四六级基础语法讲义

[]网络课堂系列第一部分：简单句第一章：简单句的一、简单句的简单句一个句子（一件事）世界是物质的，物质是的n.+v.主语+谓语11n.+谓语v.一主一谓，谓语动词的不同决定简单句的不同。例子：Iswim.IlikeEnglish.区分vt./vi.1)意思2)介词（prep.）●IlikeEnglish.●Thebridekissedthegroom.●Birdsflyinthesky.●Wewalkedonthestreetyesterday.●Youlookatme.介宾结构[]网络课堂系列●Theyofferedmeavacantpost.●Theyofferedavacantposttome.Iboughtyouapresent.Iboughtapresentforyou.Ifind???Ifindverybeautiful.Ifindaplaceforshop.●我非常高兴。●Iveryhappy.???Iamveryhappy.主系表系动词1.be动词（单独）2.“变得”getbecometurngogrow3.感官动词looksoundsmelltastefeel“看/听/闻/尝/感觉起来……”4.keepremain/seemappear1.Iaskyouaquestion.主谓双宾2.Youanswer.主谓3.Iloveyou.主谓宾4.Youmakemylifecomplete.主谓宾补5.Iamhappy.主系表主语+谓语+？二、简单句的变化（一）谓语动词的变化：[]网络课堂系列1.时态：过去时形式：V.过去式(did/was/were)用法：过去的事、过去的动作（无关现在）例子：Hewasa.Helikedmusic.Shehadaboyfriend.变或疑问：Hewashappy.HelikedEnglish.Hewasnothappy.HedidnotlikeEnglish.Washehappy?DidhelikeEnglish?Howwashe?Whatdidhelike?补充：V．过去式V．过去分词looklookedlookedbuyboughtboughtseesawseeneatateeaten[]网络课堂系列V．过去式V．过去分词过去时完成时语态不作谓语现在时形式：V./V.第三人称单数（do/does）YoulikeEnglish.HelikesEnglish.用法：1.现在经常性习惯性的动作WehavetheEnglishclasseveryday.Heoftengetsuplate.2.现在的状态Iamateacher.Weare.3.永恒Theearthisround.Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Knowledgeispower.Practicemakesperfect.变或疑问：Heishappy.YoulikeEnglish.HelikesEnglish.Heisnothappy.YoudonotlikeEnglish.HedoesnotlikeEnglish.Ishehappy?DoyoulikeEnglish?DoeshelikeEnglish?Howishe?Whatdoyoulike?Whatdoeshelike?[]网络课堂系列补充：与频率连用(every,onceaweek,twiceamonth,threetimesa…)alwaysusually,often,frequentlysometimes,hardlynever将来时形式：will/am/is/aregoingto+V用法：将来的事（现成的将来）Iwillmakeanewplantomorrow.Wearegoingtostudyabroadnextyear.变或疑问：Hewillleave.Heisgoingtoleave.Hewillnotleave.Heisnotgoingtoleave.WillheleaveIshegoingtoleave?Whatwillhedo?Whatishegoingtodo?过去将来时形式：would/was/were/aregoingto+V用法：将来的事（过去的将来）IsaidthatIwouldbecomeacookinthefuture.Tonyfinishedhiswork,andthenhewouldleaveforLondon.3种进行时At10o’clockyesterdaysomesweretakinganexamintheirclassrooms.Wearetakingaboutthewaterpollution.Agreatmanycandidateswillbemeetinghereatthistimetomorrow.[]网络课堂系列现在完成时形式：have/has+done用法：现在全部完成Hehasleft.现成部分完成WehavestudiedEnglishfortenyears.过去完成时形式：had+done用法：过去的之前Whenhegotthere,shehadleft.Shewasnotthere.完成时vs.完成进行时They_____ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwearestillworkingonitasnogoodresults_____sofar.A.havebeenworking;havecomeoutB.hadworked;cameoutC.hadbeenworking;havecomeoutD.haveworked;arecoout：C2.语态：[]网络课堂系列n.+v.动词的时态动词的语态动词的情态谓语动词的变化语态语态狗吃了那个蛋糕。Thedogatethecake.?吃了那个蛋糕。蛋糕被吃了。狗吃了那个蛋糕。主语宾语蛋糕被狗吃了。语态适用范围1：及物动词。2：不及物动词+介词。语态be+done的时间的动作备注：1.be表示的时间（把be变成对应的各种形态），还表达主语单复数2.done表示的动作教室每天都打扫。Classroomsarecleaned(clean)everyday.一座新的大楼去年建造的。Anewbuildingwasbuilt(build)lastyear.与时态相结合语态be+done他每天被打。Heisbeateneveryday.他昨天被打了。Hewasbeatenyesterday.他明天将要被打。Hewillbebeatentomorrow.[]网络课堂系列他现在正在被打。Heisbeingbeaten.(现在经行时的am/is/are+beingdone）他现在已经被打了。Hehasbeenbeaten.