英语语法课件

WelcometoEnglishGrammarClassLecturer:梁燕葵(LiangYankui)-----ElementaryEducationDepartmentofFoshanEducationalScienceInstituteChapter1GeneralIntroductionBeforelearninggrammar,pleasethinkoverandanswerthefollowingquestions: Whatisgrammar?Howdoyouunderstandit? Doweneedtostudygrammartolearnalanguage?Whyorwhynot?3.Howmanypartsofspeech(词类)arethereinEnglish?4.WhatareNotionalwords(实词)andFormwords(虚词)?5.由短语构成的词类有几种?6.什么是短语(词组)?短语分为多少类?7.句子的主要成份有哪些？8.Howmanytypesofsentence?Answerstothequestions:Grammar---astudyoftheorganizationoflanguageGrammar词法(Morphology)句法（Syntax）词法----研究词形变化的部分。如名词的数、格，形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，动词的时态、语态等都属于词法范围。句法----研究句子结构的部分。如句子的成分、语序以及句子种类等都属于句法范围。语法图词法：名词（单、复数，所有格）数词（基数词、序数词、分数词）动词（时态、语态、语气）形容词（原级、比较级、最高级）副词（原级、比较级、最高级）十大词类代词（人称、物主、指示、疑问、关系等）介词（简单、合成、成语介词）冠词（定冠词、不定冠词）连词（并列连词、从属连词）感叹词句子的主要成份---主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语句子种类:陈述句(declarativesentence)按功能划分祈使句(imperativesentence)感叹句(exclamatorysentence)疑问句(interrogativesentence)一般疑问句(generalquestion)疑问句特殊疑问句(special)选择疑问句(alternative)反意疑问句(disjunctive)简单句(simplesentence)按结构划分并列句(compoundsentence)复合句(complexsentence)Chapter2WordFormation转化---词形不变，由一种词类转化为另一词类，如book(书n.)-(订购v.)派生---通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词，如happy-unhappywork-worker合成---由两个或更多的词合成一个词，如first+classfirst-classhard-workingduty-freeforget-me-not(课间休息,请欣赏)卡萨布兰卡fell in love with you watching CasablancaBack row of the drive-in show in the flickering lightPopcorn and cokes beneath the stars became champagne and caviarMaking love on a long hot summers nightI thought you fell in love with me watching CasablancaHolding hands 'neath the paddle fans in Rick's candlelit cafeHiding in the shadows from the spotsMoroccan moonlight in your eyesMaking magic at the movies in my old ChevroletOh! A kiss is still a kiss in CasablancaBut a kiss is not a kiss without your sighPlease come back to me in CasablancaI love you more and more each day as time goes byI guess there're many broken hearts in CasablancaYou know I've never really been thereSo, I don't knowI guess our love story will never be seen on the big wide silver screenBut it hurt just as bad when I had to watch you goI love you more and more each day as time goes byPractice说出下列词属于哪种构词法Sunflower,triangular,bottleneck,television,mini-computer,deadline,boyish,dorm,WHO,entrance,break-through,ad.brunch,monthly,superman,women-teachers.要点:1.转化(功能转换)常见情况v.n.也有：v.adj.n.v.n.adj.adj.v.n.adv.adv.v.num.v.adj.n.另有：v.n.(词形不变，重音改变)record,research2．派生（derivation） 加前缀一般不改变词类，只改变词意。但前缀en-,be-,a-可以和名词或形容词构成动词。 加后缀通常只改变词类，词意不变。3.