第四节__

第四节 实译与虚译 第四节 实译与虚译 由于历史和文化的差异，汉英两种语言有多种差异。汉语重实，重形象，喜用具体的表现法，而英语的抽象表达则多一些。因此，实译与虚译是翻译中很重要的技巧。只有掌握了，才能了解翻译的变通之法。所谓实译，是指词义或词组义从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，从概括引向局部，从“虚” 引向“实”的过程。所谓虚译，是指词义或词组义从具体引向抽象，从特殊引向一般，从局部引向概括，从“实”引向“虚”的过程（连淑能，2006）。 一．实译取向 [1] But each time he gave them a translation, the crypographers shook their heads in despair.—Digital Fortress 但每次他把译文交给密码破译员，他们的头都摇得像拨浪鼓。--朱振武译文 [2] He lied to me! Kept appalling secrets! What was I supposed to do? And so she had blocked him out. Completely.—The Da Vinci Code 他对我说谎！他有不可告人的秘密！他想让我做什么？索菲抱着这样的想法将他拒之千里之外。--朱振武译文 [3] Now, fifteen days later, the killer’s faith had solidified beyond the shadow of a doubt.—Angles and Demons 现在，十五天过去了，杀手心中的疑云早已散尽。--朱振武译文 评析：以上三例，译者用新的具体的形象来表达抽象的动作，同时也传达了原作者实际想要传达的意义。 [4] Action and foresight will be needed as well as learning and reputation. 不但需要有博学德高的学者，而且需要有远见卓识的实干家。 评析：原文中learning and reputation，action and foresight都是抽象词语，在译文中宜转化成具体词语。 [5] In the meantime, charlatans are all too happy to exploit people’s ignorance by selling them “miracle” diets or products that are worthless and may even be dangerous. 同时，庸医们都轻而易举地利用人们的无知，向人们推销“神奇的”饮食配方，以及一文不值、甚至对人们有害的“灵丹妙药”。 评析：把“worthless”、“products”引申译成“一文不值”和“灵丹妙药”，正是原文内容所表达的意思。 [6] The company applauded the clever deception, for none could tell when Chopin stopped and Liszt began. 在座的人对这种移花接木的巧妙手法，无不啧啧称赞，因为谁也不知道在什么时候肖邦停了下来，由李斯特接着弹奏下去。 评析：deception确有“欺骗”之意，但在此具体场合译为“移花接木的巧妙手法”比译为“骗术”要好得多。 [7] A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology. 许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。 评析：把a last refuge引申译成为“世外桃源”，符合汉语形象的说法。 [8] Nixon was to play the China game with the skill and cynicism it required. 尼克松随后在处理中国问题上真是手腕巧妙，竭尽纵横捭阖之能事。 评析：cynicism引申译成“纵横捭阖”，真实地再现了原文所指“运用政治和外交手段达到联合或分化瓦解之目的”。 [9] He became engaged to Isabel. This was no surprise to Mrs. Bradeley since they had been inseperable for years and one knew that Isabel was in love with him. 他和伊莎贝尔订了婚。这件事，布莱德太太倒不诧异。因为两人耳鬓厮磨已有多年，而且人们都知道伊莎贝尔爱他。—周熙良译文 评析：“耳鬓厮磨”的形象性从内容转移到形式上。 [10] Home after seven years, Home. The word had meant so much too him. 家，阔别了七年的家。这个字对他多亲切呀。 [11] This is why Postgate was moved to say that the principle of faithfulness was set up as a merit of true translation ‘by general consent, though not by universal practice’.—The Art of Translation 波斯哥特因此感叹道：提出忠实的，其优点在于能够指导准确的翻译，这“谁都同意，尽管并非人人都这么做。” 二．虚译取向 [12] “I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman,” she said in 1588, “but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a king of England too.” 实译：“我知道我有一个软弱的无力的女人的身子，”她在1588年说，“但是我有一个国王的心和胃，而且还是英格兰国王的。” 虚译：“我知道我长就了一副柔弱女子的身躯，可我有一个一国之君的心胸，而且还是英格兰的君王。” 评析：这是英国女王伊丽莎白一世说的一句很有名的话，译文貌似十分忠于原文，但对body，heart and stomach理解太死。这三个词语汉语的同类词一样，都有转义，如“志趣”、“心胸”和“胃口”等等。 [13] See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks ws never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙。两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 本节练习 1.​ 实译 [1] He made three political appointments. [2] Gulangyu is a must for most visitors to Xiamen. [3] At twenty-two, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. [4] The baby can’t walk, he can’t talk, he can’t feed or bathe himself, and in that he has an unmixed blessing. [5] Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. 1.​ 虚译 [6] Arabs rub shoulders with Jews, and have been doing so from the earliest settlement of the territories. [7] There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. [8] Every life has its roses ans thorns. 第五节 褒译与贬译 任何语言的词语都有褒贬之分。词语翻译的褒义与贬义是由语篇上下文所决定的，但最终是落实在词语翻译上。原文中有些词语本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来；但也有些原文词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。 一．原文褒贬义，翻译时相应译出 [1] He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。（褒） [2] His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。（贬） [3] The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒） [4] Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。 [5] Girls were all smiles on hearing the good news. 初译：姑娘们听到这个好消息都满脸堆笑。 改译：听到这个好消息，姑娘们个个笑逐颜开。 评析：原文的were all smiles显然是个褒义用法，而初译里的四字格“满脸堆笑”有故意做作的意味，含有明显的贬义色彩，“眉开眼笑”也不合适。用一个褒义四字格“笑逐颜开”正好。可见，翻译中的四字格还必须注意到感情色彩。 二．根据上下文决定褒贬义 (1) 译成褒义词 [6] Then Mr Tekoah proceeded, after citing many colourful incidents, to refer to my statement to Al-Muharrer. 在列举了许多大事渲染(×耸人听闻)的事件之后，特科先生进而提到我对《解放者报》的谈话。 评析：翻译成“耸人听闻”实际上是一种离开了原词的词义、无视原词的色彩的意译。要译好这个词，首先应紧紧扣住它的词义。抓住它的特色，结合发言人的态度，同时还要考虑到在联合国这样的外交场合，发言人的话一般都是比较含蓄的；而“耸人听闻”则语气太重。体现colourful这个词的色彩，恐怕还得从“色”这一原义出发，那么，改为“大事渲染”也许比较合适。 [7] In 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 1974年，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。 [8] The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。 (2) 译成贬义词 [9] In our Second Address on the war, five days after the advent of those men, we told you what they were.--The Civil War in France 在这伙人上台五天以后，我们在关于前次战争的第二篇宣言中已经向你们他们究竟是些什么货色了。 评析：选择词义时，还要考虑到词在原文中所含有的政治色彩、褒贬义。此句中，those（那些）译成“这伙”；what they were（他们本来是什么样子）译成“他们究竟是些什么货色”或“他们的本来面目”。 [10] But it would be ludicrous today to attempt recounting the merely preliminary atrocities committed by the bombarders of Paris and the fomenters of a slaveholders’ rebellion protected by foreign invasion. 但是今天要试图一一列举出那些轰击巴黎，在外国侵略者的卵翼下发起奴隶主叛乱的人们的暴行（而这些暴行仅仅是开始），那就太可笑了。 [11] Many of the old Orleanist stagers had merged into the Bonapartist lot. 很多奥尔良的老角色也与波拿巴派同流合污了。 评析：以上两句，protect（保护）译成“卵翼”；had merged into（消没于）译成“同流合污”。这些都是有意译成贬义的。 [12] He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a centain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。 评析：reputation意为the opinion that people have about what sb/sth is like, based on what has happened in the past，中文的对应词是“名誉”、“名声”。