王守仁英国文学选读课后答案整理后

GeoffreyChaucerTheCanterburyTales1.Howisthesettingofthetalesdescribed?Withsuchasetting,couldyoupredictthegeneraltoneofthetales?Earlyspring.Generaltone:happy,easy,lively,humorous.2.CharacteroftheKnight?Theknightdisplaysmanytraitswhichmakehimseemalmosttoogoodtobetrue,andatruegentlemanthatrarelyexistsinreality.Theknightholdsfourmainadmirabletraits,makinghimthemostlikedtravelerin"TheCanterburyTales,"andalsoamplyingthedoubtofhisrealism.Fromthecharactersimpressiveintroduction,itisclearthatthismanisthemostvaluedandhonorabletraveleramongthegroup.Thisperfectgentlemanholdsaloveofidealsthatareoftennotdisplayedbypeople.Firstandforemost,hebelievesintheidealsofchivalry,andalwaysstaystruetoitsprinciples.Healsofeelsthatoneshouldbehonest,truthfulandfaithful,whichmanypeoplearenotalloftheseideals.Theknightthinksoneshouldonlydowhatisright,andwhatwillgainhimhonorandreputation.Thischaracteralsobelievesinfreedomandgenerositytowardsall,anddisplaysthisidealrepeatedlythroughoutthenovel.Andlastly,theknightalsostronglyfeelsthatanyproperpersonshoulddisplaycourtesyandeleganceatalltimes.Anotheraspectofthischaracter'slifewhichmakeshimseemtooprestigioustobetruthfulishisimpressivemilitarycareer.Hefoughtintheholywar,Theknightobviouslyheldaveryrespectablereputation,andwastreatedwithmuchhonorandrespect.Hewasaperfectgentleman,showingkindnessandunderstandingtoeveryonehecameincontactwith.Theknightwasextremelywell-mannered,alwaysbeingonhisbestbehavior.Hisappearancewasthe"finishingtouch,"addinghonorandintegritytohiscourageousandgentlespirit.?Thismaincharacterwasclothedstillinhisarmor,wearingatunicofharshclothandhiscoatofmailisrust-stained,clearlyshowingremainingsignsofpastbattles.ShakespeareHamletP81.Whyissleepsofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?Nobodycanpredictwhathewilldreamofafterhefallsasleep.Deathmeanstheendoflife,youmaygotoorunknownworldandyoucan’tcomeback,.Ifhedies,Hamlet'scan'trealizehiswill.Though“sleep”canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itisastateofmind.Hamletdidn’tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferinginthelong“dream”.Hecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?Deathissomysteriousthatnobodyknowswhatdeathwillbringtous.Maybebittersufferings,greatpains,heartbreakingstories…Becausepeopleholdthesameidea?"togruntandsweatunderawearylife,butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-theundiscover’dcountry,formwhosebournnotravelerreturns-puzzlethewill,andmakeusratherbearthoseillswehavethanflytoothersthatweknownotof?”Peoplealsoarefrightenedbythemythsinanotherworldafterdeath.3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.Conscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.Sonnet18P131.Howdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?(Page14)Thepoetopenswithaquestionthatisaddressedtothebeloved,"ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?"Thisquestioniscomparing“thee”tothesummertimeoftheyear.Itisduringthistimewhentheflowersareblooming,treesarefullofleaves,theweatheriswarm,anditisgenerallyconsideredasanenjoyabletimeduringtheyear.Thefollowingelevenlinesinthepoemarealsodedicatedtosimilarcomparisonsbetweenthebelovedandsummerdays.Inlines2and3,thespeakerexplainswhatmainlyseparatestheyoungwomanfromthesummer'sday:sheis"morelovelyandmoretemperate."(Line2)Summerdaysaresometimesshakenby"roughwinds"(line3)whichhappensandisnotalwaysaswelcomingasthewoman.Howeverinline4,thepoetgivesthefeelingagainthatthesummermonthsareoftentooshortbysaying,"Andsummerleasehathtooshortadate."Inthesummerdays,thesun,"theeyeofheaven"(line5),oftenshines"toohot,"ortoodim,"hisgoldcomplexiondimmed"(line6)as"everyfairfromfairsometimedeclines."