合成主要类型：attribute（定语）合成形容词（compoundadj.）Predicative（表语）Subject（主语）合成名词(compoundn.)Object（宾语）一些次要的构词法1)Clipping/Shortening---截短法/缩短法2)Blending---混合法3)Initiallettersandacronyms缩写词和首字母缩略词4)tradename,loadwords商标名；外来词Practice Givethefullformofeachofthefollowingadflulabdormfridge Completethesentencesbygivingcompoundnouns1.Shemakesdresses.Sheisa.2.Themachinewashedclothes.Itisa.3.Helikestocollectstamps.Heisinterestedin.Assignment:熟记含有否定意义的前缀及表示特定意思的前缀（课本24-31页）Homework: Tellhowtheunderlinedwordsinthesesentenceshavebeenconverted.Eg.(v.n.)1.Slow()downbeforeyoureachthecrossroads.2.Hepocketed()hischangeandleft.3.Thegangoffourwronged()alotofinnocents().4.Hewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait().5.Manyofhisfriendsbacked()hisplan. Completethesentencesbyaddingprefixes1.Ifapersonisagainstpollution,thenheispollution.2.Thishappenedafterthewar.Itwasawarevent.3.Heusedthemachinetoomuch.Heusedthemachine.4.Thatcountryhasnotbeenfullydeveloped.Itisdeveloped.5.Lastweekhemadehishouselarger.Helargedhishouse.6.Hespeltthewordincorrectly.Hespelttheword.7.Theywerehusbandandwifebefore.Sheishiswife.Assignment:熟记含有否定意义的前缀及表示特定意思的前缀（课本24-31页）Chapter3Nouns名词一、名词的种类及复数变化专有名词(propern.)(不可数)名词个体名词(可数名词)普通名词集体名词(commonn.)物质名词(不可数名词)抽象名词加-sbooksteachers(基本)[s][z]加-esboxesbuses[iz]heroes[z]名词的复数变化：把“y”改“i”再加esfactories[iz]改f/fe为v加eswife—wives[vz]※roofschiefssafes[fs]不变deersheep特殊变化child--children二、名词的数、格、性1．名词的数（number）补充： 外来语的复数形式：1）词尾isesbasisbasescrisiscrises2)词尾onaphenomenonphenomena3)词尾umadatumdatamediummedia4)词尾usi/esfocusfoci/focuses 复合名词的数1）中心词改为复数passer-bypassers-by;brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law2）复合名词中有一个是动词时，则在词尾加Sforget-me-nots;grown-ups3）前后两词均改为复数woman-teacherwomen-teachers2.名词的格(case)主格(nominativecase)通格(commoncase)宾格(objectivecase)所有格/属格(possessive/genitivecase)名词所有格的构成法及用法 所有格的形式ThePossessiveCase1）单数-＇sHellen’sdoctoradog’stail2）复数-s＇ladies’hatsteachers’office-＇sChildren’sDay3）复合名词最后一词+＇sfather-in-law’scar4)以and连接的两个名词共同所有(最后一个名词加‘s)TomandMary’sschool各别所有(分别加＇s)Tom’sandMary’sschools 无生命的名词所有格(of属格)1)the+所有物+of+(the,that,my…)+所有者thedoorofourclassroomtheleavesofthattree例外:DoyouknowthenameoftheteachertalkingtoJohnoverthere?2)表示价格、距离、时间、重量等的名词，单数加’s；复数加’拟人化forGod’ssakeHeaven’swill时间today’snewspapertenminutes’walk距离threemiles’journey重量twentypounds’weight价格tendollars’worthofcoffee惯用语toone’sheart’scontent尽情地;心满意足双重所有格（Doublegenitive）结构：(a,an,thisthat,these,those,some,any,no)+名词+of+’s（所有格代词）(表示部分或带有某种感情色彩)thisbeautifulpictureofyoursafriendofmyfather’sThisgoodchildofyoursisreallylovedbyeveryone!你这个好宝贝，真是逗人爱！Thatdamnedhusbandofhers.她那个该死的丈夫！Assignment:1.自学名词的性(gender)部分(femininegender阴性;masculinegender阳性andneutral中性)2.