这常给人印象是个褒义词，英文中其实是个中性词，可以说成to have a good/bad reputation，有好/坏名声。但英语里该词常不加修饰词，只好根据上下文而定。 [13] They arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out through Poland. 他们把我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。 [14] He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他罪恶勾当的工具。 [15] As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedecation from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。 本节练习： 1.​ 原文词语本身带有褒贬意义，翻译时相应译出 [1] That fat jap! [2] I will say the very thought of you makes me sick and that you treated me with miserable cruelty. 1.​ 根据上下文来决定褒义或贬义 [3] Next Edison turned his inventive genius to another ambitious project — the invention of a means of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas: the invention of an electric-light bulb. [4] Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. The date was to be 1 May, 1944. [5] He is bright and ambitious. [6] “For people of my generation,” he said, Nixon had a certain reputation. I needed to assure myself the reputation was not deserved. [7] Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. [8] Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. [9] I’ll let everybody at Lowed know what you are and what you have done. [10] Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 第六节 倒译与顺译 英语和汉语的表达结构均是由其民族思维和语言发展长期积累沉淀而成的，这两种语言由于使用者观察世界的角度不同，思维习惯不同，导致表达结构也常常截然不同。翻译时就必须意识到这种差别，并视具体情况保留或改变原文的顺序，也就是要进行词法、句法顺序的倒译或顺译。严复在《天演论》例言里曾经论述道:“词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,不斤斤于字比句次。” 这就是针对倒译而言的。在英汉翻译中，倒译的使用频率明显高于顺译。 一、倒译 “倒译”这一技巧并不是独立存在的，它与之前和之后论及的诸种翻译技巧，尤其是“拆译”和“被动式的译法”是相辅相成，密切结合的。“拆译”中有“倒译”， “倒译”中见“拆译”。只要我们再回顾一下前面的翻译技巧，就可以充分地感受到这一点。倒译可分为词或词组倒译和句子倒译。词或词组倒译一般比较简单，而且相对固定，如，absent-minded（心不在焉）；well-conducted（行为端正的）；northeast（东北）；southwest（西南）。在词组方面，英语一般会说，north, south, east, west，而翻译则习惯译成“东、南、西、北”。句子倒译则涉及到更复杂的情形（陈廷祐，1980），不同的译者会采用不同的倒译技巧，甚至不一定倒译。句子倒译主要体现在以下几个方面： 1.复合句倒译 [1] They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side.—R. G. Gammage 他们都是那些抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山的好汉们的后代。 评析：如果不作部分颠倒，顺着句子顺序译下来：“他们是好汉们的后代，那些好汉们曾经抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山”，气势就差了很多。英语中的限定性定语从句一般紧接着被修饰词，而在译成汉语时，这个限定性定语从句的意思习惯放在被修饰词的前面，形成“的……”结构。 [2] Reason was the sole guide that Mr. Johnson accepted in his quest. 约翰逊先生在探索时，说理是他接受下来的唯一指导原则。 评析：这一句作了彻底颠倒，“约翰逊先生”被放在前面，这样读者才不会误解为有两个人。 [3] Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间紧迫就马马虎虎。 [4] You will fail unless you work harder. 倘若你不努力工作就会失败。 [5] Thermoplastic plastics become soft if they are heated. 热塑塑料一经加热，就会变软。 评析：一部分带有状语从句的复合句，翻译时需要作大调整。汉语习惯于以时间先后、原因、结果、条件的顺序来安排句子，即先发生的事情放在句前，后发生的事情放在句后，先讲原因后讲结果，先讲条件后讲结果。而英语则往往反其道而行之。 2.被动句子的倒译 [6] Everything possible was done to conceal our movements from the enemy and to mislead him.—W. Churchill 我们采取了一切可能的措施，以便对敌人隐瞒我们的活动情况，并迷惑他们。 评析：这句话中的真正主人虽未点出，但是清楚的，是“我们”。作者用了被动式，若照原样译成中文，不符合中国读者的习惯，文字也不通顺。 [7] Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking, of former plains seen heaved aloft, of fires flashing out amid the ruin.—J. Jackson 译文一：大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有记载。 译文二：据记载，大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟。 评析：译文一将次序全部颠倒。译文二也别出心裁，非常巧妙。这些译法都避免了被动语态。有关被动式的翻译，详见本章第八节。 3.用否定性副词或条件副词开头的句子的倒译 [8] No possibility of alleviating adverse opinion of them should be overlooked. 我们不应忽视能够缓和他们反对我们的任何可能性。 [9] Nothing was gained by all the overcaution. 所有这些谨小慎微的措施，到头来是一无所得。 [10]Hardly had she arrived at the station when it began to rain. 她刚到车站就下雨了。 [11]In no way can we consider air as a good conductor. 我们绝不能认为普通的空气是良导体。 评析：副词如no, never, hardly, scarcely, no longer, not until, only等引导的英语句型，其目的在于强调。翻译时，常将主语提前，加一些适当的字眼来加强语气。 4.带有介词短语的句子的倒译 [12] Don’t sleep with the windows open. 不要开着窗子睡觉。 评析：若照英文排列，译成“不要睡觉开着窗子”，就不太符合中国人的表达习惯。 [13] These data will be of some value in our research work. 这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。 评析：of some value作表语用，但后面又跟上一个介词短语in our research work，是修饰value的，因此将它放到中间。译文“有些价值”则放在了最后。 [14] A worker from Birmingham enlivened the audience with some admirable specimens of racy old English humour, which were most gratefully received. —R. G. Gammage 一位来自伯明翰的工人讲了一些相当典型的、饶有风趣的英国古老幽默话，使听众活跃起来，他的话受到他们衷心的欢迎。 评析：这一句话的主语是worker，介词短语from Birmingham是作为定语修饰主语的，因此放在“工人”之前，成为“一位来自伯明翰的工人”。谓语是enlivened，它和宾语audience还不能马上译出来，因为有一个with引导的介词短语及其有关部分要先说明一下，这就是：“讲了一些相当典型的、饶有风趣的英国古老幽默话”，这才“使听众活跃起来”。最后再补上一句：“他的话受到他们衷心的欢迎”。 [15] Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. 原译：亚里士多德本来能够避免这个错误的认识，即女人的牙齿比男人要少些；他只要用这个简单的，就是请亚里士多德夫人张开嘴巴，让他来数就行了。 改译：亚里士多德错认为女人的牙齿比男人少。其实，他只要请自己的夫人张一张口让他数一数，本是可以避免这个错误的。—郭建中译文 评析：原译者只知道按原文语序来翻译， 因此译文十分拗口。译文语序重组后，形成和原文次序相反的倒置，而意思得以完美传递。 [16] It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain. 从山顶远眺，湖光山色，尽收眼底；这儿风景绝佳，遐迩闻名。 评析：原句被切分成三部分，或三个相对完整的翻译单位。from the summit of the mountain这一介词短语，译成汉语无主句的一个分句；for the fine views这一介词短语，译成一个主谓结构，构成一个分句。译者从最后一个介词短语译起，倒着译到第二个介词短语，最后才译原句主谓结构。这是典型的倒译句。它同时也是一个拆译句，属于短句拆译，更见功夫。 [17] One could account for what was observed equally well on the theory that the universe had existed forever or on the theory that it was set in motion at some finite time in such a manner as to look as though it had existed forever. 当时有两种理论摆在大家面前：一种理论认为，宇宙是一直存在的；另一种理论则认为，宇宙是在某一个有限的时刻启动的，但给人的印象却似乎是一直存在的。但是，不管按照哪种理论，我们都可以很好地解释所观察到的事实。 评析：这个长句译起来从容不迫。译者先把the theory that the universe had existed…处理掉，前面加了一个主题句“当时有两种理论摆在大家面前”，然后分别说明“一种理论认为，……另一种理论则认为，……”最后才译出原英文的主句结构。 [18] Scientists all over the world are now trying to harness this energy by a process similar to one that occurs on the surface of the sun. This is called continuous thermonuclear fusion and involves causing hydrogen atoms to rush together and release vast amounts of energy. 原译：世界各国的科学家，正在试图利用这种类似在太阳表面所发生的过程产生的能源。这一过程叫做连续热核聚变，它促使氢原子冲集在一起并释放出极大热能。 