托福TPO阅读49原文

托福TPO阅读49原文托福TPO阅读49原文+题目+托福TPO阅读49原文（第一篇）-MatingSongsofFrogsThecallingorsingingoffrogsplaysanimportantroleintheirreproduction—specifically,inhelpingindividualsfindandselectmates.Soundhasmanyadvantagesasacommunicationsignal.Whensoundsarebroadcast,theauditoryreceptorsdonotneedtobeinaparticularorientationrelativetothesoundsourceinordertoreceivestimulation.Loudsongs,particularlythosemadebychorusesoffrogscallingtogether,cantravellongdistancesandthusattractdistantfrogs.Soundstravelaroundlargeobstacles.Theseadvantagesarenotfoundinthevisualmodality,wherethereceivermustbeattentiveandhaveitsvisualreceptororientatedinthecorrectdirection.Further,mostfrogsandtoadsbreedatnight,whenlightlevelsarelowbutsoundscanbeeasilylocalized.Wecanconcludethatauditorysignalsareusedbyfrogsandtoadsbecausetheycanbeeffectiveoverlongdistancesatnight.Malefrogsdomostofthecourtshipcalling.Othermalefrogscanrespondbyaddingtheirvoicestoformacallingchorus.Malefrogscanalsovocalizetoeachotheraspartofaggressivedisplays.Aggressivecallscanbedistinctfromtheadvertisementcallsusedtoattractfemales.Femalescanrespondtomalesongsbymovingtowardthesoundsourceorbyselectingcertainmalesasreproductivepartners.Insomespeciesfemalesalsorespondtomalesbycalling:receptivepairscanevenperformduets.Predatorsmayalsocueinoncallingfrogsaspotentialprey.Frogsongscontainseveralpotentiallyimportantpiecesofinformationaboutthecallingmale.First,soundamplitudecanindicatethesizeoftheindividualthatisGalling.Sincemanyfrogsexhibitindeterminategrowth(i.e.,theykeepgettingbiggerastheygetolder),sizeisagoodpredictorofrelativeage.Inmanyspecies,callamplitudeisincreasedbyspecializedvocalsacsthatcanenlargeastheanimalgrows;thus,olderfrogsproduceloudercalls.Themale’sagematterstothefemalebecauseolderfrogshavesuccessfullysurvivedtheenvironmentalhazardsthattheoffspringtheysirewillsoonbefacing.Amplitudecanalsoconveyinformationonhowfarawaythecallingfrogisor,forchoruses,howmanyfrogsarecallingtogether.Anintenselyvocalizingchorusmayindicateaparticularlyfavorablebreedingsite.Soundamplitude(subjectively:loudness)canbeanambiguouscueforafemale,however.Averyintensesoundcanindicateanoldmaleatsomedistanceorayoungermalethatisclose.Aclose,smallchoruscouldbeconfusedwithalouderchorusthatisfartheraway.Soundfrequencies-orpitch-canalsoconveyinformationaboutthecallingmalebecausethevocalapparatusgrowslargerasthefroggrowsolder.Insomefrogs,thepitchofindividualsoundsvarieswithsothatolderandlargermalesgivelower-pitchedcalls.Soundpitchisaffectedbytemperature;smallmalescanmimicthelowerpitchoflarger,oldermalesbycallingfromcolderlocations.Finally,thelengthoftimethatanindividualcanaffordtospendcallingisagoodindicatorofhishealth.Manyfrogsinvestconsiderableenergyincalling,bothbecausetheydonotfeedandbecauseitisaphysicallydemandingbehaviorthatreliesonrapidmuscularcontractionsofthevocalizationapparatus.Thiseffortcanbedebilitatinginamalefrogthatisnotintopphysicalcondition.Callingintreefrogsissaidtobethemostenergeticallyexpensivebehavioryetmeasuredanyvertebrate.Soundfrequenciesandtheoveralltemporalpattern(rhythmandrate)ofthesongcanalsorevealthespeciesofthecallingmale.Thefrequenciessoundsandtheirtemporalpatternsarespeciesspecific.Thespeciesofapotentialmateisextremelyimportanttothefemale.Femalesthatchoosetomatewithmembersofanotherspeciesrisklosingtheenergyinvestineggsbecausethehybridoffspringwillnotsurviveandreproduce.Thucomplexityofafrogsongcanalsoaffecthowattractiveitistoafemale.Thesongsofmaletungarafrogs,forexample,canconsistsimplyofshorthigh-frequency“whines”orbyseverallower-frequency"chucks."Morefemalesapproachloudspeakersplayingwhinespluschucksthanwhinesalone.Theadditionofchucks,however,alsohasthedisadvantageofattractingbatsthateatthefrogs.