熟悉名词在句子中的作用(课间休息,请欣赏)CountryRoadTakemeHomeAlmostheavenwestVirginiaBlueridgemountainsShenandoahriverLifeisoldthereolderthanthetreesYoungerthanthemountainsGrowinlikeabreezeCountryroadstakemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginiamountainmommaTakemehomecountryroadsAllmymemoriesgatherroundherMinersladystrangertobluewaterDarkanddustypaintedontheskyMistytasteofmoonshineTeardropsinmyeyesIhearhervoiceinthemorningHoursshecallsmeRadioremindsmeofmyhomefarawayDrivingdowntheroadIgetafeelingthatIshouldhavebeenhomeyesterday,YesterdayCountryroadstakemehomeTotheplaceIbelongWestVirginiamountainmammaTakemehomecountryroadsChapter4TheArticle冠词重点掌握： 冠词的种类及用法e.g.Weworkeighthoursaday.(每天)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwegotmarried.TheteaofHangzhouisverygood.2.何时使用“a”或“an”a----用于辅音(发音)之前(“phonetic”not“letter”)an---用于元音(发音)之前“(phonetic”not“letter”) 不定冠词(a,an) 用于不限定的单数名词之前 定冠词(the) 用于特定的单数或复数名词之前e.g.ausefulbookaone-eyedmananumbrellaanoldmanahouseanhourahighpriceanhonestboy一、不定冠词的用法（6项）二、定冠词的用法（10项）三、专有名词与定冠词(3+8项)四、零冠词（12项）五、冠词的位置一、不定冠词(a,an)的用法 用法 例句 1 a=one（表示一个 Thereisabookonthedesk.Romewasnotbuiltinaday. 2 a=any,every（表示同类的全体） Adogisafaithfulanimal.=Thedogisafaithfulanimal.=Dogsarefaithfulanimals. 3 a=thesame（同样的） Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚.Theyareofanage.他们同年. 4 a=per（每一） Hecamehometwiceamonth.Weworkeighthoursaday.(每天)二、定冠词 5 a=acertain（某一个） DoyouknowaMr.Smith?AMr.Browncalledonyou. 6 a=onelike（像…的人） HewishestobecomeanEdison.他希望成为像爱迪生那样的发明家. 1 the+前面出现过的名词 Theyhaveasonandadaughter.Thesonisadoctorandthedaughterisateacher. 2 最高级the+序数词+名词onlysame ThisisthemostinterestingstoryIhaveeverheard.Hewasthefirstmantocomehere.Manistheonlyanimalthatcantalk.3 the+比较级+ofthetwo Heisthetallerofthetwo. 4 playthe+乐器 Sheplaysthepiano(guitar/violin）verywell. 5 宇宙独一无二的东西 theearth/moon/sea/sun/world/sky 6 方向；方位 Turntotheright/theleft/thenorth/thesouth 7 bythe+计量名词（按；论；以…计） Theyarepaidbythemonth/hour.bythedozen/bythepound 8 the+身体部位 Hetookmebythehand.Hehitmeonthehead9三、专有名词与定冠词1、专有名词前不加定冠词 the+形容词=①复数普通名词②抽象名词 Therich(=richpeople)arenotalwayshappierthanthepoor(=poorpeople).Thebeautiful(=beauty)livesforever 10 短语the+名词+从句(表示特定的人或事物) HeisthestudentwhoItaught.Thelampsonthewallareverypretty. 用法 例句 1 人名、地名、国名 Maryisthebeststudentintheclass.ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.ChinaisthelargestcountryinAsia.22、但在下列情形下要加定冠词 周日名和月名 WehavenoclassonSaturday.NationalDaycomesonOctober1. 3 街（路）名、车站(前面有专有名词)、公园 Ourcollegeliesat5WestTongjiRoad.WemetatGuangzhouStation.ZhongshanParkisaverybeautifulplace. 1 the+姓氏复数（指全家人） TheWangslivenestdoor. 2 正式国名的“全称”或带有of的短语 theUnitedStatesthePeople’sRepublicofChinathecityofFoshan(=FoshanCity) 3 被限定的专有名词 TomistheNewtonoftheage.