05844-自考国际商务英语课后习题答案

05844自考国际商务英语课后习题答案Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.1.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionsbetweenpartiesfromdiffirentcountries.Therearefourmajordiffrencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness:1)differencesinlegalsystem2)differencesincurrencies3)differencesincuturalbackground4)differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?2.Commoditytrade,i.eexportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Thiskindoftradeisalsoreferredtovisibletrade.Invisibletradeisintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.Invisibletradeisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade.Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoreisofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?4.ForeigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasmeansofenteringaforeignmarket?5.Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonotwanttomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantegesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?6.Underfranchising,afim,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandname,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisionwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?7.Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolum.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets..Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?8.Foraninterantionalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.Franchise:anarrangementbywhichamonopolyproducerorownergivesanotherpermissionfortheexclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsincertainarea.Royalty:moneypaidtotheownerofacopyrightfrpermissiontopublishcopyrightmaterialandtotheownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,usu,atanagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceoftheproduct.Patent:aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonlypersontomakeandsell,ortoauthorizeotherstomakeandsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.Non-tariffbarries:allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltradeotherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.Portfolio:theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling.Turnkeyproject:oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagreestosupply,atthecontractprice,acompleteproductreadyforuse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.Budget:anaccountofprobablefutureincomeandexpenditureduringastated,period,usu,ayearusedasaguideinmakingfinancialarragements.Return:thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofitonthesaleoftheinvestment.Expertise:expertknowledgeorskill,esp.inaparticularfield;know-howLicensor:apersonorcompanygrantingalicence1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries,itinvolesmorfactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.2．随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayforminternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Otherformsforpaticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufaturingandturnkeyproject.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforsonsumptionorresaleinanother.5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,licensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.二、ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchaeably?1.GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedtythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitisverysmallinmostcases,sowecanusetheminterchangeably.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlowincomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesomeexaplesforeachgroup.2.Thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andaboveareclassifiedashigh-incomecountries.Thisgroupcomprisesthreetypesofcountries.a)mostmembersoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)b)richoilproducingcontriesofthemiddleeast(Kuwait,SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates).c)Small-industrializedcountriesorregionssuchasIsrael,Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan.Countrieswithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765areregardedasmiddle-incomecountries.1)mostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers.(Czech,Greece,Hungary,Mexico,Turkey)2)quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia.(Indonesia,Malaysia,thephilippines,Thailand)3)AmongtheAfricancountries,SouthAfricaandoil-producingLibya,NigeriaandAlgeria.Lowerincomecountriesarethosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.1)MostAfricancontries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmericancountries.Whyarehighincomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlowincomecountriesininternationalbusiness?3.High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,highpurchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficietmanagement,andfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.Weshouldnotneglectlowincomecountriesininternationalbusiness,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods,providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Whatismoreimportant,marketissomethingtobedeveloped.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbusinessopportunities.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?4.TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomywhichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulkgoodssuchasgrain,steel,orcement.PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.Waschinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?5.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.Whatdoestheterm“Traid”referto?WhatismeanttyQuad?6.ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworldtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.SomepeopleextendthescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.7.OECDmeansOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentwasestablishedin1961bythemajorcapitalimcountrieswiththeheadquarterinParis.Ithas29membercountries,amongwhich,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesandtheothersaremiddle-incomecountries.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunites?8.Thebestpolicyistodevelopbusinessopportunitieswhereveradvantageouswhilekeepinginmindthekeymarkets.Tap:totakewhatisneededform,toexploitPPP:purchasintpowerparityConsumerism:considerabledesiretomakepurchaseforconsumptionRecipient:apersonoranorganizationetc.thatreceivessomethingPruchasingpower:ofpersons,thepublic,havingthemoneytobuygoodsandservicesAverage:ofanordinary,commonorusualkindinqualityoramountSpur:tourgeorencourageProductive:producinginhighefficiencyorinlargequantityAssess:tojudgeanamountorvalueInfrastructure:large-scalepublicservices,suchaswaterandpowersupplies,road,railandradiocommunications,etc.neededtosupporteconomicactivity,esp.industry,tradeandcommerce国民生产总值和国内生产总值是明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry’stotalincome.ThedifferencebetweenGNDandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。Inassessingthepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatitsincomelevelsinceitprovidescluesaboutthepruchasingpowerofitsresidents.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies.中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,India,andabitfartherawayAustralia.三、1.Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.Membersofafreetradearearemovesbarriestotheflowofgoodsandservicessmongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates.2.