托福TPO阅读49原文+题目：1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingarementionedastrueofthematingcallsoffrogsEXCEPT:A.Theycanreachfrogsinfar-offlocations.B.Theyarenotblockedbyobjectsofsubstantialsize.C.Theyareoftencombinedwithnon-auditorysignals.D.Theyerrbereceivedwithoutthefrog’sneedingtoorientitselftowardthedirectionofthesignal.2.Theauthorprovidesinformationabout"thevisualmodality"inordertoA.emphasizethatvisualinformationplaysasignificantpartinfrogbreedingB.explainwhysomefrogsbreedatnight,whileothersbreedduringthedayC.indicatetheresourcefulnesswithwhichfrogsovercomeobstaclesinsoundtravelduringthebreedingprocessD.arguethatauditorysignalshaveadvantagesovervisualsignalsforfrogreproduction3.Theword"potential"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.occasionalB.possibleC.easyD.hidden4.Theword"favorable”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.wellpopulatedB.distantC.extensiveD.advantageous5.Accordingtoparagraph3，femalefrogswholistentofrogsongsaretryingtodeterminewhetherafuturemateA.canprotectfutureoffspringfrompredatorsB.hasanimportantsocialpositionwithinthemalechorusC.hasreachedanagethatindicatestheabilitytosurviveenvironmentalchallengesD.isyoungenoughtobeabletoproducemanyoffspring6.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatfemalefrogsareseekingmateswhoA.caninhabitavarietyofbreedingsitesB.canoccupyhabitatsatadistancefromthoseofyoungermalefrogsC.haveprotectedpreviousmatesfromenvironmentalhazardsD.arelikelytopassontraitsthatstrengthentheiroffspring'schancesofsurvival7.Theword"ambiguous"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.unexpectedB.unclearC.importantD.unhelpful8.Theword"convey"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.transmitB.addtoC.amplifyD.correct9.Paragraph4impliesthatyoungfrogsmaycallfromcoldareasforwhichofthefollowingreasons?A.ToindicatesuperiorstrengthoveroldermalesB.ToappearmoreattractivetofemalesbysoundingolderthanactuallyareC.TobeabletospendlessenergyinproducingtheircallD.Tocompeteagainstfewermalesforafemale’sattention10.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthormentionthattreefrogcallingissaidtobe“themostenergeticallyexpensivebehavioryetmeasuredinanyvertebrate"?A.explainwhyitisimportantfortreefrogstobeintopphysicalconditionB.TodistinguishtreefrogsfromotherspeciesoffrogsC.ToindicatethatsurvivalismoredifficultforfrogsthanforothervertebratesD.Toemphasizehowphysicaleffortcallingrequires11.Itcanbeinferredparagraph5thathavingspeciesspecificsongsbenefitsfrogsinwhichofthefollowingways?A.Itenablesfrogstobetterprotecteggsfrombeingdamagedbymembersofotherspecies.B.Itmakeitpossibleforfrogstojudgetheirdistancefrompotentialmates.C.IthelpsfrogstoavoidhavingoffspringthatcannotsurviveandreproduceD.Itmakesitpossibleforfrogstoinvestmoreoftheirenergyintoproducingeggs.12.Accordingtoparagraph6,tungarafrogsaddachucksoundtotheircallinordertoA.makethemselvesmoreattractivetofemalesB.keeppredatorsatasafedistanceC.attractfrogsofdifferentspeciesD.increasetheloudnessoftheircalls13.