEXCEPT________.A.shippingB.manufacturingC.bankingD.slavery7.Withthearrivalofthe20thcentury,theUnitedStatesbecameincreasinglyurbanized,particularlyinthe_________cities.A.NortheastB.NorthwestC.Southeast7D.Southwest8.TheAmericanSouthisacenterofthefollowingtraditionalcropsEXCEPT_________.A.tobaccoB.cornC.cottonD.wheat9.Astheworld’sleadingmakerofindustrialgoods,theU.S.nowproducesaround_________oftheworld’sindustrialproducts.A.20%B.25%C.30%D.35%10.IntheUnitedStates,thefollowingareastendtospecializeinhigh-techandcomputerindustriesEXCEPT________.A.NortheastB.MidwestC.NorthwestD.SouthwestUnit6socialservice（　）1.IntheUnitedStates,thesocialsecuritysystemprovidesassistancetopeoplewithfinancialproblems.（　）2.IntheUnitedStates,MedicareprovidesvirtuallyfreetreatmentforallAmericancitizens.（　）3.SocialsecurityisthenearlyuniversalretirementprogramforAmericans,withabout92percentofpeopleaged60andoverreceivingbenefits.（　）4.Since1996,welfareresponsibilityunderAFDChasbeenpassedtothestates,whichreceivefederalgrantstoruntheirownprograms.（　）5.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationorganizesthedistributionoffoodandfoodstampsthroughstateandlocalgovernments.（　）6.Sincegovernment-sponsoredwelfareprogramsareessentialtotheneedyandthepoor,theyarequiteadequateinconfrontingthepovertyissue.（　）7.ChildWelfareLeagueofAmericaisthelargestprivately-fundedchildcareagencyintheUnitedStates,providingshelterandservicetohomelessandrunawayyouth.（　）8.IntheUnitedStates,mostemployeesandtheirfamiliesarenormallyinsuredforhealthcarethroughpublicinsuranceprograms.（　）9.Medicaidprogramprovidesfederalgrantstostatesforthefreetreatmentoftheelderly.（　）10.IntheUnitedStates,two-thirdsofthehousingunitsintheprivatesectorare“single-familydwellings”.1.TheAmericansocialsecuritysystemincludesthefollowingprogramsEXCEPT_________.A.OASDHIB.MedicareC.MedicaidD.UnemploymentCompensation2.Americansmaystartreceivingtheirpensionsattheageof_________.A.55B.60C.65D.703.ThemainfederalwelfareprogramsintheUSAconsistofthefollowingprogramsEXCEPT_________.8A.MedicaidB.AFDCC.FoodStampsD.Medicare4.Whichofthefollowingbelongstothereligiouswelfareorganization?A.NCH.B.CWLA.C.CCHD.D.FordFoundation.5.Amongprivatefoundations,whichhasbecomeincreasinglyprominentinprivatecharityactivity?A.RockefellerFoundation.B.FordFoundation.C.BuffettFoundation.D.Bill&MelindaGatesFoundation.6.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaboutAmericanhealthcareservices?A.AsizablenumberofAmericansstillremainuninsured.B.TheU.S.hastop-qualitymedicalfacilities.C.Medicaidcoversonlyabout40percentofthepoornationwide.D.Comparedwithotherdevelopedcountries,theUnitedStatesspendslessonhealthcare.7.AccordingtothehealthcarereformproposedduringtheObamaadministration,thegovernmentwillrequiremostAmericanstohavehealthinsuranceby_______.A.2011B.2012C.2013D.20148.HomesandhousesgiveAmericansthefollowingsenseEXCEPT________.A.possessionB.materialsatisfactionC.personalidentificationD.freedomUnit7thelegalsystem（　）1.TheU.S.Constitutiondefinestheorganizationofacourtsystem,includingaSupremeCourtandinferiorcourts.（　）2.IntheUnitedStates,eachstatehasonedistrictcourt.（　）3.Districtcourtsaretheonlynationalcourtsthatusegrandjuriesandpetitjuries.