加里森第十四版管理会计课后题答案CH10概述创新

Chapter10StandardCostsandVariancesSolutionstoQuestions10-1 Aquantitystandardindicateshowmuchofaninputshouldbeusedtomakeaunitofoutput.Apricestandardindicateshowmuchtheinputshouldcost.10-2 Idealstandardsassumeperfectionanddonotallowforanyinefficiency.Idealstandardsarerarely,ifever,attained.Practicalstandardscanbeattainedbyemployeesworkingatareasonable,thoughefficientpaceandallowfornormalbreaksandworkinterruptions.10-3 Undermanagementbyexception,managersfocustheirattentiononresultsthatdeviatefromexpectations.Itisassumedthatresultsthatmeetexpectationsdonotrequireinvestigation.10-4 Separatinganoverallvarianceintoapricevarianceandaquantityvarianceprovidesmoreinformation.Moreover,priceandquantityvariancesareusuallytheresponsibilitiesofdifferentmanagers.10-5 Thematerialspricevarianceisusuallytheresponsibilityofthepurchasingmanager.Thematerialsquantityandlaborefficiencyvariancesareusuallytheresponsibilityofproductionmanagersandsupervisors.10-6 Thematerialspricevariancecanbecomputedeitherwhenmaterialsarepurchasedorwhentheyareplacedintoproduction.Itisusuallybettertocomputethevariancewhenmaterialsarepurchasedbecausethatiswhenthepurchasingmanager,whohasresponsibilityforthisvariance,hascompletedhisorherwork.Inaddition,recognizingthepricevariancewhenmaterialsarepurchasedallowsthecompanytocarryitsrawmaterialsintheinventoryaccountsatstandardcost,whichgreatlysimplifiesbookkeeping.10-7 Thiscombinationofvariancesmayindicatethatinferiorqualitymaterialswerepurchasedatadiscountedprice,butthelow-qualitymaterialscreatedproductionproblems.10-8 Ifstandardsareusedtofindwhotoblameforproblems,theycanbreedresentmentandunderminemorale.Standardsshouldnotbeusedtofindsomeonetoblameforproblems.10-9 Severalfactorsotherthanthecontractualratepaidtoworkerscancausealaborratevariance.Forexample,skilledworkerswithhighhourlyratesofpaycanbegivendutiesthatrequirelittleskillandthatcallforlowhourlyratesofpay,resultinginanunfavorableratevariance.Orunskilledoruntrainedworkerscanbeassignedtotasksthatshouldbefilledbymoreskilledworkerswithhigherratesofpay,resultinginafavorableratevariance.Unfavorableratevariancescanalsoarisefromovertimeworkatpremiumrates.10-10 Ifpoorqualitymaterialscreateproductionproblems,aresultcouldbeexcessivelabortimeandthereforeanunfavorablelaborefficiencyvariance.Poorqualitymaterialswouldnotordinarilyaffectthelaborratevariance.10-11 Ifoverheadisappliedonthebasisofdirectlabor-hours,thenthevariableoverheadefficiencyvarianceandthedirectlaborefficiencyvariancewillalwaysbefavorableorunfavorabletogether.Bothvariancesarecomputedbycomparingthenumberofdirectlabor-hoursactuallyworkedtothestandardhoursallowed.Thatis,ineachcasetheformulais:Efficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH)Onlythe“SR”partoftheformula,thestandardrate,differsbetweenthetwovariances.10-12 Astatisticalcontrolchartisagraphicalaidthathelpsidentifyvariancesthatshouldbeinvestigated.Upperandlowerlimitsaresetonthecontrolchart.Anyvariancesfallingbetweenthoselimitsareconsideredtobenormal.Anyvariancesfallingoutsideofthoselimitsareconsideredabnormalandareinvestigated.10-13 Iflaborisafixedcostandstandardsaretight,thentheonlywaytogeneratefavorablelaborefficiencyvariancesisforeveryworkstationtoproduceatcapacity.However,theoutputoftheentiresystemislimitedbythecapacityofthebottleneck.Ifworkstationsbeforethebottleneckintheproductionprocessproduceatcapacity,thebottleneckwillbeunabletoprocessalloftheworkinprocess.Ingeneral,ifeveryworkstationisattemptingtoproduceatcapacity,thenworkinprocessinventorywillbuildupinfrontoftheworkstationswiththeleastcapacity.Exercise10-1(20minutes) 1.Numberofchoppingblocks 4,000Numberofboardfeetperchoppingblock ×    2.5Standardboardfeetallowed 10,000Standardcostperboardfoot × $1.80Totalstandardcost $18,000Actualcostincurred $18,700Standardcostabove  18,000Spendingvariance—unfavorable $    7002.StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)10,000boardfeet×$1.80perboardfoot=$18,00011,000boardfeet×$1.80perboardfoot=$19,800$18,700Materialsquantityvariance=$1,800UMaterialspricevariance=$1,100FSpendingvariance=$700U Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$1.80perboardfoot(11,000boardfeet–10,000boardfeet) =$1,800U Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =11,000boardfeet($1.70perboardfoot*–$1.80perboardfoot) =$1,100F *$18,700÷11,000boardfeet=$1.70perboardfoot.Exercise10-2(20minutes) 1.Numberofmealsprepared 6,000Standarddirectlabor-hourspermeal ×0.20Totaldirectlabor-hoursallowed 1,200Standarddirectlaborcostperhour ×$9.50Totalstandarddirectlaborcost $11,400Actualcostincurred $11,500Totalstandarddirectlaborcost(above)  11,400Spendingvariance $    100Unfavorable2.