改译：在太阳表面，发生着一种连续性的热核聚变过程。这个过程使氢原子冲集在一起，并释放出大量的热能。目前，世界各国的科学家，正在试图利用这种能源。—郭建中译文 评析：原译按原文的词序，逻辑混乱。改译对原文进行了重写。先说明太阳表面有一种连续发生的热核聚变；然后叙述什么叫热核聚变及其作用；最后谈到各国科学家正试图利用这种热核聚变所产生的能源。逻辑清楚，合乎汉语行文习惯（郭建中，2004：114）。值得注意的是，本例的倒译已经跨越了单句的范围而横跨了两个句子，我们称之为句群层面的倒译。 二．顺译 英汉两种语言的句子结构千变万化，我们得根据具体情况灵活处理译句，不能生搬硬套固定模式。重要的是，首先要细心琢磨作者的意图，他想说的是什么；到了中文阶段，要按照汉语习惯重作安排，力求通顺流畅而又不失原作的思想和文风。正如前面所述，更换次序是英汉翻译的主要做法，但有时说话人或作者出于修辞或场合的需要，其句法顺序并不能随心所欲地予以颠倒，否则效果将大打折扣，这倒是我们应特别加以注意的地方。另外，如果译者技法娴熟，对全文胸有成竹，也可以在不更动原句序的情况下，见招拆招，左右逢源，使之顺理成章。 [19] Always obey your parents--when they are present. 父母的话总是要听的—当然是他们在身边的时候。 评析：这是美国作家马克·吐温在一次关于学生该不该听从父母的管教的演讲时，所讲的第一句话。它妙就妙在将限定语（如相声里的解包袱）放在了后面，这其实是对前面忠告的一种否定，听者当能心领神会。 [20] It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一：凡有产业的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。—王科一译文 译文二：有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。—孙致礼译文 译文三：饶有家资的单身男子必定想要娶妻室，这是举世公认的真情实理。—张玲、张扬译文 译文四：举世公认，一个拥有一大笔钱财的单身男人，必定想娶一个女人做太太。这已成为一条真理。—义海译文 译文五：世间有这样一条公认的真理—凡财产丰厚的单身男人势必想娶个太太。 评析：从句法上看，英语原文可视为“圆周句”（periodic sentence）。“读者开始以为作者将郑重其事地宣告一个举世公认的真理，然而读到最后一个词却出乎意料地发现，所谓‘举世公认’的真理，只不过是市侩的庸俗意识而已。作者独具匠心，以庄重高雅的形式把读者的期待引向高峰，而最后一个词所代表的庸俗内容，却又将读者的期待降到谷底，产生强烈的讽刺效果，耐人寻味，使人难忘”（马红军，2000：98）。翻译Austen这句名言时，我们应充分考虑原文的这些特征，即“先庄后谐”。但译文一至四都改变了句法结构，形成“先谐后庄”。只有译文五保留了原文“先庄后谐”的表达结构。 [21] Recent breakthroughs in physics, made possible in part by fantastic new technologies, suggest answers to some of these longstanding questions. 最近，物理学的研究之所以取得了一些突破，部分应归功于新技术的飞速发展；而这些物理学上的突破对于回答那些长期以来悬而未决的某些问题是有所启发的。 评析：英语原文的主句是Recent breakthroughs in physics…suggest answers to some of these longstanding questions，而made possible in part by fantastic new technologies是过去分词短语作定语，修饰breakthroughs。译文把这一从属结构译成主谓结构，形成一个独立的分句，可算是按照原文次序就地安置，再把原文的主句也译成一个独立的分句，两个分句并列，把英语的枝杈结构转换成了汉语由两层波浪构成的流水句结构（郭建中，2004：114）。 [22] Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter that in turn may be created from energy. 现代科学的发现得出这样的结论：物质可以产生能量，能量又可以产生物质。 评析：英文原文包含一个同位语从句，在这一同位语从句中又包含了一个定语从句，汉语译文成了三个并列的独立分句。译文包含了一个顺译：即原文的主句结构“现代科学的发现得出这样的结论”；同位语从句和其中的定语从句内部又各用了一个倒译：“物质可以产生能量，能量又可以产生物质”。 本节练习： [1] I’m sure that it is a better book as a result of his keeping my nose to the grindstone. [2] This, Hawking’s first book for the nonspecialist, holds rewards of many kinds for the lay audience. [3] As interesting as the book’s wide-ranging contents is the glimpse it provides into the workings of its author’s mind. [4] In this book are lucid revelations on the frontiers of physics, astronomy, cosmology, and courage. [5] Hawking is attempting, as he explicitly states, to understand the mind of God. [6] We go about our daily lives understanding almost nothing of the world. [7] We give little thought to the machinery that generates the sunlight that makes life possible, to the gravity that glues us to an Earth that would otherwise send us spinning off into space, or to the atoms