汤姆是当代的牛顿(=科学家） 4 山脉；群岛（孤岛、独山之前不加） theAlps阿尔卑斯山脉thePhilippines菲律宾群岛但Mt.Tai泰山Mt.Ali阿里山 5 与“水”有关的名称，如海、洋、河、湖等 thePacificOcean太平洋theYellowRiver黄河theSuezCanal苏伊士运河theSunMoonLake日月潭 6 公共建筑物 thePeople’sGreatHalltheWhiteHousetheMilitaryMuseum四、零冠词（名词前不用冠词，我们称之为零冠词） 7 书报、杂志 theBible圣经theTimes泰晤士报thePeople’sDaily 8 全体国民 TheChineseareapeace-lovingpeople.中国人是爱好和平的民族。theAmericans/theEnglish 1 表示总称的复数名词 Childrenlovecartoons. 2 称呼用语 Sir,pleasegivemeacupoftea. 3 家人称谓(家人称谓在任何位置，第一个字母须大写) Fatherwon’tbehomefordinner.IrefusedtoanswerMother’squestion. 4 三餐名称 Whatdoyouoftenhaveforbreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner 5 学科名称 Mathematics/chemistryisdifficulttolearn. 6 表示“职务、头衔”的名词作补语或同位语 WemadehimchairmanoftheStudent’sUnion.Brown,leaderoftheclass,isanableman. 7 by+运输方法 byship/car/taxi/train/letter/land/sea 8 运动、游戏的名称 Theyliketoplaybasketball/football/volleyball…Heisplayingchesswithhisfriend. 9 akindofasortof+名词（不加）atypeof Whatkindofcardoyouwanttobuy?Sheisadifferenttypeofwoman. 10 Church,school,hospital等名词，指这些建筑物存在的用途时为抽象名词，不加冠词。（但指建筑物本身或场所时为普通名词，要加冠词） gotoschool/church/college比较：Heisveryill,andhastogotohospital.Iangoingtothehospitaltovisitasickfriend. 11 抽象名词与物质名词 Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Goldismoreexpensivethansilver.但Wecan’tdrinkthewaterwhichisnotclean.五、冠词的位置1、what,such,many可用于a(n)之前，但不能用于the,this或my等词之前 句型 whatsuch+a(n)（形容词）+名词many 例句 Whatabignosehehas!Sheissuchakindlady.Manyastudentbelievesthestory.2、too,how,so,as本身是副词，所以在a/an之前需要有形容词 句型 toohow+形容词+a(n)+名词soas 例句 Itistoogoodachancetobelost.Howprettyafloweritis!Ihaveneverseensointerestingafilm.Heisaskindamanasyou.Someusages:惯用法 短语中带有a的惯用法asarule;asawhole;allofasudden;ataloss(茫然不知);inahurry2.在名词成对出现的成语里，常省去不定冠词aarminarm;dayafterday;facetoface;youngandold;frombeginningtoend;fromheadtofoot;fromcovertocover(自始自终)；frommorningtillnight(课间休息,请欣赏)《Handinhand》fromSeoulOlympicGameWecanseethefireintheskyWefeelthebeatingofourheartstogetherThisisourtimetoriseaboveWeknowthechanceisheretoliveforeverForalltime(Refrain:)HandinhandwestandAllacrossthelandWecanmakethisworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveHandinhandwecan!StarttounderstandBreakingdownthewallsthatcomebetweenusforalltimeAllthetimeBreakingdownthewallsbetweenusHandinhandBreakingdownthewallsEverytimewegiveitallWefeeltheflameeternallyinsideusLiftourhandsuptotheskyThemorningcalmhelpsustoliveinharmonyForalltimeChapter5Pronouns2.代词的种类及用法 1.代词的定义 说明 ①代替前面提过或暗示过的名词②同一名词连续使用会嫌累赘,而代词则可以连续使用③代词除通顺简洁外还有承接作用,使文字彼此呼应 例句 Whenaboyoragirlenterscollege,heorshewillfinditdifferentfromhighschool. 1 人称代词物主代词反身代词 ①I/me,you,he/him,she,we,they(主/宾格)②my,your,his,her,our,their,its(所有格)③mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs(主/宾格)④myself,yourself,himself,ourselves 2 指示代词 This,that,these,those, 代词用法注意事项 、有关格 两个以上人称代词并用时，其顺序是：单数按2-3-1人称排序复数按1-2-3人称排序 3 不定代词 ①由body,one,thing构成的合成代词②some,any,other,all,another,both,little,few,many,much,none,either… 4 疑问代词 who,what,which,whom,whose 5 连接代词 ①who,what,which,whom,whose引导名词性从句②(who,what.which)+ever引导状从或名词性从句 6 关系代词 who,whom,which,whose,that,as引导定语从句2、在比较级从句中，人称代词随意义而决定主格或宾格Helikesyoubetterthanme.=Helikesyoubetterthan(helikes)me.HelikesyoubetterthanI.=HelikesyoubetterthanI(likeyou)二、It的用法 代替前面提过的名词 指时间、天气、距离 做形式主语或宾语 用于强调句型①It可做形式上的主语，以代替后面的不定式、动名词或名词从句。句型如下：to+V(不定式)It+动词+…………………+V-ing(动名词)that+S+V(名词从句)(形式主语)(真正主语)ItiswrongtotellalieItisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.(覆水难收)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.②It可做形式上的宾语,以代替后面的真正宾语,句型如下:take,findto+V主语+make,believe+it+宾补+that+S+Vthink,considerV-ingImakeitaruletogetupearly.Itookitforgrantedthatheknewme.Hefounditdifficultaskingother’shelp.③It用于强调句型Pattern:It+be+被强调部分+that(who)引起的从句Itwastheteacherwhotaughtusseriously.Itwasinthishousethathelivedtenyears.三、各类代词在句中的作用（thefunctionofpronouns） 人称代词主语WeareallChinese.主格表语Whoisit?ItisI(me).动词宾语Wewillhelpthem.宾格介词宾语Theteacherwillhaveatalkwithus.物主代词（代词所有格）possessivepron.①形容词性的物主代词在句中都是做定语Weallloveourmotherland.Showusyourgoodhandwriting.②名词性的物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语Yourradioisold,butmineisnew.Sinceyouborrowedhiswatch,letmeborrowhers.Theyhavetheirfriends,wehavefriendsofours,too.Whosesonisthischild?It’shers.反身代词selfpron.动词宾语Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.介词宾语Abikecanworkbyitself.同位语We‘dbetterasktheguesthimselfaboutit.相互代词reciprocalpron.Weoftenhelpeachother/oneanother.Wecareforeachother’s/oneanother’sstudy(所有格)2.指示代词demonstrativepron. this,that,these,those可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语Thisismineandthatishers.Trytokeepalltheseinmind.Ilikethisboy,buthelikesthatone.Canyoupromisethatmuch?你能答应那么多吗？②such与some的用法作定语Ihaveneverseensuchamanashim.Thesamethinghappenedagain.作主语Thesamecanbedonebyyou.Suchismyfather,simpleandhonest.作表语Ouropinionsarejustthesame.3.不定代词Indefinitepron. 表数的不定代词few,afew;many,anumberof,alargenumberof;(接复数可数名词)noneof;no,（接可数名词或代词宾格）(谓语单复数皆可)all,（接单、复数皆可）some,any;（接可数或不可数名词）both,（接复数名词或复数代词宾格）neither,either,one,other,another,each,every,（表单数）others,（接复数谓语）somebody,something,nobody,nothing,everybody,everything,anybody,anything,都表单数概念,定语通常后置②表量的不定代词little,alittle,much,some,agreatdealof,;alotof,lotsof,agreatlot,agoodlot(等后接不可数名词，作“大量”解，如果后接可数名词复数，则作“大批”解)③关于限定代词与不可数名词以及与复数可数名词的搭配关系列表如下： 1．与不可数名词搭配 2．与复数可数名词搭配 3．与不可数名词及复数名词搭配 much,(a)little,less,theleast,agreatdealof,agreatamountof many,(a)few,fewer,(the)fewest,agreatnumberof more,(the)most,plentyof.alotof,lotsof,enough4.疑问代词（用作特殊疑问句的疑问词）疑问代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语Whosayssuchathing?Whoiswho?Thiscupiswhose?Who/Whomareyouspeakingto?Whoseletterisit?5.