英语二 6单元课文（带每句翻译）

Unit 6Text A The British Educational System 英国的教育体系 All over the world，the mention of English education suggests a picture of“public schools”， 一提起英国教育呈现在人们面前的往往是一幅“公学”的画面，and it suggests in particular the names of certain very famous instructions—Eton，Oxford and Cambridge;特别是一些著名的教育机构——伊顿、牛津、剑桥等；but People do not always realize what place these institutions occupy in the who1e educational system．但是人们往往不了解这些机构在英国整个教育体系中所占的位置。Oxford and Cambridge are universities each haying about 12，000 students out of a total of over 250，000 students at all British universities．牛津和剑桥两所大学分别拥有大约12 000在校生，而全英在校大学生的总数超过250 000。Eton is a public school，and the best known of the public schools.伊顿是所公学，也是最著名的公学。which，in spite of their name，are not really public at all，尽管名字叫公学，其实并不是真正意义上的公立学校， but independent and private secondary schools taking boys from the age thirteen to eighteen years．而是所独立的私立中学。它只招收13-18岁的男孩。The public schools in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary education；实际上，公学仅仅是英国整个中学教育体系中的一小部分；only about one out of forty English boys goes to a public school，and one out of 1，500 goes to Eton．在英国仅有1／40的男孩能进入公学读，而1 500个中只有1个能上伊顿公学。 Apart from the so-called public schools there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education．除了所谓的公学之外，英国还有一套完整的国立、中学教育体系，which resembles in general the state education in most other countries．这同大部分国家的国立教育大体相似。A11 children must, by law , receive fulltime education between the ages of five and sixteen．法律规定所有5～16岁的孩子必须接受全日制教育，Any child may attend，without paying fees， a school provided by the public authorities, and the great majority attend such schools．任何孩子都可免费到由政府当局开办的学校读书。They may continue，still without paying fees，until they are eighteen．大部分孩子都上这类学校，并且可以一直读到18岁。In presenting an overall picture of English education it would be reasonable to concentrate on the state system alone and refer briefly to the public schools．要全面介绍英国的教育，应单独集中介绍其国立教育体系，同时简要介绍其公学教育。However，a1though the public schools are not important numerically，然而，尽管从数量上讲公学所占的地位不算重要，they have been England’s most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods and they have an immense influence on the whole educational practice and on the English social structure．但它对英国的教育方法做出了最特殊、最具特色的贡献，对整个英国的教育实践和社会结构产生了重大的影响。For a hundred years most men in leading positions in banking ,insurance ,high finance，some industries ,the army，the church and conservative politics have been educated at public schools．近百年来在银行、保险、高级金融、工业、军队、宗教、保守政见等领域的顶尖人才大都曾在公学接受过教育。Things are beginning to change but it will take time．尽管近来情况开始有所变化，但短时间内变化还不明显。Among the universities Oxford and Cambridge hold a dominant position．牛津大学和剑桥大学在大学教育领域处于领先地位。Of cabinet ministers who went to universities，nearly all went to one or the other of these two，and to Oxford in particular．读过大学的内阁大臣中几乎都上过这两所大学中的某一所，特别是牛津大学。 A student who receives further full—time education after the age of eighteen, either at a university or at a teacher’s training college or at some other college giving training of a special type，can usually receive a grant from the public authorities to cover his expenses，or most of them，unless his parents have a large income．学生满18岁后，若要进一步接受全日制教育，可以选择读综合性大学、教师训练学院或者其他提供专门培训的学院。政府当局通常可以提供给学生助学金以支付其全部或大部分学费，除非学生的父母收人很高不需要资助。But the number of young people who can enter universities is limited by the capacity of universities， which is less than enough to take all the young people who have the basic qualifications for university admission．但是由于受到大学容量的限制，上大学的青年人的数量是有限的，这些大学的数量不能容纳下所有具备基本入学资格的学生。In practice，therefore，entry to universities is competitive．因此实事上，上大学是有竞争性的。But university degree courses are also available at polytechnics，and entry to the Open University is less restricted．但是学生还可能选择上工科学院的学位课程，而且上函授大学所受限制则小得多。 The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three“terms”． 每学年的开始从暑假后的学期算，并且分为三个“学期”， with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays．由圣诞节、复活节两个假期间隔开来。The exact dates of the holidays vary from area to area．各学校的具体放假时间因地区差异而不同，being in general about two weeks at Christmas and Easter，大致上圣诞节、复活节各两周的假，plus often a week or more at Whitsun，and six weeks in the summer，beginning rather late．加上通常一周或更长一点的圣灵降临节假期和六周的暑假，暑假开始得相当晚。Schools outside the state system decide on their own holiday dates，不受国家教育体制限制的学校自行决定放假时间，generally taking a month off at Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in the summer ．通常是圣诞节、复活节各放一个月，暑假放八周。The three terms are not everywhere called by the same names；这三个学期在不同的地区叫法不完全一样。indeed some schools call the January—March period“the Spring Term”， 实际上一些学校称一至三月学期为“春季学期”，others use“Spring Term”for the period April—July．另外一个称呼是称四至七月学期为“春季期”。Some call the January term“Winter term”(which is logica1).others call it“Easter Term”． 另外一个称呼是称四至七月学期为“春季期”。一些地方称一月学期为“冬季学期”(这是逻辑上的叫法)，而有另外一个称呼则是“复活节学期”。 