(现在完成时的have/has+beendone)Ourmorningpaperis()byover200,000peopleeveryday.LastnightmyfavoriteTVprogramwasinterrupted(interrupt)byaspecialnewsbulletin.Hisbikewillberepaired(repair)byhisgrandfathertomorrow.Thenewmachinehasbeenused(use)inourfactoryfortwoweek.与情态动词相结合语态be+donePlanesaeard.Planescanbeheard.Planescouldbeheard.Planesmaybeheard.Planesmustbeheard.这封信必须马上寄出。Thelettermustbesentimmediately.天气不能被人们所。Weathercannotbecontrolledbypeople.3.情态：用法：1)情态动词＋动词2)情态动词的人称变化无3)情态动词的时态变化有限4)情态动词变／疑问四六级常用的情态动词有：[]网络课堂系列must“必须”can/could“能够，可以”will/would“愿意/将要”may/might“可以，可能”should“应该”1情态动词表示情态Wemustfinishtheworkwithinaweek.Airpollutionmustbetakenseriously.Thegovernmentcansolvetheproblemofwaterpollution.Tonycouldwalkwhenhewasonlyoneyearold.Willyoumarryme?Iwilltravelabroadwithmyfamily.Potentialbuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Tosomeextent,expressionsmayinfluenceemotions.Suchbodilyreactionmighthelpmoderatetheworkstress.sshouldworkhardtopasstheexams.Thosesickpeopleshouldseekhelpfromdoctors.2情态动词表示推测Thesmaybeunknowable.Suchsearchesmusttakeyears.Thelossofpatiencecanpotentiallyhaveadamagingimpactonourprofessionalandalwellbeing.Thepeculiarwayofsayingthosethingsmayhaveledtomisunderstanding.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.[]网络课堂系列练习：1)Inordertobeagoodsalesclerk,you____________(mustnot/willnot)berudetoacustomer.2)Thispieisverygood.You____________(should/must)tryapiece.3)Rice____________(should/must/may)havewaterinordertogrow.4)Don’tbenervous.Ithinkyou____________(can/must)makeit.5)Iamnotsure.Probablyhe____________(may/should)comelater.：1.mustnot2.should3.must/should4.can5.may（二）主语／宾语／表语的变化：1.名词／代词Mostgraduatesalwayswantabig-firmjob.Sheistheleaderoftheorganization.Theygaveusagoodimpression.2.doing／todoLaughingprobablyhasgreatinfluenceonhealth.Tolaughprobablyhasgreatinfluenceonhealth.Itprobablyhasgreatinfluenceonhealthtolaugh.Havingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.Itisnousetotalkaboutdreamswithouttrying.Weenjoyingbooksinthelibrary.Themembersofthdecidetovotethenewplan.Ourmaingoalistofinishthetaskontime.3.多个并列Scienceandtechnologywilldeveloptheprocessofsociety.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,andpsychology.Thatdoesn'tmeansittingdownanddoingnothingatall.[]网络课堂系列n.+v.名词/代词动词的时态doing动词的语态todo动词的情态多个并列动词的第二章简单句的补充一、限定词／形容词副词／介词短语常用介词：inonat/fromto/intoonto/withwithout/of/by/for/about其他介词：betweenamong/acrossthrough//likeas二、非谓语动词非谓语动词共3种：doing表示______主动_______done表示_____________todo表示______目的_______Passingplanescanbeheardnightandday.[]网络课堂系列Theteachercameintotheclassroom,holdingabookinhishand.Heboughtausedcar.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyfives.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Iamcotoseeyou.练习：1.________,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.A.BeingawinnerB.TobeawinnerC.BeawinnerD.Havingbeenawinner2.________intoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.A.TranslatingB.TranslatedC.TotranslateD.Havingtranslated3.Peterreceivedaletterjustnow________hisgrandmawouldcometoseehimsoon.A.saidB.saysC.sayingD.tosay4._________animportantroleinanewmovie,Andyhasachancetobecomefamous.A.OfferB.OfferingC.OfferedD.Tooffer5.Theisland,________tothemainlandbyabridge,iseasytogoto.A.joiningB.tojoinC.joinedD.havingjoined请以讲义为准，选C。逗号之间的是一个定语从句，主语和从句之间是，故选C。1.B2.B3.C4.C5.C三、同位语／语同位语，解释说明前面名词，与名词相同，说的是一件事。Myteacher,Mr.Lee,iscotothemeeting.语，的补充说明，与前后无关。Myteacher,togetherwithhiscolleagues,iscotothemeeting.Alltheirlives,today'syoungwomenhavebeenpushedtoembracebothperfectionandpassiontopursuescienceandsports,mathandtheaterandallaswellastheypossiblycan.201406CET4Confrontedwithsuchfacts,someSwedishactivistsandlegislatorsaredemandingmoreextremeandfar-reachingmeasures,suchasreplacingmaleandfemalepronounswithaneutralalternativeandmonitoringchildrenmorelytocorrectthemwhentheygravitatetowardgenderedplay.201406CET6[]网络课堂系列第二部分：并列句一、并列句的多件事（多个简单句）之间同等重要，用并列连词连接起来。四六级常用的并列连词有：1)表示顺接：...and...;both...and...;notonly...,but...aswell/butalso...2)表示转折：but;yet;while3)表示选择：...or...;either...or...;neither...nor...4)表示因果：...for...();...so...(结果)二、并列句的省略IamateacherandIlikeEnglish.IamateacherandlikeEnglish.IamlyinginbedandIamingabook.Iamlyinginbedandingabook.IwanttoleaveandIwanttogoabroad.Iwanttoleaveandtogoabroad.and（平行结构）练习：1)Youcan_________stayathome_________goouttoplay.Itdoesn’tmatter.A.either,orB.neither,norC.both,andD.notonly,butalso2)Weboughtherabirthdaypresent,_________shelikesitverymuch.A.soB.orC.andD.but3)_________you_________heisabletoski,butIam.A.both,andB.either,orC.neither,norD.between,and4)Thedoctortriedtheirbesttosavethepatient’slife,_________failed.A.orB.soC.butD.because5)Icouldspeak_________Japa_________,soIhadtotalkwithhiminEnglish.A.notonly,butalsoB.both,andC.neither,norD.either,or6)Ilikepopmusic,but_________myfather_________mymotherlikesit.A.both,andB.either,orC.neither,norD.notonly,butalso7)Tom,keepawayfromthefire,_________youwillgetburnt.A.andB.soC.orD.but8)Ithoughtwe’dbelatefortheconcert,_________weendedupgettingthereaheadoftime.[]网络课堂系列A.butB.orC.soD.for1.A2.C3.C4.C5.C6.C7.C8.A第三部分：复合句第一章名词性从句一、宾语从句1.宾语从句的含义：一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）里。2.宾语从句的写法：：宾语从句的写法__________+__________________[]网络课堂系列（词+陈述句）练习：填入宾语从句的连接词1)我承诺我会帮助你。Ipromise________Iwillhelpyou.2)你从来没告诉过我，你对电脑做了什么。Younevertoldme________youhaddonetomycomputer.3)知道什么时候会出发。Iwonder________wewillsetout.4)他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。Theydon’tknow________theywillfinishtheworkontime.5)你能告诉我什么时候会出发吗?Canyoutellme_____________________?1.that2.what3.when4.whether5.whenwe’llsetout3.宾语从句的位置：1)Idon’tknowwhenyouwillfinishthework.Noonetellsmewhenyouwillfinishthework.2)IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.Areyoupositive(that)you’veneverseenthatmanbefore?