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)1,200hours×$9.50perhour=$11,4001,150hours×$9.50perhour=$10,9251,150hours×$10.00perhour=$11,500Laborefficiencyvariance=$475FLaborratevariance=$575USpendingvariance=$100U Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$9.50perhour(1,150hours–1,200hours) =$475F Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =1,150hours($10.00perhour–$9.50perhour) =$575UExercise10-3(20minutes) 1.Numberofitemsshipped 140,000Standarddirectlabor-hoursperitem  ×0.04Totaldirectlabor-hoursallowed 5,600Standardvariableoverheadcostperhour ×$2.80Totalstandardvariableoverheadcost $15,680Actualvariableoverheadcostincurred $15,950Totalstandardvariableoverheadcost(above)  15,680Spendingvariance $   270Unfavorable2.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)5,600hours×$2.80perhour=$15,6805,800hours×$2.80perhour=$16,2405,800hours×$2.75perhour*=$15,950Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=$560UVariableoverheadratevariance=$290FSpendingvariance=$270U *$15,950÷5,800hours=$2.75perhour Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$2.80perhour(5,800hours–5,600hours) =$560U Variableoverheadratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =5,800hours($2.75perhour–$2.80perhour) =$290FExercise10-4(30minutes) 1.Numberofunitsmanufactured 20,000Standardlabortimeperunit(6minutes÷60minutesperhour) ×   0.10Totalstandardhoursoflabortimeallowed 2,000Standarddirectlaborrateperhour × $24.00Totalstandarddirectlaborcost $48,000Actualdirectlaborcost $49,300Standarddirectlaborcost  48,000Spendingvariance—unfavorable $ 1,3002.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)2,000hours*×$24.00perhour=$48,0002,125hours×$24.00perhour=$51,000$49,300Laborefficiencyvariance=$3,000ULaborratevariance=$1,700FSpendingvariance=$1,300U *20,000units×0.10hourperunit=2,000hours Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$24.00perhour(2,125hours–2,000hours) =$3,000U Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =2,125hours($23.20perhour*–$24.00perhour) =$1,700F *$49,300÷2,125hours=$23.20perhourExercise10-4(continued)3.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)2,000hours×$16.00perhour=$32,0002,125hours×$16.00perhour=$34,000$39,100Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=$2,000UVariableoverheadratevariance=$5,100USpendingvariance=$7,100U Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$16.00perhour(2,125hours–2,000hours) =$2,000U Variableoverheadratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =2,125hours($18.40perhour*–$16.00perhour) =$5,100U *$39,100÷2,125hours=$18.40perhourExercise10-5(20minutes) 1. Ifthetotallaborspendingvarianceis$330unfavorable,andifthelaborratevarianceis$150favorable,thenthelaborefficiencyvariancemustbe$480unfavorable,becausethelaborrateandlaborefficiencyvariancestakentogetherequalthetotallaborspendingvariance. Knowingthatthelaborefficiencyvarianceis$480unfavorable,oneapproachtothesolutionwouldbe: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) $12perhour(AH–210hours*)=$480U $12perhour×AH–$2,520=$480** $12perhour×AH=$3,000 AH=250hours*168batches×1.25hoursperbatch=210hours**Whenusedwiththeformula,unfavorablevariancesarepositiveandfavorablevariancesarenegative. 2. Knowingthat250hoursoflabortimewereusedduringtheweek,theactualrateofpayperhourcanbecomputedasfollows: Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) 250hours(AR–$12perhour)=$150F 250hours×AR–$3,000=-$150* 250hours×AR=$2,850 AR=$11.40perhour*Whenusedwiththeformula,unfavorablevariancesarepositiveandfavorablevariancesarenegative.Exercise10-5(continued) Analternativeapproachwouldbetoworkfromknowntounknowndatainthecolumnarmodelforvarianceanalysis:StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)210hours§×$12.00perhour*=$2,520250hours×$12.00perhour*=$3,000250hours×$11.40perhour=$2,850Laborefficiencyvariance=$480ULaborratevariance=$150F*Spendingvariance=$330U* §168batches×1.25hoursperbatch=210hours *GivenExercise10-6(20minutes)1.StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)18,000ounces*×$2.50perounce=$45,00020,000ounces×$2.50perounce=$50,00020,000ounces×$2.40perounce=$48,000Materialsquantityvariance=$5,000UMaterialspricevariance=$2,000FSpendingvariance=$3,000U *2,500units×7.2ouncesperunit=18,000ounces Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$2.50perounce(20,000ounces–18,000ounces) =$5,000U Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =20,000ounces($2.40perounce–$2.50perounce) =$2,000FExercise10-6(continued)2.