(Line7)Thefinalportionofthesonnettellshowthebeloveddiffersfromthesummerinvariousaspects.Herbeautywillbeonethatlastsforever,"Thyeternalsummershallnotfade."(Line9),andneverendordie.Atlasttwolines,thepoetexplainshowthebeloved'sbeautywillaccomplishthiseverlastinglifeunlikesummerdays.Anditisbecauseherbeautyiskeptaliveinthispoem,whichwilllastforever.Itwilllive"aslongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee."(Line13)thepoemisoutwardlyasimplestatementofpraiseaboutthebeautyofthebelovedwomanandperhapssummertothespeakerissometimestoounpleasantwiththeextremesofwindinessandheatthatgoalongwithit.However,thebelovedinthepoemisalwaysmildandtemperatebyhernatureandnothingatalllikethesummer.Atlast,thepoetstartstopraisethatthebelovedissogreatandawingthatsheistoliveforeverinthissonnet.Thebelovedissogreatthatthespeakerwillevengoasfarastosaythat,"Solongasmenbreathe,oreyescansee,solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.”(line13、14)thatthebelovedisdeservingtoliveonforever.2.Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummerandimmortal?Attheverybeginning,thepoetputsforthaquestion:“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”Thenhegivesananswer:“Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.”Ontheonehand,“RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;”ontheotherhand,“Sometimetoohottheheavenshines,andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed.”Sofromtheabovetwoaspectsthepoetthinksthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummer.Inaddition,“Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed.”Comparedwithimmortal,“Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,norshalldeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,whenineternallinestotimesthougrow’st.”Therefore,thepoetdrawsaconclusion:“Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.”Inthispoem,thepoetmakes“thou”morebeautifulthansummerandimmortalbecauseofhisbeautifullines.Sointhiscase,“thou”inthepoemcanberegardedasfemalebecauselovecanbeautyeternal.Or“thou”canbereferredtomale,forfriendshipcanmakebeautyeverlasting.Even“thou”canbeabstract“love”or“beauty”whichwillbecomeeternalinthewonderfulpoem.FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeP171.Ismarriageanimpedimentorhelptoone’scareerdevelopment?IntheeasyOfMarriageandSinglelife,Baconprefersmarriagetosinglelife.Hethinks“unmarriedmenarebestfriends;bestmasters;bestservants;butnotalwaysbestsubjects;fortheyarelighttorunaway;andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition”,“Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses;companionsformiddleage;andoldmen’snurses”.Ihavetosayhiswordscanstillbetruetoday;I’mathisback,thoughmanyyoungpeoplenowchoosetoremainsinglenomatermaleorfemale.Butsince“3Sladies”or“overleftladies”becomethecatchword,thefemaleseemsmoreterrible.Maybebecausewomenareeasiertogetoldbuttomen30isthegoldagesofcareerdevelopment.Forthemainreasonsof3Sladies,somearehighstandardforhusband;somearethefurtherstudying.Formen,maybetheyarefightinginbusiness;maybetheyaretoobadtofindawife.Thenwecanseeallthestateofpresentmarriage.Eventhoughsomesay“marriageisthetomboflove”,Iyetsupportmarriage.Marriageandfamilymakepeoplemoreresponsibleandloving,makedeeperlovebetweenspousesandmakelifemorecolorful.Theabilitytoloveandbelovedisthemostpreciousofgiftsgiventoman,whichshouldbehighlytreasured.Familyletamanlearntocarethewholeunit.Hehastotakegoodcareofhiswifeandson,lovethem,beresponsibleforthem,allofwhicharethesametowomen.Allthesequalitiesarevitaltoanyone’scareer.Whenyouworkbackhome,wifeorhusbandisalwaysthelistenertoyou,sonthewarmhearttoyou.Spouseshelpeachotherandsupporteachother;familyistheharborforsoul.Thusitishelptoone’scareerdevelopment.2.Certainly,wifeandchildrenare“akindofdisciplineofhumanity”。