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Butafrog’sageisnottheonlyinfluenceonthepitchofafrog’scall.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?■Soundfrequencies-orpitch-canalsoconveyinformationaboutthecallingmalebecausethevocalapparatusgrowslargerasthefroggrowsolder.■Insomefrogs,thepitchofindividualsoundsvarieswithsothatolderandlargermalesgivelower-pitchedcalls.■Soundpitchifaffectedbytemperature;smallmalescanmimicthelowerpitchoflarger,oldermalesbycallingfromcolderlocations.■Finally,thelengthoftimethatanindividualcanaffordtospendcallingisagoodindicatorofhishealth.Manyfrogsinvestconsiderableenergyincalling,bothbecausetheydonotfeedandbecauseitisaphysicallydemandingbehaviorthatreliesonrapidmuscularcontractionsofthevocalizationapparatus.Thiseffortcanbedebilitatinginamalefrogthatisnotintopphysicalcondition.Callingintreefrogsissaidtobethemostenergeticallyexpensivebehavioryetmeasuredanyvertebrate.14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thecallingorsingingoffrogsisaformofcommunication.1.Forfrogsandtoads,soundhasanumberofadvantagesovervisualsignalsasamediumofcommunicationoverlongdistancesatnight.2.Callingisperformedprimarilybymalefrogstoattractmatesforreproductionandtoactivelycompetewithothermalefrogsforfemales.3.Dependingonthespecies,femalefrogscanobtaininformationfromamale’ssongaboutage,health,andspeciesofthecaller.4.Insomespeciesbothmalesandfemalesproducematingsongseitherasindividualpairsoraschoruses,thoughthechorusesarelikelytoattractpredators;5.Frogcallsaredifficulttointerpretbecauseoldfrogsandyoungfrogsincoolplacesproducethesamesong,andnearfrogsthatareoldandweakcansoundlikefityoungfrogscallingfromadistance.6.Becausecallingissuchatiringactivityforfrogs,itisusedtocommunicateonlyaboutbiologicallynecessaryactivitiesandofteningroupsthatdistributethecallingeffortamongmanyindividuals.托福TPO阅读49原文（第二篇）-HumanImpactsonBiogeographyBiologists,whocommonlystudythedistributionofplantandanimalspeciesindifferentenvironments—theirbiogeography—strivetodevelopinterpretationsorexplanationsofthepatternsofspeciesdistribution,butthesemaybeincorrectiftheeffectsofhumanbeingsarenottakenintoconsideration.Insomecases,theseeffectsmaybeaccidental;forexample,somespeciesofratwereunintentionallytransportedaboardshipsfromEuropetotheislandsoftheSouthPacific.Inothercases,speciesdistributionsmayhavebeendeliberatelymodifiedbyhumanbeings.ThePolynesiansintheSouthPacificintentionallymovedthekumara(sweetpotato)toislandsinthatregiontoprovidethepopulationwithanewfoodcrop.Therelocationofspeciesbyhumans(andmorerecentlytheimpositionofrestrictionsonmovementbywayofnationalcontrolsandworldconventions)hasbeenprimarilyforeconomicreasonsandforenvironmentalprotection.Forexample,humansintroducedSitkasprucetreesintoScotlandandEnglandfromNorthAmericatousethemasatimbercrop.SimilarlytheMontereypinetreewasintroducedintoNewZealandinthenineteenthcenturyfromCaliforniaandhasbecomethemostwidelyusedspeciesinthetimberproductionindustryinthatcountry.ThepotatohasbeencarriedfromitsnativehomeinthehighAndesofSouthAmerica,modifiedanddevelopedintomanyvarieties,andtransportedaroundtheworldbecauseitcanbeusedasafoodcrop.TheplantformerlyknownastheChinesegooseberrywasrelocatedfromitsnativeChinatoNewZealandwhereanindustrywasestablishedaroundtherenamedkiwifruit.WehaveextendedthedistributionofsomespeciesbecauseofcertainusefultraitsthatmakethespeciesdesirablebeyondtheirformerknownrangeForexample,willowshaveextensiverootsystems,cangrowrelativelyquickly,andarenowusedinseveralcountriesworldwidetostabilizerivermarginsasafloodprotectionmeasure.Thedistributionofwillowshasthereforebeeninfluencedconsiderablybyhumanuseinriverbankmanagement.Theeffectsofintroducedspeciescanbemanyandvariedandcanincludeeffectsonthedistributionofotherspecies.Forexample,theNorthAmericangraysquirrelwasintroducedintoEnglandandhasnowlargelydisplacedthenativeredsquirrel.Theaccidentalintroductionoforganismstonewareasmayhavemajorpestimplications.TheSouthAfricanbronzebutterfly,thelarva(immatureinsectforms)ofwhichfeedonbudsandotherpartsofgeraniumsandsimilarflowers,wasaccidentallyintroducedintotheBalearicIslandsviaimportedgeraniums.InitsnativeSouthAfrica,thedistributionandabundanceofthebutterflyareaffectedinpartbyanativewaspthatparasitizes(feedson)thelarvae.IntheabsenceoftheparasitewaspontheBalearicIslandsoffthecoastofSpain,thebutterflyhasnowspreadtomainlandSpainwhereitsrapidspreadhasbeenaccentuatedbytradeingardenplantsandmodemtransport.ThespecieshasbecomeamajorpestduetothelackofanaturalpredatorandisnowcausinggreatproblemsforthehorticulturalindustryinSpain.Human-drivenchangesinthedistributionofsomespeciesmayresultinhybridization(interbreeding)withotherspeciesandsohaveageneticeffect.Forexample,theNorthAmericancordgrasswasaccidentallyintroducedtothesouthcoastofEnglandintheearlynineteenthcentury.IthybridizedwiththeEuropeancordgrassandresultedintheproductionofanewspecies,whichinthiscaseisalsoamajorpestplantofestuariesinEnglandwhereitbecamedominantandextensiveInformationaboutaspeciesdistribution(priortohumanmodification)maybeappliedinpestcontrolprogramsfortheintroducedspecies.Studiesofthespeciesinitsnativehabitatmayyieldinformationaboutthefactorsthatlimitorinfluenceitsdistributionandpopulationdynamics.Thatinformationmaythenbeappliedinthedevelopmentofstrategiestocontainandcontrolthespreadofpestspecies.Forexample,informationabouttheroleoftheparasiticwaspintheecologyofthebronzebutterflymaybeutilizedintheprocessoffindingcontrolstrategiesforthatspeciesonmainlandSpain.1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.(Biologists,whocommonlystudythedistributionofpiantandanimalspeciesindifferentenvironments—theirbiogeography—strivetodevelopinterpretationsorexplanationsofthepatternsofspeciesdistribution,butthesemaybeincorrectiftheeffectsofhumanbeingsarenottakenintoconsideration.)托福TPO阅读49题目（第二篇）：A.Inbiogeographyitiscommontoconsiderandstudytheeffectsofplantandanimalspeciesastheyaredistributedwithinenvironmentswherehumanslive.B.Biologistswhostudyenvironmentsinwhichpiantsandanimalsaredistributedhavearrivedatinterpretationsorexplanationsforhowspeciessucceed,butthesemaynotbecorrect.C.Tounderstandplantandanimaldistributionpatternscorrectly,biologistsmustconsidertheroleofhumanbeingsinthebiogeographyofspeciesD.Itiscommonforbiologistswhotrytounderstandtheeffectsofhumansontheirenvironmentstobeincorrectintheirexplanationsofcertaindistributionpatternsofplantsandanimals.2.Inparagraph1，theauthormakesthepointthattherelocationsofratsandthekumaratonewenvironmentsdifferedinA.whetherornothumansplannedtotransferthesespeciestoanewenvironmentB.howfarthesespecieshadtobetransportedtoarriveatthenewenvironmentC.howdifficultitwasforthesespeciestobecomeestablishedinthenewenvironmentD.whetherornotthesespeciessucceededinthenewenvironment3.Theword"formerly"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.commonlyB.previouslyC.officiallyD.interestingly4.Inparagraph2，theauthormentionsChinesegooseberriesandtheMontereypineinordertoA.contrasttwoplantspeciestransplantedfordifferentreasonsB.demonstratehowtwoextremelydifferentspeciesadapttoasimilarenvironmentinNewZealandC.offerevidencethatnewlyintroducedspeciescanhaveunintendedpositiveeffectsontheenvironmentD.provideexamplesofspeciesmovedforeconomicpurposes5.Theword"desirable"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.easytospreadB.quicktoestablishC.wantedD.practical6.Theword"relatively”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.comparativelyB.surprisinglyC.extremelyD.attimes7.Accordingtoparagraph3.whyarewillowsaspeciesthatarenowfoundindifferentcountriesworldwide?A.Theyadapteasilytoavarietyofenvironments.B.Theyhavecharacteristicsthatmakethemusefulinpreservingriverbanksduringfloods.C.Theyhavearootsystemthatallowsthemtoreproduceeasilyandlivelong.D.Theyrequirelittlecareormanagementfromhumans.8.Theword"accentuated"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.controlledB.intensifiedC.explainedD.restricted9.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutgeraniumsinSouthAfricaascomparedtogeraniumsinSpainandtheBalearicIslands?A.ThestructuralpartsandbudsofgeraniumsinSouthAfricadifferfromthoseofgeraniumsinSpainandtheBalearicIslands.B.ComparedtothegeraniumsinSpain,theonesinSouthAfricaarelesslikelytohavebronzebutterflylarvaeasapestC.GeraniumsarelessimportanttothehorticultureindustryinSouthAfricathantheyaretothehorticulturalindustriestriesofSpainandtheBalearicIslands.D.GeraniumsinSouthAfricairetradedmorethanthegeraniumsinSpainandtheBalearicIslandsare.10.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydidtheSouthAfricanbronzebutterflybecomeamajorpestinSpain?A.SpainhasagreaternumberofflowersforthebutterfliestofeedonB.Thebutterfly'slarvaereachmaturitymorequicklyinSpainthantheydoelsewhere.C.TherearenonaturalpredatorsofbronzebutterflylarvaeinSpainD.ThespeciesofgeraniumthatisfoundinSpainisamoredelicategardenplantandeasierforpeststoconsume11.Paragraph4supportswhichofthefollowingstatementabouttheSouthAfricanbronzebutterfly?A.ItwasdeliberatelyintroducedintotwonewenvironmentsatthesametimeB.ItsspreadonmainlandSpainhadasignificanteconomicimpactC.ItchangeditsparasitizingbehaviorwhenitadaptedtonewenvironmentsD.ItspresenceonmainlandSpainandtheBalearicIslandscausedotherinsectpopulationstoincrease12.Paragraph6returnstoadiscussionofthebronzebutteryinordertoA.demonstratethatinformationaboutspeciesintheirnativehabitatcanbeappliedtocontrollingtheirspreadinnewhabitatsB.emphasizethenegativeeffectsofparasticwaspsonbutterfliesingeneralC.furthersupporttheclaimthatthebronzebutterflywasaccidentallyintroducedtomainlandSpainD.concludebyrecommendingthedevelopmentofcarefulpestcontrolstrategiessothattheecologyisnotdamaged13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Itspresencetherehelpscontrolthebronzebutterflypopulation.