二、表语从句Myconcernisthatpeopledon’tcareaboutothers.Thequestionremainswhetherpeoplewillbuyit.三、同位语从句一个句子作同位语，解释说明n。位置：需要解释的抽象n后。（fact,idea,news,dream,suggestion,advice,report…）最常用的是：“that+陈述句”这种（注意：that不作成分，但不能省略）我不怀疑他将会帮忙。Ihavenodoubtthathewillhelpme.我们支持这种论据，校车问必须被严肃对待。Isupporttheargumentthattheproblemsofschoolbusesmustbetakenseriously.[]网络课堂系列四、主语从句我们是否将会去露营取决于天气。位置1:句首Whetherwewillgocamdependsontheweather.位置2:句尾(句首用形式主语it)Itdependsontheweatherwhetherwewillgocam.注意：两种位置，意思相同。但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句。练习：填入连接词，并是哪种名词性从句。1)________BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whom2)We’veofferedherthejob,butIdon’tknow________she’llacceptit.A.whereB.whatC.whetherD.which3)Ourteachersalwaystellustobelievein________wedoandwhoweareifwewanttosucceed.A.whyB.howC.whatD.which4)Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidence________smokingcanleadtomanydiseases.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where5)Itwasneverclear________themanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.A.thatB.howC.whenD.why6)Itisstillunderdiscussion________theoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.A.whetherB.whenC.whichD.where7)Iamafraidhe’smoreofatalkerthanadoer,whichis________heneverfinishesanything.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.why8)ThesewildflowersaresospecialthatIwoulddo________Icantosavethem.A.whateverB.whichC.thatD.whichever1.B主语从句2.C宾语从句3.C宾语从句4.C同位语从句5.D主语从句6.A主语从句7.D表语从句8.A宾语从句[]网络课堂系列二、定语从句Thisisthejob.Ihavedreamedofthejobforyears.词如何选择？看先行词！练习词的选择：1)Ihaveaclass________beginsat8:00am.2)Thelawyer________mybrothercalleddidn’tanswerthephone.3)Mydaughteraskedmeaquestion________Icouldn’tanswer.4)Thepeople________satinthestadiumcheeredforthehometeam.5)Leoisthe________bikewasstolen.6)Australiaisoneofthefewcountries________peopledriveontheleft.7)Sundayistheday________peopleusuallydon’tgotowork.8)Isthereanyparticularreason________youcan’tcome?1.which/that2.不填/whom/that3.不填/that/which4.who5.whose6.where7.when8.why练习写定语从句1)Ilostthebook__________________________________.我弄丢了上周从借的书。2)Thewoman_____________________wasfeedingpigeons.[]网络课堂系列我在公园看见的那位女士正在喂鸽子。3)Thebus______________________isusuallyverycrowded.天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤。1.which/that/不填Iborrowedfromthelibrary2.who/that/whom/不填Isawinthepark3.which/that/不填Itakeeverydaytoschool定语从句的：ImetyourfriendwhoisstayinginParis.限定性定语从句Imetyourmother,whoisstayinginParis.非限定性定语从句Thisisthewallwhichtheybuiltlastweek.ThisistheGreatWall,whichisworld-famous.练习（填入逗号和词）：1)Hecamefrom________isthecapitalof.(,which)2)Hecamefromacity________isinthenorthof.(which/that)3)Thisisthebusinessman________wearecooperatingwith.(who/whom/that/不填)4)ThisisBillGates________manypeopleknowastherichestman.(,whom)注意：非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词，还可以修饰前面整句话。Thecompanywillgetbacktoyouinthreedays,whichisoneofthetypicalrules.