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?CustomsUnionthatgoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamongthemselves.3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacomonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?Besidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.4.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?Economicunionischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.Themembercountriesofaneconomicunionarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty.5.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU.Itshistorydatesbacktotheearlypost-waryears.Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthemembercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM).1992wasalandmarkyearinthedevelopmentoftheECwhenitbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbytheSingleEropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty.6.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?ThemostPowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.Ithasthefinalsayonallimportantmatters.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differentministersattendthecouncilmeetingsdependingonthemattersdiscussed.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommisioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.7.ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.1)ThefirstistheInformalMeetingofEconomicleadersheldannually.2)ThesecondistheDual-MinisterialMeetingattendedbyforeignministers(excludingChineseTaipeiandHongKong)andministersinchargeofforeigntrade.3)ThethirdistheMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade.4)ThefourthistheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)attendedbyviceministers,departmentaldirectorsorambassadorstoimplementdecisionsbyeconomicleadersandministerialmeetings.5)ThefifthlayerreferstothefoursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM,i.e.CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.8.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatismeantbyitstwowheels?APEC-Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation,itstenetandobjectivesare“inter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers”.APECco-operationconcentratesontradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH)thatarecommonlytermedas“thetwowheelsofApec”.9.WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?ThenatureofOPECisacommoditycartel.Byassigningproductionquotasamongitsmembers,OPECtriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.Veto:righttorejectorforbidsomethingDetour:routethatavoidsablockedroad,deviationErode:wearaway,eatintoIntegration:combingintoawholeLiberalization:oftrade,theactofgovernmentinliftingcontrolsoverimportsandexportsTariff:taxleviedbythecustomsEnvisage:picture(anevent,action,etc)inthemindasafuturepossibility;imagineBanknote:printedpapermoneyissuedbyabank,usu.Thecountry’scentralbankMobility:capacitythatcanmoveorbemovedeasilyandquicklyfromplacetoplaceBarriertotrade:anyactionbyagovernmenttolimitorpreventthefreeflowofgoodsinandoutofitscountry1.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration.2.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),itwasformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.3.经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.4.欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自已的义务。EuropeanCommissionisoneoftheadministrationinstitutionsofEuropeanUnion,ithandsovertheproposestothecouncilofMinistersfordicisionandoverseesmembercountriestoimplementtheirobligationsaccordingtotheenactingclauses.5.APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、朝鲜、新西兰和东盟六国。APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliancapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandsixASEANcountries.四、1.Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?Withthebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcomodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation,economicglobalizationgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.Ithasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.2.Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardit?Economicintegrationenablescountriesbenefitfromtheboomofothercountriesbutalsomakesthemmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe.Thebestpolicyforusistofollowthetrendclosely,availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopourselvesandavoidingitspoosibleimpacts.3.Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwholyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.IftheMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughanotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.4.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.a.enormoussizeb.widegeographicalspreadc.longevityandrapidgrowth5.WhatistheecommonlyrecognizedobjectiveofMNEs?Likemostbusinessorganizations,MNEsareformedforprofit.6.WhyissecuritysoimportanttoMNEs?ProfitisuselessifitcannotbesecuredbytheMNEandtransfeeedwhereveritsodesires.7.Doyouthink“widegeographicalspread”ofMNEsplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheirbusiness?Why?a.enablesthemhaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.b.Moreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.c.EnableMNEstoengageinworldwideintegratedproductionandmarketinggivingrisetoextensiveintra-MNEtransactionswhichconstituteaverysignificantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.8.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheirhostcountries?HostgovernmentscananddowieldpoweroverMNCslocatedwithintheirterritories.MNCsareunderthelegaljurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentswhichcanimposevariousrules,regulations,andlawsontheMNCstotheextentofnationalizingalltheirassets.9.Whatarethefourtypesofmultinationalenterprises?Describeeachofthembriefly.a.multi-domesticcorporationthatisagroupofrelativelyindependentsubsidiaries.b.Globalcorporationswhichoperatesunderanoppositeprinciplefromthefirsttypeandviewstheworldmarketasanintegratedwhole.10.Aretheremanyworldcompaniesatpresent?Imaginetheirfutureroleincompleteglobalization?No,veryfewcompanies,ifany,havereachedthislevelofinternationalization.Whensuchcompaniesbecomedominating,thepossiblilityofconflictsamongsovereignstatesmaybegreatlyreduced.Possiblytheywillbeinstrumentaltotherealizationofcompleteglobalization.Revenue:thetotalannualincomeofastateDecentralize:distributetheadministrativepowersoveralessconcentratedareaNationalize:tobringunderthecontrolorownershipofanationInput:somethingthatisputinbusinessoperationWelfare:well-beingFramework:organizationstructureFacilities:somethingdesigned,builtorinstalledtoserveaspecificfunctionorperformaparticularserviceAffiliate:asubsidiarycompanycontrolledbyanotherWorldcompany:amultinationalwhosenationalidentityhasbeenblurredAssets:totalresourcesofabusiness,ascash,accountsreceivable,realestatesetc.1.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.2.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。Multinationalenterpriseisabusinessorganizationwhichowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.3.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同进也有强烈的反对声音。Whilemanypeopleareacclaimingthebenefitsbroughtaboutbyeconomicglobalization,therearealsoloudvoicesofopposition.4.跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。Intra-MNEtransactionsconstituteaverysignificantproporttionoftotalinternationaltrade.5.尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateoperationsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliates,themajordecisions,suchasthoseoncorporategoald,newinvestmentsandtheirlocation,aremadebytheparentcompany.6.无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Likeitornot,economicglobalizationhasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelop