急救培训(英文板)PPT参考幻灯片

*FIRSTAIDThisisthefirsthelp/assistancegiventoapersonwhoissick/injuredbeforemedicalhelpisobtained*TreatmentBASICPRINCIPLESOFRESCUSCITATIONDRABCDisDanger/safetyRisResponseAisforairways(mouthandnose)Bisforbreathing(chestexpansion)Cisforcirculation(checkforthepulse)*THREEBASICPRINCIPLESOFFIRSTAID1.DiagnosisHistory(Findoutwhathappened,when,whereandhow)Signs(Physicalfeaturesyoucanseeonthepatient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding)Symptoms(thingsfeltbythepatient,pain,discomfort,dizzinessetc)*2.TreatmentPreservelifePreventconditiongettingworsePromoterecovery3.DisposalSendingthepatienttothehospitaloranymedicalcenter*SKELETONThisistheframeworkofthebody;it’smadeupof206bones.TYPESLongbones–armsandlegsHandandfoot(27bonesonthehand)***SKELETONFlatbones–skull,ribs,pelvis(theseareforprotection)Irregularbones–vertebrae(backbone)(26ofthem)**CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMThecentralnervoussystemcontrolsallvoluntaryactivitiesandismadeupof:ThebrainGreaterbrain:forconsciousnesse.g.*CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMThelesserbrain:forbalancingBrainstem:forautonomicnervoussysteme.g.breathingThespinalcordtoconductimpulsestoandfromthebrainNervestotransportimpulsestoandfromthespinalcord**MUSCLESItistheredfleshofthebody,whichcarries50%ofthetotalweightofthebody.TYPESVoluntarymuscles–thosethatarecontrolledbythewille.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughingetc.Involuntarymuscles–thosethatarecontrolledautomaticallye.g.breathing,blinkingoftheeye*FRACTUREThisisthebreakintheboneTYPESClosedfracture(simplefracture)Openfracture(compoundfracture)Allthesefracturescanbecomecomplicatedwhenthebonebreaksanddamagesothervitalorgans**FRACTURECAUSESDirectviolence(bonebreaksdirectlywhereforceisapplied)Transmittedviolence(bonebreaksawayfromwhereforceisapplied)Muscularaction(thisiscausesbythepullingofmuscles)Diseasesofthebone*SIGNSANDSYMPTOMSP.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.SPainInabilityDeformity*SIGNSANDSYMPTOMSAbnormalmovementCreptusIrregularitySwellinganddiscolorationShockduetopainandlossofbloodShortening*TREATMENTCheck.DRABCStopbleedingifanyTakesupportDressanywoundsImmobilizethefracturesothatYoupreventfurtherdamageYoulessenpainYoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospital*DISLOCATIONThisisthedisplacementoftheboneatajointTYPESClosedOpenSIGNSANDSYMPTOMSSeverepainDeformitySwellingFixation(nomovement)atajoint*TREATMENTDonottrytostraightenitCheck.DRABCImmobilizejustasitisfoundandtakethepatienttothehospitalStopbleedingifanyTakesupport*TREATMENTDressanywoundsImmobilizethedislocationsothatYoupreventfurtherdamageYoulessenpainYoucaneasilycarrythepatienttohospital*WOUNDSThisisacutorbreakintheskinTYPESContusedwound(thetissuesareburstopenbybluntforcee.g.ahammer)*WOUNDSLaceratedwound(thetissuesaretornapartbyroughsurfaces)Incisedwound(thesearecleancutwoundsusingaknifeorrazorblade)Puncturedwound(thesearedeepcutse.g.bulletwound,anailstraightintotheskin)*DANGERSOFWOUNDSLossofbloodTherecouldbeinternalbleedingInfections:TheobjectmaytransmitinfectionsDamagetointernalparts*TREATMENTStopbleedingUsingdirectpressureUsingdigitalpointsUsingatourniquetWashyourhands(wearsurgicalgloves)*TREATMENTExposethewoundApplytemporarydressingtopreventinfectionsCleantheareaawayandaroundthewoundApplyapermanentdressingandapressurebandageWedothisinordertostopinfectionsandbleedingSendthepatienttothehospital*BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGEBleedingisthelossofbloodfromthebodyBloodismadeupoftwothingsPlasma–fluidCells;RedbloodcellscarryingoxygenWhitebloodcellstofightagainstinfectionsPlateletswhichhelpwithclotting****ORGANSOFCIRCULATIONANDKINDSOFBLEEDINGHeart–topumpbloodandhasfourchambersBloodvesselsArteries–tocarrybloodawayfromtheheartCapillaries–tocirculatebloodaroundthebodyVeins–tocarrybloodbacktotheheart***TYPESOFBLEEDINGTherearetwotypesofbleedingExternalbleeding(outsidebleeding)Internalbleeding(insidebleeding)*TYPESOFBLEEDINGOninternalbleedingwehavewhatiscalledconcealedandrevealedbleeding.Concealedbleedingisverydangerousbecausethepatientmaydieifnottakentothehospitalintime.*ArterialBleedingBleedingthroughtheartery,bloodwillcomeoutwithpressureanditwillbebrightredincolorbecauseitisrichinoxygen.CapillaryBleedingBleedingthroughthecapillary,thebloodwilloozeoutandcanstoponitsown.Thebloodwilllookdark.*VenousBleedingBleedingthroughtheveins,bloodwillflowoutinastreamandwilllookdarkredincolorsinceithaslostitsoxygen.NOTE:Whendonatingblood,bloodwillbetakenfromthepersonusingtheveinsandwillbegiventothepatientthroughtheveins.*SIGNSANDSYMTOMSOFBLEEDING(F.R.I.S)FaintnessgoingintocollapseRapidthreadpulse/weakpulseIncreasingpallorandrestlessnessShallowsighingrespiration*METHODSOFSTOPPINGBLEEDINGDirectpressure(alwaysuseapad)DigitalpressureonthepressurepointsTemporalarteriesfoundneartheearwhenbleedingontheheadSub-clevianarteriesfoundonthecollarbone,whenbleedingontheupperarmBrachialarteriesfoundontheupperarm,whenbleedingonthelowerarm*FemoralarteriesfoundonthegroinwhenbleedingonthelegFacialarteriesfoundunderthechin,whenbleedingonthefaceOccipitalarteriesfoundatthebackofthehead,whenbleedingonthebackoftheheadTheuseofaninstrumentcalledatourniquet**TheuseofaninstrumentcalledatourniquetRubbertourniquetBandagetourniquetPlugging*PRECAUTIONSWHENUSINGATOURNIQUETApplyitwherethereisonlyoneboneAlwayspadtheareaReleaseitafter10-20minutesandtightenafter15secondsandifthebleedinghasstoppedleavethetourniquetloosebutdon’ttakeitaway.Accompanythepatienttothehospital*DANGERSOFTOURNIQUETPainfulItcancausetissuedestructionItcancausedeathofthelimbItcanonlybeusedwherethereisonlyonebone*ADVANTAGESItcanstopbleedingatonceItcanstopmultiplebleedingononesinglelimbItcanstopbleedingasyouattendtotheotherpatientsorotherthingsItcanstopbleedingasyoutransportyourpatienttothehospital*SHOCKThisisthereductionofbloodcirculationaffectingthebrain*SHOCKTYPESNervousshockcausebyfear,pain,badorgoodnewsHerethepatientwillhavethesamevolumeofbloodbuthasjustbeendrainedfromthebraintothelowerpartofthebody.How?Surgicalshockcausedbylossofbloodthroughinjuries,burns,anddiseases*SHOCKSIGNSANDSYMPTOMSSweatingTalkativeandrestlessFaceandlipsturnpalePulseisweakandrapidColdandclammyskin(armsandlegs)UnconsciousnessShallowbreathing*SHOCKWHATTODO/TREATMENTLaypatientflatonhisbackCheckairways,breathingandcirculationElevatethelegs*SHOCKCoverthepatientwithablanket(don’toverheat)Givenothingbymouth(absorptionoffoodwillnottakeplace,thepatientmaygotothetheatre)ReassurethepatientSendthepatienttothehospital*UNCONSCIOUSNESSThisiswhenthebrainhasbeenthrownoutofitsnormalworkingorder.