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)1,000hours*×$10.00perhour=$10,000900hours×$10.00perhour=$9,000$10,800Laborefficiencyvariance=$1,000FLaborratevariance=$1,800USpendingvariance=$800U *2,500units×0.4hourperunit=1,000hours Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$10perhour(900hours–1,000hours) =1,000F Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =900hours($12perhour*–$10perhour) =$1,800U *10,800÷900hours=$12perhourExercise10-7(15minutes)Noticeinthesolutionbelowthatthematerialspricevarianceiscomputedontheentireamountofmaterialspurchased,whereasthematerialsquantityvarianceiscomputedonlyontheamountofmaterialsusedinproduction.StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)14,400ounces*×$2.50perounce=$36,00016,000ounces×$2.50perounce=$40,00020,000ounces×$2.40perounce=$48,000Materialsquantityvariance=$4,000U20,000ounces×$2.50perounce=$50,000Materialspricevariance=$2,000F*2,000bottles×7.2ouncesperbottle=14,400ounces Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$2.50perounce(16,000ounces–14,400ounces) =$4,000U Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =20,000ounces($2.40perounce–$2.50perounce) =$2,000FExercise10-8(30minutes) 1. a. Noticeinthesolutionbelowthatthematerialspricevarianceiscomputedontheentireamountofmaterialspurchased,whereasthematerialsquantityvarianceiscomputedonlyontheamountofmaterialsusedinproduction.StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)40,000diodes*×$0.30perdiode=$12,00050,000diodes×$0.30perdiode=$15,00070,000diodes×$0.28perdiode=$19,600Materialsquantityvariance=$3,000U70,000diodes×$0.30perdiode=$21,000Materialspricevariance=$1,400F*5,000toys×8diodespertoy=40,000diodes Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$0.30perdiode(50,000diodes–40,000diodes) =$3,000U Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =70,000diodes($0.28perdiode–$0.30perdiode) =$1,400FExercise10-8(continued) b. Directlaborvariances:StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)3,000hours*×$14.00perhour=$42,0003,200hours×$14.00perhour=$44,800$48,000Laborefficiencyvariance=$2,800ULaborratevariance=$3,200USpendingvariance=$6,000U *5,000toys×0.6hourspertoy=3,000hours Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$14.00perhour(3,200hours–3,000hours) =$2,800U Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =3,200hours($15.00*perhour–$14.00perhour) =$3,200U *$48,000÷3,200hours=$15.00perhourExercise10-8(continued)2. Avarianceusuallyhasmanypossibleexplanations.Inparticular,weshouldalwayskeepinmindthatthestandardsthemselvesmaybeincorrect.SomeoftheotherpossibleexplanationsforthevariancesobservedatTopperToysappearbelow: MaterialsPriceVariance Sincethisvarianceisfavorable,theactualpricepaidperunitforthematerialwaslessthanthestandardprice.Thiscouldoccurforavarietyofreasonsincludingthepurchaseofalowergradematerialatadiscount,buyinginanunusuallylargequantitytotakeadvantageofquantitydiscounts,achangeinthemarketpriceofthematerial,andparticularlysharpbargainingbythepurchasingdepartment. MaterialsQuantityVariance Sincethisvarianceisunfavorable,morematerialswereusedtoproducetheactualoutputthanwerecalledforbythestandard.Thiscouldalsooccurforavarietyofreasons.Someofthepossibilitiesincludepoorlytrainedorsupervisedworkers,improperlyadjustedmachines,anddefectivematerials. LaborRateVariance Sincethisvarianceisunfavorable,theactualaveragewageratewashigherthanthestandardwagerate.Someofthepossibleexplanationsincludeanincreaseinwagesthathasnotbeenreflectedinthestandards,unanticipatedovertime,andashifttowardmorehighlypaidworkers. LaborEfficiencyVariance