of which we are made and on whose stability we fundamentally depend. [8] In our society it is still customary for parents and teachers to answer most of these questions with a shrug, or with an appeal to vaguely recalled religious precepts. [9] But much of philosophy and science has been driven by such inquiries. [10] And this makes all the more unexpected the conclusion of the effort, at least so far: a universe with no edge in space, no beginning or end in time, and nothing for a Creator to do. 第七节 反译 反译是指译文以原文相反的表达方式传递原文的意义，它属于引伸和修辞范围。反译包括两种语言差异决定的反译和运用技巧的反译，二者常是密切结合的。 一．否定句译成肯定句 [1] I couldn’t feel better. 我感觉好极了。 [2] No man can have too much knowledge and practice. 知识和实践越多越好。 [3] These scientists could not believe the two Curies more. 这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。 [4] There are no winners in a divorce. 原译：在离婚中没有胜者。 改译：离婚的人都是两败俱伤。 二．运用技巧的反译 [5] He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 正译：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 反译：他模模糊糊地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 [6] No one knows where the shoe pinches like the wearer. 正译：没有一个人会像穿鞋者那样知道鞋子挤脚。 反译：哪儿挤脚，穿鞋人最清楚。 [7] Even the pine logs which burned all day in the fireplace couldn’t keep my little house warm and dry. 正译：火炉里成天烧着松柴，还不能使我的小屋子温暖和干爽。 反译：火炉里成天烧着松柴，可我的小屋还是又冷又潮。--马红军 评析：反译才显得是地道的中国话。 [8] …whether the German memorandum was really his last word. 德国的备忘录是不是果真绝无商量余地。 评析：这是《第三帝国的兴亡》（The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich）中张伯伦问及希特勒的态度的一句话。把肯定词译成否定词“绝无商量余地”用的是反译法。 [9] Mattie’s hand was underneath, and Ethan kept his clasp on it a moment longer than was necessary. 玛提的手在下，伊坦把它握住，没有立刻就放。--吕淑湘译文 评析：句中的a moment longer than was necessary如果直译非常生硬。译者采用“同义反译”方法。类似的例子还有： [10] Now, Clara, be firm with the boy! 听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软！ 评析：如译成“对这孩子要坚定”则较生硬。或许也可直译成“对这孩子就得严格”，这样能和原文表达形式更吻合。 [11] Wait, he is serious. 当心，他不是说着玩的。 评析：这是用了反译法，不然“当心，他可是认真的”也是很顺的。 [12] If all three of you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage. 如果你们三位都参加，那就足以说明你们是有勇气的。 评析：正面译不顺，不妨反面着笔，以求尽量发挥翻译技巧灵活多变的特点。翻译之所以成为艺术，就是它本身具有创造性。既然英、汉语两个民族的思想逻辑和表达方式不一样，同一个概念，一个民族正面说，认为是合乎习惯的，而另一民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。翻译就应考虑到这种差别。 [13] This makes the task of the Negro a more healthful and reasonable one.—Uncle Tom’s Cabin 这使得黑人所干的活比较不伤身体，也比较合乎情理。 [14] In Homer, as in all great writers, matter and manner are inseparably blended…and if we put Homer straight into English words neither meaning nor matter survives.—The Art of Translation 和所有伟大作家的著作一样，在荷马的著作中，内容和风格浑然一体，密不可分……如果把荷马的著作逐字译成英语，则意义和风格皆失。 [15] This football team was organized three years ago and it had yet to win a single game. 这足球队三年前组队，至今未胜一场。 [16] The criminal is still at large. 罪犯还未捉拿归案。 [17] The project is a yet all in the air. 这尚未落实。 [18] The world will be long forgetting their evil. 