*UNCONSCIOUSNESSLEVELSORSTAGESConfusion(youmayaskthepatientaquestionbuthemaygiveanegativeanswer)*UNCONSCIOUSNESSStupor(patientcannotrespondbutmayrespondtopainfulstimulations)Coma(noresponseinanyway).Anypersoninacomawhengettingbacktoconsciousnesswillgothroughstuporthenconfusionandbacktonormal*CAUSESHeadinjuryConcussionCompressionElectricshockEpilepsyConvulsionsHeatstroke*CAUSESShockExtremeColdSyncopeAlcoholabusePoisonDisease-diabetes,meningitis,cerebralmalaria,kidneyfailureHysteriaAsphyxia*TREATMENTLaythepatientflatonhisbackChecktheairways,breathingandcirculationPutthepatientinasemiproneposition(recovery,comaposition)*TREATMENTForeasyvomiting(incase)ForeasybreathingForquickrecoverySendthepatienttohospitalonastretcherinasemiproneposition*ASPHYXIAThisiswhenthereisinterferenceintheexchangeofgases(oxygenandcarbondioxide)inthelungs.CAUSESG.E.M.P*ASPHYXIAGasese.g.nitrousfumes,carbonmonoxide,sulphuratedhydrogen,methaneetc.ElectricShock*ASPHYXIAMechanicalobstructione.g.hanging,drowning,choking,falseteeth,bloodortorque,smotheringPoison(Nervous)e.g.drugs,snakebitesetc*SIGNSANDSYMTOMSGaspingforairRestlessnessConvulsionswillfollowUnconsciousness(lessoxygeninthebrain)Thenbreathingwillstop*WHATTODORemovethepatientfromthecauseorthecausefromthepatientLaythepatientflatonhisbackChecktheairways,breathingandcirculationStartartificialrespirationMouthtomouth*WHATTODONosetomouthHiprollbackpressureUseinstrumentsAmbulancebagBrookairwaysPutthepatientinasemipronepositionandsendhimtohospital*GASESAirmaybecomedangerousduetocontaminationwithgasesbroughtaboutby:BlastingUndergroundfiresBurningofexplosivesStagnantwaterLackofoxygeninillventilatedarea*GASESNITROUSFUMES:Liberatedwhenblastingtakesplaceorwhenburningexplosives.SIGNS;-irritatingandwateringofthenoseandeyes,coughandpainsinthechest.LATESIGNS:-Breathlessnessandspittingofblood*GASESCARBONMONOXIDE:Producedinundergroundfiresandwhenfiringofaircompressors.SIGNS;Nosmell,tasteorcolour,butverydeadly.Itcausesheadachesandgiddinessandthelegsgiveaway.Victimbecomesunconscious,breathingbeginstofail,ifnottreated,hewilldie*GASESSULPHRETTEDHYDROGEN:Thisisgasreleasedstagnantwater.SIGN;Inlowconcentrationsithasthesmellofbadeggs.Inhighconcentrationsitdeadenthesenseofsmell.*GASESNOTE:AVERYIMPORTANTWARNINGISIRRITATIONOFTHEEYESANDWHENEVERTHISWARNINGISGIVENTHEAIRMUSTBEREGARDEDASDISTINCTLYDANGEROUS*GASESCarbonDioxide(BlackDamp)Usuallyfoundindisusedpartsofthemine,maycausesuffocation.SIGNS.Gaspingforbreathandpalpitations*GASESTREATMENTInformtheofficialsVentilatethearea*GASESCoveryournoseandmouthwithawetmuttonclothorusethegasmask/respiratorsControlbleedingifany*GASESRemovethegassedpersontothenearestfreshair.Ifbreathinghasstoppedorbreathingispoor,startartificialrespirationatonce.MouthtoMouthHiprollbackpressuremethodAmbubagCPRmouthpiece*GASESWhenheisbreathingorhasstartedbreathingtransporthimonthestretcherNOTE:ALLCASESOFGASSING,MUSTBESENTTOHOSPITAL,WHERETHEYWILLBEKEPTFORATLEAST24HOURS*GASESREMEMBERTHATSERIOUSSYMPTOMSMAYONLYDEVELOPHOURSLATER*