Day-schools mostly work Monday to Friday only．from about 9 a．m．to between 3 and 4 p.m．大部分日校周一至周五上课，大约从早晨九点上到下午三点或四点。Lunch is provided and parents pay for it unless they prove to the authorities that they cannot well afford to．学校通常提供午饭，但学生父母要付钱，除非他们向官方自己负担不起。All primary school children，including those in independent schools，were given milk free of charge until 1970 when the Government abolished this benefit．所有的小学包括私立学校都向学生提供免费的牛奶，直到1970年政府取消了这一福利。 CLOZE 1g．Cioze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary· afford attain backbring fetch good in mention offer on private report return well under There are many ways of attaining education at all levels．Many high schools，colieges，community or district adult schools as well as business and industrial institutions offer noncredit(无学分的)daytime or evening classes in dozens of fields and skills． It is reported that about 1 3 million Americans participate in different forms of adult education through schools，job training，or correspondence courses.About one in four American adults participate in an organized learning group each vear。In recent years，there has been a trend to bring in older students for post．secondary education degree．As has been mentioned，the communitv college has made it possible for all sections of the population to have higher education．Other colleges and universities，both public and private．also offer what is now called“continuing education”programs or“lifelong education”programs of associate degrees·graduate studies or professional development．Under such a system，a worker may contmue his study even on a part—time basis，and a retired person may return college at an advanced age． 有许多接受不同层次教育的方式。许多高中、大学、社区或区域成人学校以及工商业学术机构都提供许多领域和技能的无学分日班或夜班。据报道，美国大约有1300万人通过学校、职业培训或函授课程来参与不同形式的成人教育。大约四分之一的美国成人每年都要参加有组织的学习团体。近几年来，有一种趋势是让年龄大一点的学生获得中等教育学位。正如前面所提到的，社区大学可以使任何年龄段的人拥有接受高等教育的机会。其他学院和大学，包括公立和私立的，都提供“继续教育”或“终身教育”，用来获得副学位、毕业教育或职业进修。在这样的教育体系下，工人可以进行业余教育，上了年纪的退休的人也可以进入大学学习。 Text B Higher Education in the United States 美国的高等教育 In the United States,a student who has finished high school may want to continue in higher education．在美国，一名中学生高中毕业后，如果想继续接受高等教育，There are several ways to continue in higher education in the United States．他可以有以下几种选择方式：There are universities, colleges，community colleges，and technical or vocational schools．综合大学、四年制学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。Each of these kinds of higher education will be described below．对这几种高等教育方式，下文将分别加以介绍。 A university is much larger than a college． It is larger for two reason.综合大学比四年制学院规模大，现在两个方面。First，a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it. 首先，美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。 Each college within a university has a special subject area．每个学院都有专门的学科领域。 There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities， social science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught．一般设有文学院，开设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers．也可能设有教育学院，学生可以在这里通过学习成为教师。There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught．也可能设有商学院开设商业课程。All of these colleges may be part of one university. 所有这些学院可能仅占一所综合性大学的一部分。Sometimes，in a university，each college is called a“school”：“The School of Liberal Arts”，“The school of Business”or“The School of Education"．有时，综合大学内的每一个学院都可被称为学院：文学院、商学院、教育学院。Second，a university always has programs for advanced or graduate study in a variety of subjects．其次，综合大学总是设有多种学科的高级专业学院或研究院，There may be a medical school，a law school，and other advanced programs．比如医学院、法学院或其他高级专业学院等等。 Students in the United States must have a high school diploma or its equivalent, to enter one of the colleges in a university．在美国，学生要入综合性大学的学院学习，必须有高中毕业证或者具有同等学力。Most students have completed regular high school programs．大部分学生都完成了正规的高中教育课程，Some older students may have the same amount of education even though they have not completed high schoo1．一些年龄大的学生尽管没有完成正规的高中学习，但也接受了同等程度的教育。These students have the equivalent of a high school degree．这些学生具有高中同等学力。 University students may study for an undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences．大学学生可以通过学习获得理学或文学的本科学位。If they complete a course of study in the arts，they receive Bachelor of Arts degrees．In the sciences，they receive B．S．degree．如果完成了文科的课程学习将获得文学学士学位，理科的学生将获得理学学士学位。Students may leave university at this time，or they may choose to go on for a graduate or professional degree．大学毕业后，学生可以离开学校或选择继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位。 A university may get money for its expenses from several different sources．综合大学经费的资金来源可有以下几个方面。It may get some money from the state government．If so, it is a publicly funded university．若是依靠政府提供资金，就是公办大学。It may get money only from private sources：也有的学校资金依靠私人来源：contributions ,tuition(fee for teaching)，investments，and other sources．捐献、学费、投资及其他来源等等，If this is the case．it is a privately funded university．