世人不会很快就忘掉他们的罪行。 [19] This is the first time I have heard of him. 以前我从未听说过他。 [20] The beauty of the scenery passes all power of description. 风景之美，非任何言语所能形容。 三．英汉告示语中的正反译 英语和汉语的告示语常常从不同的视角表达。 [21] No thoroughfare （没有通路） 禁止通行 [22] Authorized Cars Only （只有准许的车辆才可入内） 未经许可车辆不得入内 [23] Employees Only （只有雇员才可通行） 顾客止步 [24] Passengers Only （只有旅客才可通行） 送客止步 [25] Please Tender Exact Fare （请付确切的车钱） 恕不找零 评析：这是无人售票公共汽车收款箱上的。 [26] Courtesy Seats 老、弱、病、残、孕专座 [27] 20% Off 八折优惠 本节练习： 1.正-反翻译（动词） [1] I fail to understand your meaning. [2] He kept his eyes off Gesse’s feet. [3] Your legs are young enough to hold you. [4] These are days when nerves are worn thin. [5] They had better keep their promise, because everything hinges on that right now. 2．正-反翻译（副词） [6] He needed Jack too much to risk making him angry. [7] We tried vainly to measure the voltage. [8] All these questions have only been partially answered. [9] They resumed their seats moodily. [10] Slowly he pulled the letter out or the envelope, and unfolded it [11] He can read fairly easily. 3. 正-反翻译（形容词） [12] Free from anxiety, the old are living a happy life in the home-for -the aged. [13] Pure metals have few useful properties. [14] It seems that this was simply an innocent preparation for maneuvers planned long ago. [15] A desert is a barren tract of land. 4. 正-反翻译（介词） [16] But in the midst of those plans he died, and was succeeded by his son. [17] There is one great issue in the balance here today. [18] But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. [19] His answer is beside the mark. 5. 正-反翻译（连接词） [20] Any use of the atomic bomb on Manchurian targets would be more for purpose of panic than of destruction. [21] Don’t come in unless I call you. 6. 正-反翻译（名词） [22] They look after the interests of their own to the exclusion of those of all others. [23] Herb may be dying somewhere, calling out for his mum and dad, and only strangers round him. [24] Osborne was Sedley’s godson, and had been one of the family anytime these 23 years. [25] Silence reigned all over for a while. [26] Her abstraction was not because of tea party. 7. 正-反翻译（词组、句） [27] You should seize the opportune moment to put in a good word for me. [28] The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wildfire. [29] The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers. [30] Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day. [31] Haste makes waste. [32] I want everybody to have a fair deal. 8. 反-正翻译（动词） [33] He was not sorry to get off his cold. [34] I never hear such a story but I laugh. 9.反-正翻译（副词） [35] He is not seldom ill. [36] An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. [37] Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably. 10.反-正翻译（形容词） [38] He entered the city unopposed in the early hours of 15 April. [39] They were not, however, left long u