unit-5-Consonants-of-the-English-LanguagePPT课件

EnglishPronunciationforCommunicationUnit2Whyusephonemicsymbols?ThealphabetwhichweusetowriteEnglishhas26lettersbut(British)Englishhas44sounds.Inevitably,EnglishspellingisnotareliableguidetopronunciationbecauseSomelettershavemorethanonesoundSometimeslettersarenotpronouncedatallThesamesoundmayberepresentedbydifferentlettersSometimessyllablesindicatedbythespellingarenotpronouncedatallQuestions:Howdoyoupronounceghin'enough','through'and'ghost'?(likefinfun,notpronounced,likegingot)Howmanysyllablesaretherein'chocolate'?PhonemesLinguistsclassifythespeechsoundsusedinalanguageintoanumberofabstractcategoriescalledphonemes.English,forexample,has44phonemes,althoughthenumbervariesaccordingtothedialectofthespeakerandthesystemoftheclassification.Phonemesareabstractcategorieswhichallowustogrouptogethersubsetsofspeechsounds.Eventhoughnotwospeechsounds,orphones,areidentical,allofthephonesclassifiedintoonephonemecategoryaresimilarenoughsothattheyconveythesamemeaning.DescriptionoftheEnglishconsonants               Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedaccordingto1.thepointsofarticulation(清晰度）2.themannersofarticulation3.thestateofthevocalcords（声带）Pointsofarticulation1. bilabial(twolips)双唇音2. labio-dental(topteeth/bottomlip)唇齿音3. dental(tonguetip/topteeth)舌尖音4. alveolar(tonguetip/toothridge)齿槽音5. postalveolar(tonguetipormid/hardpalate)后齿龈音/卷舌音6. palatal(tonguemid/hardpalate)硬颚音/舌面音7. velar(tongueback/softpalate)软颚音/舌根音8.glottal喉音Mannersofarticulation1. Stops(orplosives)塞音/爆发音2. Fricatives擦音3. Affricates塞擦音4. Nasals鼻音5. Lateral边音6.Approximants通音EnglishConsonants1.Stops/Plosives-Englishhassixburstsorexplosivesoundsproducedbycompleteclosureofthevocaltractfollowedbyarapidreleaseoftheclosure-'p','t','k','b','d','g'.2.Fricatives-Englishhasninefricatives-weakorstrongfrictionnoisesproducedwhenthearticulatorsarecloseenoughtogethertocauseturbulenceintheairflow.3.Affricates-Englishhastwoaffricates-plosivesreleasedwithfrication-"church"and"judge".4.Nasals-Englishhasthreenasalsinwhichtheairflowisblockedcompletelyatsomepointintheoraltract,butinwhichtheloweringofthevelumallowsaweakflowofenergytopassthroughthenose.5.Approximants-Englishhasfourapproximants-the'w'in"won",the'l'in"like",the'r'in"red",andthe'y'in"yes."Inthesephonemes,thereismoreconstrictioninthevocaltractthanforthevowels,butlessthantheotherconsonantcategoriesbelow.Englishconsonantsandtheirdescription/p/-voicelessbilabiostop/b/-voicedbilabiostop/t/-voicelessalveolarstop/d/-voicedalveolarstop/k/-voicelessvelarstop/g/-voicedvelarstop/f/-voicelesslabiodentalfricative/v/-voicedlabiodentalfricative/θ/-voicelessdentalfricative/ð/-voiceddentalfricative/s/-voicelessalveolarfricatives/z/-voicedalveolarfricativeEnglishconsonantsandtheirdescription/ʃ/-voicelesspost-alveolarfricative/ʒ/-voicedpost-alveolarfricative/h/-voicelessglottalfricative/tʃ/-voicelesspost-alveolaraffricate/dʒ/-voicedpost-alveolaraffricate/m/-voicedbilabialnasal/n/-voicedalveolarnasal/n/-voicedvelarnasal/l/-voicedalveolarlateral/w/-voicedbilabialapproximant/r/-voicedpost-alveolarapproximant/j/-voicedpalatalapproximantEnglishConsonants:Stops（塞音）/p//b//t//d//k//g/PlaceofarticulationMannerofarticulationBilabialLabio-DentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlotalPlosive(清)(浊)pbtdkɡFricative(清)(浊)fvθðszʃʒhAffricate(清)(浊)ʧʤNasalmnŋLaterallApproximantwrjEnglishConsonantsPronunciationPowerdemoThepronunciationof/p/and/b/Word-practicepearbearpullbullparkbarkripribcapcabcupcubhappyshabbysimplesymbolPairworkabigpearapinkbaghappynewspilethebookspushthebuttonsshabbyequipmentSentencesPeterispickingplumsandapples.BarkerandParkerbumpedintoeachotherinapark.BasketballisapopularsportinChina.Thepronunciationof/t/and/d/Word-practiceteardareteardearseatseedbetbedhathadwriterriderputtingpuddingcentersenderPairworkcoldteahotbreadabrightladabackseatheatupthefoodSentencesThetimidratisscaredtodeath.Thecartgotstuckinthemud.Don’twastetimechattingalldaylong.Thepronunciationof/k/and/g/Word-practicecardguardcurlgirlcavegavebackbagdockdogpickpigankleangletickingdiggingPairworkakindgirlcarryalogthickstickstakealookblackdogsasickworkerSentencesAllthatglittersisnotgold.Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending.Takecareofthepenceandthepoundswilltakecareofthemselves.PoemWhereareyougoing,bigpig,bigpig?I’mgoingtodiginthegarden.Inthegardentodig!Disgracefulpig!Begpardon,ma’am,begpardon.Good,better,best,Neverletitrest,Untilgoodisbetter,Andbetterbest.Allophonicvariationsof/p/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[ph]Aspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionspoke[p-]Unreleased（不爆破）inwordfinalpositiontopten[pɔ]Unaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/spot[p:]Lengthening,whenarresting/p/isfollowedbyareleasing/p/StopPete.[p]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalStophim.Allophonicvariationsof/b/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[b-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionrob[b:]lengthenedwhenarresting/b/isfollowedbyareleasing/b/RobBob[b]Nasalresonance（共振）,beforeasyllabicnasalRobhim.Allophonicvariationsof/t/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[th]Aspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionstape[t-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositioncoathanger[tɔ]Unaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/stop[t:]Lengthening,whenarresting/t/isfollowedbyareleasing/t/Getten.[t]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbutton[t̪]Dentalized（齿音化）before/θ/eighth[ſ]Flapped,intervocalically（出现在两个元音间的）letter[ʔ]Glottal（声门）stop,beforesyllabic[n]or[l]button,battleAllophonicvariationsof/d/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[d̪]Dentalizedbeforeaninterdentalwidth[d-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionleadglass[d̮l]Bilateralreleasewith/l/middle[d:]Lengthenedwhenarresting/d/isfollowedbyareleasing/d/sadDave[dʒr]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbreadandbutterAllophonicvariationsof/k/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[kh]Aspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionskeep[k-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositiontakemine[kɔ]Unaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/sky[k:]Lengthening,whenarresting/k/isfollowedbyreleasing/k/TakeKim.[k͂]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbeacon[k̮l]Bilateralreleasewith/l/clock[c]or[k]Assimilatedtoafrontvowelkeen[ʔ]Glottalstop,beforesyllabic[n]bacon[kw]Rounded,beforearoundedsoundquarter/k,g/+/i://k,g/+/i://k,g/+/α:/Allophonicvariationsof/g/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[g-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionandsomeclustersflag[g:]Lengthenedwhenarresting/g/isfollowedbyareleasing/g/biggrapes[g̮l]Bilateralreleasewith/l/glad[g͂]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalpigandgoat[g]Assimilatedtoafrontvowelgeese[gw]Rounded,beforearoundedsoundgooseAllophonicVariation(音位变体)位于词首且是重读音节中，送气：poke,tape,keep.位于词尾失去爆破：toptea,robtheman,sitstill,takethree,lagbehind.两相同辅音相连，不爆破，延长发音时间：stopPete,robBob,letTim(比较lethim),sadDave,takeKim(比较takehim),biggrapes./s/后辅音连缀不送气：spot,stop,sky.