Sincethisvarianceisunfavorable,theactualnumberoflaborhourswasgreaterthanthestandardlaborhoursallowedfortheactualoutput.Aswiththeothervariances,thisvariancecouldhavebeencausedbyanyofanumberoffactors.Someofthepossibleexplanationsincludepoorsupervision,poorlytrainedworkers,low-qualitymaterialsrequiringmorelabortimetoprocess,andmachinebreakdowns.Inaddition,ifthedirectlaborforceisessentiallyfixed,anunfavorablelaborefficiencyvariancecouldbecausedbyareductioninoutputduetodecreaseddemandforthecompany’sproducts.Problem10-9(45minutes) 1. a.StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)20,000pounds*×$2.50perpound=$50,00019,800pounds×$2.50perpound=$49,50025,000pounds×$2.95perpound=$73,750Materialsquantityvariance=$500F25,000pounds×$2.50perpound=$62,500Materialspricevariance=$11,250U*5,000ingots×4.0poundsperingot=20,000pounds Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$2.50perpound(19,800pounds–20,000pounds) =$500F Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =25,000pounds($2.95perpound–$2.50perpound) =$11,250UProblem10-9(continued) 1. b.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)3,000hours*×$9.00perhour=$27,0003,600hours×$9.00perhour=$32,4003,600hours×$8.70perhour=$31,320Laborefficiencyvariance=$5,400ULaborratevariance=$1,080FSpendingvariance=$4,320U *5,000ingots×0.6hourperingot=3,000hours Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Laborefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$9.00perhour(3,600hours–3,000hours) =$5,400U Laborratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =3,600hours($8.70perhour–$9.00perhour) =$1,080FProblem10-9(continued) 1. c.StandardHoursAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardRate(SH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atStandardRate(AH×SR)ActualHoursofInput,atActualRate(AH×AR)1,500hours*×$2.00perhour=$3,0001,800hours×$2.00perhour=$3,600$4,320Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=$600UVariableoverheadratevariance=$720USpendingvariance=$1,320U *5,000ingots×0.3hoursperingot=1,500hours Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Variableoverheadefficiencyvariance=SR(AH–SH) =$2.00perhour(1,800hours–1,500hours) =$600U Variableoverheadratevariance=AH(AR–SR) =1,800hours($2.40perhour*–$2.00perhour) =$720U *$4,320÷1,800hours=$2.40perhourProblem10-9(continued) 2. Summaryofvariances:Materialquantityvariance $    500FMaterialpricevariance 11,250ULaborefficiencyvariance 5,400ULaborratevariance 1,080FVariableoverheadefficiencyvariance 600UVariableoverheadratevariance       720UNetvariance $16,390U Thenetunfavorablevarianceof$16,390forthemonthcausedtheplant’svariablecostofgoodssoldtoincreasefromthebudgetedlevelof$80,000to$96,390:Budgetedcostofgoodssoldat$16peringot $80,000Addthenetunfavorablevariance(asabove)  16,390Actualcostofgoodssold $96,390 This$16,390netunfavorablevariancealsoaccountsforthedifferencebetweenthebudgetednetoperatingincomeandtheactualnetlossforthemonth.Budgetednetoperatingincome $15,000Deductthenetunfavorablevarianceaddedtocostofgoodssoldforthemonth  16,390Netoperatingloss $(1,390) 3. Thetwomostsignificantvariancesarethematerialspricevarianceandthelaborefficiencyvariance.Possiblecausesofthevariancesinclude:Materialspricevariance:Outdatedstandards,uneconomicalquantitypurchased,higherqualitymaterials,high-costmethodoftransport.Laborefficiencyvariance:Poorlytrainedworkers,poorqualitymaterials,faultyequipment,workinterruptions,inaccuratestandards,insufficientdemand.Problem10-10(45minutes) 1. Thestandardquantityofplatesallowedfortestsperformedduringthemonthwouldbe:Smears 2,700Bloodtests     900Total 3,600Platespertest    × 3Standardquantityallowed 10,800 Thevarianceanalysisforplateswouldbe:StandardQuantityAllowedforActualOutput,atStandardPrice(SQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atStandardPrice(AQ×SP)ActualQuantityofInput,atActualPrice(AQ×AP)10,800plates×$2.50perplate=$27,00014,000plates×$2.50perplate=$35,000$38,400Materialsquantityvariance=$8,000U16,000plates×$2.50perplate=$40,000Materialspricevariance=$1,600F Alternatively,thevariancescanbecomputedusingtheformulas: Materialsquantityvariance=SP(AQ–SQ) =$2.50perplate(14,000plates–10,800plates) =$8,000U s Materialspricevariance=AQ(AP–SP) =16,000plates($2.40perplate*–$2.50perplate) =$1,600F *$38,400÷16,000plates=$2.40perplate.Proble