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.Theeffectsofintroducedspeciescanbemanyandvariedandcanincludeeffectsonthedistributionofotherspecies.Forexample,theNorthAmericangraysquirrelwasintroducedintoEnglandandhasnowlargelydisplacedthenativeredsquirrel.Theaccidentalintroductionoforganismstonewareasmayhavemajorpestimplications.■TheSouthAfricanbronzebutterfly,thelarva(immatureinsectforms)ofwhichfeedonbudsandotherpartsofgeraniumsandsimilarflowers,wasaccidentallyintroducedintotheBalearicIslandsviaimportedgeraniums.■InitsnativeSouthAfrica,thedistributionandabundanceofthebutterflyareaffectedinpartbyanativewaspthatparasitizes(feedson)thelarvae.■IntheabsenceoftheparasitewaspontheBalearicIslandsoffthecoastofSpain,thebutterflyhasnowspreadtomainlandSpainwhereitsrapidspreadhasbeenaccentuatedbytradeingardenplantsandmodemtransport.■ThespecieshasbecomeamajorpestduetothelackofanaturalpredatorandisnowcausinggreatproblemsforthehorticulturalindustryinSpain.14.Avarietyoffactors,includinghumanactivity,canaffectthedistributionofspecies:AnswerChoices1.ResearchhasshownthatthebiogeographyofspeciescanchangeevenwithouthumaninterferenceascanbeseenInthewidedistributionofwillowsalongawiderangeofriverbanks.2.Introducingaspeciestoanewenvironmentcanhaveunintendedconsequencessuchasthosethatoccurredwhenabutterflywasrelocatedtoanenvironmentthatlackeditsnaturalpredator.3.ThesuccessofrelocatingtwospeciestogetherdependsonhowtheyhelpeachothersurviveinanewenvironmentasdemonstratedbytheSouthAfricanbronzebutterflyandgeraniums.4.Thestudyoftherelocationsofcertainspeciestonewhabitatshasbeendifficultbecauseitisnotalwayscleariftherelocationswerenaturalorcausedbyhumans.5.Humanshaverelocatedspeciesforavarietyofreasons,includingobtainingnewfoodsources,creatingnewindustries,andtakingadvantageofthecharacteristicsofcertainspecies6.UnderstandingthedistributionofaspeciesinitsnativehabitatcanbeusefulincontrollingItsspreadasapestinItsnewhabitat.托福TPO阅读49原文（第三篇）-NewspaperinWesternEuropeBytheeighteenthcentury,newspapershadbecomefirmlyestablishedasameansofspreadingnewsofEuropeanandworldaffairs,aswellasoflocalconcerns,withinEuropeansociety.OneofthefirsttruenewspaperswastheDutchpaperNieuweTidingenItbeganpublicationintheearlyseventeenthcenturyataboutthesametimethattheoverseastradingcompanycalledtheDutchEastIndiaCompanywasformedThesameshipsthatbroughtgoodsbackfromabroadbroughtnewsoftheworld,too.DutchpublishershadanadvantageovermanyotherpublishersaroundEuropebecausetheNetherlands’highlydecentralizedpoliticalsystemmadeitscensorshiplawsverydifficulttoenforceThroughoutEuropeintheseventeenthcentury,governmentsbeganrecognizingtherevolutionarypotentialofthefreepressandbeganrequiringlicensesofnewspapers—tocontrolwhowasabletopublishnewsAnothertactic,inFranceandelsewhereonthecontinentfromthe1630sonward,wasforgovernmentstosponsorofficialnewspapers.Thesestatepublicationsmettheincreasingdemandfornewsbutalwayssupportedthegovernment’sviewsoftheeventsofthedayBytheeighteenthcentury,newconditionsallowednewspaperstoflourishasneverbeforeFirst,demandfornewsincreasedasEurope’scommercialandpoliticalinterestsspreadaroundtheglobe—merchantsinLondon,Liverpool，orGlasgow,forexample,cametodependonearlynewsofCaribbeanharvestsandgainsandlossesincolonialwarsEurope'sgrowingcommercialstrengthalsoincreaseddistributionnetworksfornewspapers.Thereweremoreandbetterroads,andmorevehiclescoulddelivernewspapersincitiesandconveythemtooutlyingtownsNews