受相邻辅音影响：eighth,width(齿化),clock,padlock,glad(共发音舌侧爆破),keen,geese(发音部位前移).ListeningExercise–Sounddiscrimination1.patbat2.pondbond3.piebuy4.laplab5.roperobe6.rapidrabid7.nappednabbed8.staplestable9.tenden10.tuckduck11.kittykiddy12.writingriding13.mattermadder14.feetfeed15.rightride16.shootshooed17.camegame18.cashgash19.coastghost20.lackinglagging21.pickpig22.duckdug23.locklog24.sackingsagging ListeningExercise–Soundsforinformation（3’07）1.       Thespeakerwantstohavealookatthe_______.A.cartB.card2.Whatwasthegirldoing?A.Sopping.B.Sobbing.3.Theyweretalkingabout__________them.A.stablingB.stapling4.       Themanmustbefondof________.A.writingB.riding5.       Thespeakerwaslookingforthe__________.A.billsB.pills6.       Whatdidthemando?A.Hehitthedog.B.Hehidthedog.7.       Theboyswere_________.A.prayingB.playing8.       Thenewteacherlikeshisnew___________.A.classB.glass9.       Thegirlsaregoingto_________.A.docleaningB.collectthings10.   Whataretheygoingtodo?A.Tryit.B.Dryit. ListeningExercise–SoundsforinformationCanwehavealookatyourcart,please?Itwasrainingsohardthatthegirlstartedsopping.Theyweretalkingaboutstablingthem.Hespendshoursridingeveryday.Wherearethebills?Irememberputtingthemonthedesk.Didyousaythemanhidthedog?Didtheboysenjoypraying?Icanseethenewteacherlikeshisnewglass.Howwillthegirlscleanthem?Theyhavetotryit.SpeakingExercise--soundsforinformation1.Wecanseealotofpeasinthegarden.Wecanseealotofbeesinthegarden.2.Wewerenotabletogettherebecauseofthepricks.Wewerenotabletogettherebecauseofthebricks.3.Didn'tyouseethetensecrowdinfrontofthebuilding?Didn'tyouseethedensecrowdinfrontofthebuilding?4.Alltheriversbenttotheeast.Alltheriversbendtotheeast.5.Canyoutellifitisagoodlock?Canyoutellifitisagoodlog?6.Whatareyougoingtodowithyourcoat?Whatareyougoingtodowithyourgoat?7.Howarewegoingtopraiseit?Howarewegoingtobraiseit?8.Don'ttalkaboutthecreed.Don'ttalkaboutthegreed.9.Arewegoingtotryit?Arewegoingtodryit?10.Whoisgoingtocleanallthis?Whoisgoingtogleanallthis?Readingaloud–FastfoodFast-foodrestaurantsareverypopularbecausetheserviceisfastandthefoodisinexpensive.Formanypeople,thisismoreimportantthanthequalityofthefood.Theserestaurantsarealsopopularbecausethefoodisalwaysthesame.Peopleknowthatiftheyeatatacompany’srestaurantinthenorthorsouthofthecity,thefoodwillbethesame.IftheyeatinNewYorkorLondon,itwillstillbethesame.FastserviceandlowcostareimportantintheUnitedStates.Onereasonisthatabout50percentofallmarriedwomenwithchildrenworkoutsidethehome.Theyaretoobusyandtootiredtocookdinnereverynight.Readingaloud–Identifywordsthatarestressedfirst.Payspecialattentiontothepronunciationofstops.Fast-foodrestaurantsareverypopular.Theserviceisfast.Thefoodisinexpensive.Thisismoreimportantthanthequalityofthefood.Theserestaurantsarealsopopular.Thefoodisalwaysthesame.Theyeatatacompany’srestaurant.Therestaurantsareinthenorthorsouthofthecity.Thefoodwillbethesame.IftheyeatinNewYorkorLondon,itwillstillbethesame.FastserviceisimportantintheUnitedStates.LowcostisalsoimportantintheUnitedStates.About50percentofmarriedwomenworkoutsidethehome.Manymarriedwomenwithchildrenareworkingoutsidethehome.Theyaretoobusyandtootiredtocookdinnereverynight.Readingaloud–Identifywordsthatarestressedfirst.Payspecialattentiontothepronunciationofstops.Fast-foodrestaurantsareverypopular.Theserviceisfast.Thefoodisinexpensive.Thisismoreimportantthanthequalityofthefood.Theserestaurantsarealsopopular.Thefoodisalwaysthesame.Theyeatatacompany’srestaurant.Therestaurantareinthenorthorsouthofthecity.Thefoodwillbethesame.IftheyeatinNewYorkorLondon,itwillstillbethesame.FastserviceisimportantintheUnitedStates.LowcostisalsoimportantintheUnitedStates.About50percentofmarriedwomenworkoutsidethehome.Manymarriedwomenwithchildrenareworkingoutsidethehome.Theyaretoobusyandtootiredtocookdinnereverynight.