妻子儿女显然是人性的一种纪律约束Abachelor’s单身lifefocusisbuthimself,sohewillspendalotofmoneyoneverythingthatfeasthiseyeswithouthesitation.What’smore,heislikelytohaveagoatanyrisksthatmakehimfeelexcitingandfreshforbeingfreefromanyburden.However,amarriedmanalwaystendstothinktwicebeforemakinganimportantdecisioninordertopreventbringinganyharmtohisfamily.Heshouldhavethemotivationtoworkhardtofulfillwifeandchildren’sexpectation.Asaresult,familyletamanlearntocarethewholeunit.Hehastotakegoodcareofhiswifeandson,lovethem,beresponsibleforthe.Alovinghusbandandaqualifiedfathercancontributethegreatestmeritforthepublictoalargeextent.人的感情会移位，结婚的人对人生的态度肯定与单身之时不一样。有孩子的人更因为对孩子的爱迁移到芸芸众生身上。结婚意味着两个人的结合，不论肉体还是精神。在无形中把不相干的两个人熔铸成合体的一个人，对对方的关心和照顾如同自己，对对方的牵挂那是牵肠挂肚。婚姻也让两个人变得更有责任感，感情更加丰富，对社会将会产生奇异的变化，对人生的探索产生深远的影响。单身是自由的，没有婚姻的束缚，没有孩子的牵绊，享受生命的存在，享受一个人的独处.当孤独来临时单身的人会去找人生的知己，会碰到与之共度人生的另一半，于是便有了婚姻。3.Baconprefersmarriagetosinglelife.Doyoufindhisargumentsconvincing?Yes.IthinkBacon’sargumentsareconvincing.Inthedemonstrationprocess,Baconusesthemethodcomparisontoanalyzetheadvantagesofmarriageandtheshortcomingsofsinglelifeinordertotellusmarriageisbetterthansinglelife.Takingthesentence“wivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmen’snurses”forexample,itisquiteconvincingandreasonable.Marriagecanbringhappinesstopeople.Itistheecstasywhenpeoplepursuemarriageintheiryouth.Toayoungman,ononehand,awifeneedshiscareandgoodgraces.Awifeisaflowerandamanshouldpaymuchattentiontoherandgiveherspeciallove.Ontheotherhand,womenarealwaysolderthanmenaccordingtotheirmentalages.So,wivesaremorematurethanherhusbandandshecouldmakemanydecisionsandarrangementsforthefamily.Thatiswhywivesareyoungmen’smistresses.Whenamaninhismiddleage,heneedshiswifetohelphimnotonlyinthecareerbutalsointhefamilylife.Themiddle-agedmansuffersgreatpressureincareerandhewantshiswifetosupportthefamilytogether.Also,hecouldconfidehistroublestohiswife.So,thatisthereasonforhavingawifeinmiddleage.Whenthemangrowsolder,hisbodyisnotsostronglikebefore.So,heneedshiswifetotakecareofhimanddothethingsas“nurses”forhim.Inaddition,anoldmanisalwayslikeachildandheneedsspecialattentionfromhiswife.So,accordingtothereasonsmentionedabove,awifeisalwaysnecessarytoamanandawifealwaysplaysimportantandirreplaceableroleinaman’slife.Inaddition,theargumentistheconclusionaccordingtoBacon’slong—timeobservationandconsiderationtowardslife.Frommyperspective,hisargumentsareconvincing.Ithinkhisargumentsareconvincing.Bacon’sbasicideaisthatmarriageisgoodtobothindividualandsociety.Hisanalysisistakenstepbystep.Atfirst,asinglemanthinksjusttoliveasinglelifecanhemakesomegreatcontributionstothesociety.Butasinglepersononlycaresabouthimself,hedoesn’tpayattentiontothefuture,itcanbeveryunwise.Singlelifecouldalsomakeamantobeserioustohisfreedom.Onthecontrary,marriagemakesamanberesponsible,tender,enthusiasticandwarm-hearted.Astheauthorsaying:“wivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmen’snurses”.Itmeansthatwhenamanisyoung,wifetalksaboutlovewithhim,whenhecomestomiddleage,wifealwaysstaywithhimasacompanion,whenhebecomesold,wifewilltakecareofhimtilltheendoftime.Eventhoughawifemarriesabadhusband,marriageoffersagoodchanceforhusbandtocorrectthemselves.Thewholeessay’smainpointisveryobvious,authortellsfromtwoaspects.Firstly,hesayshowbaditistobeasingleman.Secondly,hetellsalotofadvantagesofbeingmarried.Eachaspecthasenoughproof.AtBacon’speriod,hisargumentsmaybemoreconvincingthannowadays.OfStudiesP181.Wearenowlivingintheageof“informationexplosion”.WhatlessonscanwelearnfromBacon’s<ofstudies>inouraccesstoinformation?Ourplanetisdevelopingforward.Thefast-movingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologymakesitmoreconvenientforstudentstogetsufficientandeffectiveinformationbycountlessways.Thatistheexternalconditionforourstudy,whichwecanappropriatelymakefulluseof.Butwhatwehavetokeepinmindisthattheeternalmasterofstudyisnoonebutourselvesintheprocessofstudying.Actually,I’msureeveryoneclearlyknowstheimportanceandsignificanceofreading,ofstudies.However,thebiggestproblemisthattheyhardlyhavepowerfulresistancetothosetemptationsaroundus,suchasnew-stylevideogames,latestHollywoodblock-buster,AvrilRamonaLavigne’snextconcert.Placedintheinformationcurrent,youngstudentsaredifficulttorationallydealwiththefloodinginformation.Theterribleresultisthattheybecomemoreandmoreindifferenttoreadingbooks,andwheneveracademicassignscome,wejuststartuptheircomputerandaccesstoinformationontheInternetnomatterhowmuchinformationtheycanreallycopyandmakeuse.Whatapity!Astoefficientstudymethodstoalltheseinformation,Baconinsistsonthecombinationoftheoryandpractice,“studiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.”Andintermsofbookswhichmeanfortodaynotonlypaperbooksbutalsoinformationonlineforexamplee-books,Baconholdstheview“somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadywholly,andwithdiligenceandattention”.Alltheideascandefinitelygivecollegestudentspreciouslessonstostudyandreadingbookstoday.Whenwefacethefloodinginformation,somearetobereadinpart;they’rejustprovidingnothingthanbackgroundwhichcanbeusefultounderstandandcompleteassignments.Wecannotmerelydependallonthecomputerinsteadofmeditatehardonourown.Ofcourse,practicingisquitesignificanttoday.Infact,thatdoesn’tmeanpracticeshouldbetheactionoutofpapers;inturn,thetermpaperfinishedonone’sownisapracticeofapplyinghisknowledgetopracticalwriting.Informationaroundusisshowingupwithoutstopping.Theyareallnevercheckedbyexperts,trueorfalse.Weaccesstothemwheninneed.Stillwehavetobecautiousandjustviewthemasareminderorbrainstormresourcestohelpintegrateourideastowellorganizethewholeassignment.Thisistherightattitudetoinformationandtoourownstudy.2.Inwhatsensedoesreadingmakeafullman?Readingmakesafullman.Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Readinghistoriesmakespeoplelearnlessonsfromtheancienttime,avoidmakingthesamemistakesandpredictthedevelopmentofthings.Peoplewhoreadhistorieswillbewiserthanthesewhojustactaccordingtotheirownpreferenceswithoutlearningfromhistories.Readingpoemsmakespeoplelearnthebeautyoflanguage,thebeautifulclassicalstyleofartandliveapoeticlife.Peoplewhoreadpoemswillbewittierthanthesewhohaven’tfeelthebeautifulmoodandpurelife.Readingmathematicsmakespeoplefocusontheaccuratecalculation,developascientificattitude,andformapragmaticspirit.Peoplewhoreadmathematicswillbemoresubtletoconsiderthingsfromallaspectsanddothingsfromthedropcarefullythanthesewhodon’tread.Readingnaturalphilosophymakespeoplepursuetruth,exploretheunknownmystery,andpracticeactively.Peoplewhoreadnaturalphilosophywillbedeeperthanthesewhodon’tlearnthetheoryofreflectingthetruth.Readingmoralmakespeoplelearnthewayofharmonyliving,formtheprincipleofethicalbehaviorsanddevelopcorrectoutlooksonvalues.Peoplewhoreadmoralwillbegraverthanthesewhobehavewithoutcorrectprinciplesandcan’tdealwithdifferentrelationships.Readinglogicmakespeoplemastertherulesofthinking,dealingwithdifferentthingsandexploringobjectivereality.Peoplewhoreadlogicwillbemorecontendtohaveclearideas,matertheprinciplesofobjectivetruththanthesewhodon’tactaccordingtorules.Differentkindsofreadingmaterialsplaydifferentrolesinmakingafullman.Peopleshouldgetintodifferentreadingfieldsandtrainthemselvestobecomeacomprehensivetalent.Readingwilldogoodtoone’sphysicalhealthaccordingtosomereadingmaterialsofphysicaltraining.What’smoreimportant,readingpromotesthedevelopmentoflogicthinkingandmorality.Peoplecanbecalledafullmanonconditionthattheyhavefinequality,delicateself-cultivationandstrictmorality.Trytoreadextensivelyandbecomeafullman.AsfarasI’mconcerned,readingcanmakeafullman,cancultivateaman,andcanmakeamanmoveforwardinthewayheunderstandtheviewoftheworld,thelifeandthevalue.Afullmanshouldhaveapositiveworldviewandadoptanactivephilosophyoflife,whichareusuallybasedonabalancedknowledgestructure.FromFrancisBacon’sOfStudies,Iknowthattheessaynotonlyintroducesthemethodsofreadingbooksanddiscussesthepurposesandfunctionsofreading,butalsoanalyzesthedifferentattitudesofthepeoplewhoarereadingbooks.Mostimportantly,wecanknowhowtobeafullmanfromreading.FrancisBacon’sOfStudiessays“Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.”Thatistosay,wereadallkindsofbooksinordertohavemoreperfectknowledgeandformcriticalthinkingwhichcanmakeusbeafullmanbyreading..Readingcanmakeafullman.Thatistosay,weshouldreadmorebookswhichareusefulandhelpfulforus.Readingcanenlargeourknowledgeindifferentfields.FromOfStudies,studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Itmeansthatstudiescanmakepeoplehappy,wise,increasingknowledge.Ifwereadallkindsofbooks,weareabletotastewhatmightnothappentousinreallife,andthenaskourselveswhatwewoulddointhatsituation.Besides,wereadmorebooksandfewermistakeswouldbemadebyus.Forthat,wecanlearnmoremistakeexamplesfrombookssothatwewillmakefewmistakesinthefuture.Soreadingcanmakeamanfullbecauseitcanmakethemantastealltheemotionsabouttheworldandhaveatrueunderstandingaboutthelife.OfStudiesalsoteachusthatweshouldchoosesomebooktoread,butnotreadallthebooks.Someusefulbooksshouldbereadcarefullyandtakennotes.Differentbookshavedifferentfunctions,theessaytellsusthatreadingdifferentbookscanbringdifferentknowledgewhichwelack.Theessaysaysthatdifferentbookshavedifferentmethodstoread.Inaword,readingbooksofcertainfieldbringscertainknowledgeandabilitywelack.OfStudiesgivesusthemethodofreadingbooksandgettingknowledge.Italsotellsusdifferentbookshavedifferentfunctionsforus.Sowhetherreadingmakesafullmanliesinwhatbooksyoureadandhowyouread.Readingarightbookcanmakeamanmorewise,moreemotionalandmorerespected.JohnDonneTheFleaP231.Whydoesthepoetsaythat"thiscannotbesaidasin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead"?Thespeakertellshisbelovedtolookatthefleabeforethemandtonote"howlittle"isthatthingthatshedenieshim.Fortheflea,hesays,hassuckedfirsthisblood,thenherblood,sothatnow,insidetheflea,theyaremingled;andthatminglingcannotbecalled"sin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead."Thefleahasjoinedthemtogetherinawaythat,"alas,ismorethanwewoulddo."2.Whatdoyouthinkistheaddressee'sparents'attitudetowardthepoet'swooing?Theaddressee'sparents'attitudesareagainsthim.(...Thoughparentsgrudge...)3.Whatistherealpurposeofthepoettosaythatinkillingtheflea"thou"areactuallykillingthreelives?Hecomparesthekillingofthefleatomurder.Itwouldbe“threesinsinkillingthree”(l.18)sinceheandhisloverwouldbekilledwithinthefleaifsheweretofollowhernaturaltendencytodisposeoftheinsect.Heevenstatesthattheactofkillingthefleawouldbe“sacrilege”.Thisisatermthatisgenerallyappliedtoactsthatgoagainstreligion.Iftheloverdeniesthefactthattheirblood,andthereforetheirlives,arecontainedwithintheflea,itissimilartocommittinganirreligiousact.Thiswouldseemtomakethereverse,toacknowledgetheirclosenesswithintheflea,compatiblewithreligion.Toacknowledgethisclosenessisalsotoacknowledgethatitisallowable,whichcouldleadtotheconclusionthatDonnewisheshislovertoarriveat:sheshouldgiveintohisdesiresbecausethereisnothingwrongwiththeintimateminglingoftwopeople.Holysonnet101.whydoesJohnDonnesaythatdeathisthe"slavetofate,chance,kingsanddesperatemen"?ThepoemrevealsDonne'sbeliefinlifeafterdeath.Itreadslikeaboldchallengetothe"prode""death".UnderDonne'spen,deathisneither"mighty"nor"dreadful",formenmayderive"muchpleasure"fromdeath,and"deat