补充：介词提前的定语从句Thisisthejobwhich/that/XIhavedreamedofforyears.ThisisthejobofwhichIhavedreamedforyears.三、状语从句状语从句写法从属连词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas,nosooner…than地点状语从句where状语从句because,since,as结果状语从句so/such…that,sothat…[]网络课堂系列目的状语从句sothat…,inorderthat…条件状语从句if,unless,aslongas让步状语从句although,though,eventhough,as比较状语从句than,as方式状语从句as地点状语从句Staywhereyouare.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.结果状语从句Theproblemissocomplicatedthatwecannotsolveit.Itissuchacomplicatedproblemthatwecannotsolveit.让步状语从句Althoughitissummer,itisverycold.Itissummer,butitisverycold.比较状语从句Iamastallasyou.Iamastallasyou(are).方式状语从句asItoldyouyesterday.WheninRome,doasRomansdo.状语从句的时态：时间／条件状语从句中表示将来，要换成现在时。Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgoforapicnic.Iwilllethimknow,whenhecomeshomelater.改错练习：1)Thebosswillreviewyourworkaftershewillreturnfromvacationnextweek.(returns)2)I’llgiveyouacallonmycellphoneassoonasmyplanewillland.(lands)[]网络课堂系列3)Idon’tlikemycurrentjob,butI’mgoingtostaywiththiscompanyuntilIwillfindsomethingbetter.(find)4)Ifitwon’tbecoldtomorrow,we’llgotothebeach.(isn’t)5)Ifitwillbecoldtomorrow,wewillgotoamovie.(is)状语从句的位置：Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgotothepark.Wewillnotgotothepark,ifitrainstomorrow.We,ifitrainstomorrow,willnotgotothepark.练习：1)HespeaksEnglishwell,butofcoursenot________anativespeaker.A.asfluentasB.morefluentthanC.asfluentlyasD.muchfluentlythan2)Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation________thecoachleft.A.whenB.asC.untilD.than3)Myparentsdon’tmindwhatjobIdo________Iamhappy.A.eventhoughB.assoonasC.aslongasD.asthough4)Themedicineworksmoreeffectively________youdrinksomehotwateraftertakingit.A.asB.untilC.althoughD.if5)________thethoughthewasthemostlikelyone,sincetheyhadnoexactproofaboutit,theycouldnotarresthim.A.AlthoughB.AslongasC.IfonlyD.Assoonas6)Itjustisn’tfair.________Iwasworkingasawaiterlastmonth,myfriendswerelyingonthebeach.A.wheneverB.thoughC.forD.while7)—Shallwehaveourpicnictomorrow?—________itdoesn’train.A.UntilB.WhileC.OnceD.If8)TheGreatWallis________touristattractionthatmillionsofpeoplepourineveryyear.A.soawell-knownB.asowell-knownC.suchwell-knownaD.suchawell-known9)Owenwouldn’teatanything________hecookedithimself.A.untilB.sinceC.unlessD.while1.C2.D.3.C4.D5.A6.D7.D8.D9.C第四部分：特殊用途的句子第一章强调强调句Itis..…that…..IwanttodotoAmericathissummer.ItisAmericanthatIwanttogotothissummer.[]网络课堂系列补充：强调过时态：Itwas…that…强调人时：Itis…that/who…练习：Itisthey,notAmerican,whohavebecome-intellectual.Itistheywhohavebecome-intellectual.Lisalikescookingathome.Weusedtohavemeetingsinthecafe.Theycelebratedtheholidayonnov.11th.sdon’tliketoomuchhomework.Mencansolvetheproblemsofnaturaldisasteronlybycontrollingtheenvironmentalpollution.注意：一个句子的动词和形容词不能强调。第二章倒装全部倒装、部分倒装全部倒装Inthemountainliesacastle.Herecomesthebus.全部倒装：Therebe句型Therebe+n.“有”(客观)Thereisagirl.Therebe+n+介词短语“有…在哪里”（客观）Thereisabookonthetable.