连接代词（与疑问代词同形）引导名词性从句，疑问代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语，还可引导不定式短语作宾语。由构成的疑问代词引导状语从句。(例句见教材P97-101)6.关系代词（引导定语从句）关系代词前必有一先行的名词,否则,它就没有可代的关系。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语。Theteacherisover70.Theteacherwhoisover70stillHestillteachesatschool.teachesatschool.（关系代词指代teacher，在从句中作主语）Thebookwasboughtlongago.Thebook,whichyouYoumentionedthebooklastweek.mentionedlastweek,wasboughtlongago.Theboyisourclassmate.TheboywhoselegwashurtjustHislegwashurtjustnow.nowisourclassmate.Chapter6Numerals数词Classificationsofnumerals:Cardinalnumerals基数词Ordinalnumerals序数词Fractionalnumerals分数词一、Cardinalnumerals基数词1）基数词写法和读法：345(threehundredandforty-five)2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里；如：Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.b.表示"二十多，三十多……岁"；inone’stwenties/thirties/forties….c.表示"年代"，用in+the+数词复数；Eg.inthesixtiesd.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3×5=15Threefivesis(are)fifteen.3)编号的结构形式名词+基数词=the+序数词+名词Eg.Lesson27=thetwenty-seventhlesson注:两位数以上的数词一般用”名词+基数词”的方法如:第163页Pageonehundredandsixty-three第405号房RoomNo.fourOfive二、序数词1、构成：基数词+thfourth,sixth,twenty-seventh.但one--first,two--second,three--third,five--fifth,eight--eighth,nine--ninth,twelve—twelfth例外以ty结尾的基数词则要将”y”改为“i”再加ethEg.twenty---twentieth2、序数词的缩写形式：first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31steighth---8th三、倍数和分数表示法1）倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+asIhavethreetimesasmany/(much)(books)asyou.我(的书)是你的三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length…)ofTheearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年粮食产量比去年增加8%。d.还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍Theproductionofgrainhasincreased(by)fourtimes（fourfold）thisyear.今年粮食产量增加了?倍。2）分数表示法构成：分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数：3基数词5序数词1/3one-third；3/37threeandthirty-sevenths.1/2one(a)half51/2fiveandahalf(整数与分数之间用and连接)3)小数和百分数读法1．25(onepointtwofive)但“一块五毛八（1.58元）”读作oneyuanandeighty-fivefen0.6%(zeropointsixpercent)4)数学运算式读法3+4=7Threeplusfourequals(is)seven.10-6=4Tenminussixisfour.8×5=40Eighttimesfiveisforty.20÷4=5Twentydividedbyfourisfive.1、ReadoutthefollowingnumeralsinEnglish23－9=1478－36=4256+27=8312=24=369×8=723×35=10532÷4=836÷4=94913,20500,237000,9600000,3/7,5/12,31/4,42.7,21.96,0.2452、Readoutthefollowingformulae读出下列rooty(thecubicrootofX)(thesquarerootofy)(oneoverx)(thefourthrootofx)a≥ba＜ba≈b(aapproximatelyequalsb.)Homework:I.Putinappropriatepronouns1.Herparentsare_____workers.2.Therearetreesonsideofthestreet.3.Helentmetwobooks,butofthemiseasyforme.4.Hewilldohiswifetellshimtodo.5.Thereiswaterleft.Let’sfetchsome.II.PutintoEnglish1、教师中有3/5是女教工。2、今年我们庆祝中华人民共和国成立57周年。3、如果你们有问题，请写在纸条上。4、她作文里没犯什么错。