这种类型的学校是私立大学。Finally，a university may be funded by a religious group．另外一种类型的就是靠教会支持的大学。 A university program for undergraduates usually takes four years．综合性大学本科教育通常是四年。In this way，a university and a college are alike．这一点和四年制学院相似。College students usually spend four years in school also．学院的学生通常也要在学校渡过四年的时间。A college，however，usually has only one or two kinds of programs．但是四年制学院通常仅有一到两种类型的课程计划。A college does not have graduate or professional programs in a variety of areas．学院在各种领域不设研究生或专业课程教育。 A college is also like a university in the kinds of students it has．在学生类型上，四年制学院的和综合性大学的差不多。College students，like university students，usually have a high school diploma when they enter college．同综合性大学的学生一样，四年制学院的学生在入学时通常都有高中毕业证。If a college student completes a course of study in the arts，he or she receives a Bachelor of Arts degree．如果四年制学院的学生完成了文科的课程学习，也获得文学学士学位。In the sciences，the students receive A Bachelor of Science degree．理科的学生获得理学学士学位。If college students want to continue for a graduate or professional degree，they must go to a university．如果四年学院的学生想继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位，必须到综合性大学去。 The college is usually funded in one of the three ways．四年制学院经费来源通常也不外乎上文所列的三种方式。It may be publicly or privately funded．Or，it may be funded by a religious group．可能是公立的也可能是私立的，或者可能是教会资助的。 Compared to universities and colleges，community colleges in the United States are quite different．在美国，社区学院同综合性大学和四年制学院相当不一样。The programs of study in the community college usually last only two years．Many different subjects are taught in the community college． but not all subjects．社区学院一般是两年制，并开设许多不同的课程。Not all of the subjects are taught in the community college． Not all of the subjects are the usual school subjects．有些课程是平常学校所不开设的。The community college may give courses in dental(of the teeth)technology，auto mechanics，sewing。and many other nonacademic subjects．社区学院可能会开设牙科技术、汽车机械、缝纫及其他一些非学术性课程等，The community college may also have courses in the regular academic subjects like science，math，languages，literature， and other courses in the humanities．也开设一些常规的文化课程，比如像自然科学、数学、语言课、文学及其他一些人文学科等。 Many different types of students study at community colleges．社区学院内有各种类型的学生。Not all students have a high school diploma．有些学生没有高中毕业。Many students are adults with children，and sometimes with grandchildren，of their own．许多学生都是有孩子的成年人，有时候有些学生都有孙子了。The community college serves the community，社区学院为社区服务，and anyone who lives nearby may go．住在社区附近的任何人都可以入社区学院上学。 When community college students complete a two-year program，they receive an associate of arts or associate of science degree．社区学院的学生完成两年制学业后可以获得准文学学士学位或准理学学士学位。They may then go to a college or university for two more years to get the bachelor’s degree．然后他们可以到综合大学或学院继续上两年以获得学士学位。However，the student may get a job instead，or just stop going to schoo1．也可能就停止上学，开始工作了。 Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded，by the state， country，or city government．社区学院几乎都是由州、县、或市政府出资成立的。They are not usually funded by religious groups．一般不由教会资助。 The community college gives training for a variety of jobs，and also has all academic program．社区学院为各种类型的工作提供培训，同时也开设文化课程。The technical or vocational school，however, has only job training．但是职业技术学校只进行工作培训，Its programs may last a short time or a long time．时间可能短也可能长。Some programs take six months．有些培训期要要半年，while other programs may take two years or more to complete．有些可能要两年甚至更长。 Students in the technical or vocational school may have a high school diploma. 有些职业技术学校的学生已经高中毕业Many，however，do not have the diploma．，但是大部分没有高中毕业证。Many people go to a technical or vocational school instead of going to high schoo1．When they complete their training，they may be able to get a good job right away．许多人选择读职业技术学校而不是高中，结束培训后可能会立即找到一份好工作。 The technical or vocational school provides training for work in areas such as electronics，carpentry，plumbing，and others．职业技术学校为一些工作领域提供培训，比如电子、木工、水管装修等等。 The technical or vocational school may be funded in any of the ways already described．职业技术学校经费来源可能是上述资助方式中的任何一种。It may be publicly or privately funded，or it may be funded by a religious group．它可能是公办的也可能是私立的，或者可能是由教会资助建立的。Other sources of money for this kind of school are trade unions or charity organizations．这类学校的其他资金来源还有工会或慈善组织。 Students who have finished high school，and even some who do not go to high school may choose from these four kinds of higher education in the United States．在美国，高中毕业的学生甚至一些不想上高中的学生可以从这四类高等教育方式中选择一种。High school students who want further academic or professional training may go to a college or university．想进一步接受学术或专业教育的高中学生可以上综合性大学或四年制学院。Students who want both academic and nonacademic training may go to the community college．学术和非学术性的培养都想接受的学生可以上社区大学。Students who want to get job may go to a technical or vocational schoo1．想早工作的学生可以上职业技术学校。Students may choose the kind of higher education that they like best．学生可以从中选择他们最喜欢的高等教育方式。 PAGE 7