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.注意：1）be动词的变化Therewillbeaseven-daywaitforjobseeker’sallowance.2）主语的单复数3）There还可以与情态动词搭配Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase.部分倒装相当于把陈述句变成疑问句三种情况需要倒装1词位于句首[]网络课堂系列Not,no,never,hardly,little,scarcely,seldom,notuntil,notonly…..2only位于句首3虚拟if条件句练习：Thepoormanhadnotonlybeenarrestedbuthehadbeensenttoprisonaswell.Notonlyhadthepoormanbeenarrested,buthehadbeensenttoprisonaswell.WecanlearnEnglishwellonlyinthisway.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.练习：1Youwillneverknowthet.Never_________________.2Hecareslittleformywords.Little__________________.3IhadnosoonergottheinvitationthanIrefused.Nosooner___________________________________.4hehadhardlyhadtimetosettledownwhenheleftthecountry.Hardly___________________________________________.5heachievedhisgoalonlybyworkinghard.Onlybyworkinghard_________________.6Naturaldisasterswillreduce,onlywhenwesolvetheproblemsofenvironmentalpollution.Onlywhen___________________________________________________________________.第三章虚拟1.什么是虚拟？2.怎么表示虚拟？3.虚拟常用于？If虚拟条件句（虚拟语气）虚拟条件句（假设现在）If从句主句假设过去would假设现在did(were)could[]网络课堂系列+doShould假设将来mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldnow.练习：Iamnotyou,soIcan’tmakethedecision.Idon’tknowhisphonenumber,soIwon’tringhimup.Heisn’tatthemoment,sohewon’tgotothecinema.补充：IfIcouldrearrangethealphabet,IwouldputUandItogether.虚拟条件句（假设过去）If从句主句假设过去haddonewould+havedone假设现在couldShould假设将来mightIftheyhadwonthematch,theywouldhaveheldapartytocelebrate.练习：Hewasnota,sohecouldn’tattendthelecture.Hedidn’ttellhertheanswer.Shedidn’tunderstandit.Youwerelate,soyoudidn’thearwhathetoldus.虚拟语气（假设将来）If从句主句假设过去would假设现在couldshould假设将来did(were)weretodomight+do[]网络课堂系列shoulddoIfIweretolivemylifeoveragain,Iwouldhaveyouasmylife.练习：如果我明天有时间，我就会帮他。（明天不太可能有时间）IfIhadtimetomorrow(weretohave/shouldhave),Iwouldhelphim.总结：If从句主句假设过去haddoneWould+havedone假设现在did(were)could+doshould假设将来did(were)weretodomight+doshoulddoIf非真实条件句（混合时态的虚拟）If从句主句假设过去假设现在假设将来如果你（过去）嫁个他，你（现在）就会是一个加油站服务员的妻子。Ifyouhadmarriedhim,youwouldbethewifeofagasstationattendant.省略if的虚拟条件句Ifyouhadjoinedus,wewouldhavehadmorefun.IfIwereyou,Iwouldthinkittwice.名词性从句的虚拟语气表示“建议，要求，命令”动词后的宾语从句虚拟从句中用（should）+doHesuggestedthatthesystemshouldbechanged.Suggest,advise,propose,recommend,order,ask,demand,insist,require,request…..练习：[]网络课堂系列宾语从句的虚拟语气1Theengineersproposedthey______(look)atthedesignagain.2Heinsistedthatshe____(send)hersistertoadngschool.3Theworkersdemandedthey____(give)thewagestheyshouldget.4heorderedthey____(start)theattackbeforedawn.5theteacheralwayssuggeststhes_____(go)overthetextbeforethebest.6theprofessorrecommendedwe____(look)fortheinformationinthelibrary.总结：表示“建议，要求，命令”的名词性从句Hesuggestedthatthesystemshouldbechanged.Hissuggestionwasthatthesystemshouldbechanged.Hegavethesuggestionthatthesystemshouldbechanged.Thisyear,itwassuggestedthatthesystemshouldbechanged.