（　）4.Allnationalcourtscanreviewdecisionsofstatecourts.（　）5.Atthenationallevel,governmentprosecutionistheresponsibilityoftheSupremeCourt.（　）6.TheU.S.attorneysareappointedforlifetermstothedistrictcourts.（　）7.Anglo-AmericanCommonLawisbasedonthesupposedreasonableperson’sviewofwhatisrightandfair.（　）8.IntheUnitedStates,allcasesshouldbetriedwithajury.（　）9.Aunanimousdecisionisneededforagrandjurytomakeadecision.（　）10.FederalcrimesaremainlytheresponsibilityoftheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI).1.Therearecurrently________districtcourtsintheUnitedStates.A.52B.54C.92D.942.Therearecurrently_______courtsofappealsintheUnitedStates.9A.10B.11C.12D.133.__________arguescasesforthegovernmentbeforetheSupremeCourt.A.ChiefJusticeofSupremeCourtB.AttorneyGeneralC.SolicitorGeneralD.PresidentoftheUnitedStates4.DistrictjudgeshipsarefilledbythePresidentwiththeconsentof_________.A.ChiefJusticeofSupremeCourtB.AttorneyGeneralC.theSenateD.theHouseofRepresentatives5.Generally,thetrialjuryconsistsof_______ordinarycitizens.A.1－6B.6－12　C.12－23D.23－306.Generally,thegrandjuryconsistsof_______ordinarycitizens.A.1－6B.6－12　　C.12－23D.23－307.TheSupremeCourtconsistsofachiefjusticeand_______associatejustices.A.7B.8C.9D.108.IntheUnitedStates,peoplebetweentheagesof_______arethemostinclinedagegrouptocommitcrimes.A.11－19B.19－24C.24－45D.45－549.InsomeurbanareasintheUnitedStates,murderisthemaincauseofdeathamongnon-Whitemalesbetweentheagesof________.A.11－19B.19－24C.24－45D.45－5410.Asarule,theimplementationofstatelawiscarriedoutbythepoliceanddetectivesinthecity,andby_______inruralareas.A.SheriffsB.Constables　C.MagistratesD.bothAandBUnit8Education（　）1.Americansgenerallyholdthateveryoneisentitledtoeducation.（　）2.Americansbelievethateducationisbeneficialtoindividualsandsocietyasawhole.（　）3.IntheUnitedStates,publiceducationatelementaryandsecondarylevelisfree.（　）4.Americaneducationsystemischaracterizedbydiversity.（　）5.AccordingtotheU.S.Constitution,educationistheresponsibilityofthefederalgovernment.（　）6.Thereislittlesimilarityintheeducationsystemofthe50states.（　）7.Thestateboardofeducationisresponsiblefortheeducationpolicyofthestate.（　）8.TheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStatesisHarvardUniversity.（　）9.JuniorcollegesofferonlyB.A.degrees.（　）10.Theaffirmativeactionprogramaimstohelpethnicandracialminoritiesinelementaryandsecondaryeducation.1.TomanyAmericans,educationisimportantbecause_____________.A.itcontributestothesuccessofindividualsB.itcontributestothestrengtheningofnationalstrengthC.itpreparestheyoungpeopleforfuturedevelopmentD.BothAandB2.IntheUnitedStates,publicschoolsattheelementaryandsecondarylevelare10______________.A.freeB.compulsoryC.opentoallD.BothAandC3.Americanschoolsfallintotwocategories,namely,_______________.A.publicandprivateschoolsB.academicandvocationalschoolsC.coeducationandsinglesexschoolsD.nationalandstate-runschools4.IntheUnitedStates,educationpoliciesaremadeby______________.A.thefederalgovernmentB.thestateboardofeducationC.localschooldistrictD.boardoftrustees5.Thegoverningboardofschooldistrictisresponsiblefor_______________.A.thehiringofteachersandstaffB.thedesigningofasuitablecurriculumC.thecompilingandapprovingofbudgetD.Alloftheabove6.Thereis_______________difference(s)intuitionratesbetweenpublicandprivateinstitutionsofhigherlearningintheU.S.A.noB.significantC.SomeD.notmuch7.Thecommunitycollege_______________.A.offersbachelordegreesB.offersassociatedegreesC.offersmasterdegreesD.BothAandB8.ElementaryandsecondaryeducationintheU.S.covers_______years.A.9B.11C.12D.149.AdmissiontoaneducationalinstitutionintheU.S.isdeterminedby______________.A.theinstitutionitselfB.thestateboardofeducationC.thelocalauthorityD.thefederalgovernment10.ThefollowingarethepublicpoliciesandlegaldecisionsemphasizingspecialrightsforethnicandlinguisticminoritiesintheareaofeducationEXCEPT_______________.A.BilingualEducationActB.Proposition227C.affirmativeactionprogramD.NoChildLeftBehindActUnit9ReligioninAmericanlife（　）1.IncomparisonwithotherWesterncountries,Americaislessreligiousintermsofchurchattendanceandfinancialcommitmenttochurchorganizations.（　）2.AtthetimewhentheUnitedStateswasfounded,itwastheCatholicbranchoftheChristianfaiththathadthestrongestinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthereligiousclimateintheUnitedStates.（　）3.ThePilgrimstriedtocreateacommunityinwhichlifewouldbeguidedbyGod’swillanddeviationsfromHiswillinanyshapeorformwouldneverbetolerated.（　）4.Americabecame“theKingdomofGod”bytheendofthe17thcentury.（　）5.Inthe19thcentury,Americansstoppedtalkingabouttheimportanceofreligiousvaluesfortheirnationalidentity.11（　）6.AccordingtotheU.S.Constitution,churchandstateareseparateintheirroleandfunction.（　）7.Historically,churchandstateintheUnitedStateshasneverinteractedtoeachother.（　）8.AgrowingtrendinAmericanreligiouslifeisthatreligionhasbecomeincreasinglysecularized.（　）9.IntheUnitedStates,mainstreamProtestantdenominationshavelostgroundtoCatholicdenominations.（　）10.Post-warEvangelismhasattemptedtouseitsinfluencetorestoresomesenseofcommunityinasociety.1.TheCatholicfaithwasfirstbroughttotheNorthAmericancontinentby______________.A.thePortugueseB.theEnglishC.theFrenchD.theSpanish2.ThegreatwavesofJewishimmigrationstartedin______________andmadetheUnitedStatesamajorcenterofJudaism.A.1836B.1863C.1936D.19633.Bytheendofthe17thcentury,______________hadalreadybeguntoloseitsenergies.A.ProtestantismB.CatholicismC.PuritanismD.Judaism4.TheFirstGreatAwakeningof______________providedtheopportunityforafreshreaffirmationofGod’sroleindirectingthefortunesofHischosenpeople.A.the17thcenturyB.the18thcenturyC.the19thcenturyD.the20thcentury5.TheSecondGreatAwakeningof______________exertedaprofoundimpactbothonthescaleofchurchmembershipandontherangeofAmericansectarianism.A.the17thcenturyB.the18thcenturyC.the19thcenturyD.the20thcentury6.The_______________AmendmentofConstitutionstatesthat“Congressshallmakenolawrespectingtheestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof.”A.FirstB.SecondC.TenthD.Twentieth7.Whichofthefollowingminorityreligionsisdeemedbythemainstreamreligiontoadvocateorpracticekindsofbeliefsagainstthepublicinterest?A.Islam.B.Hinduism.C.Mormonism.D.Zenism.8.ThefollowingmainstreamProtestantdenominationshaverecentlywitnessedsignificantlossofmembersEXCEPT________________.A.Method