历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福阅读（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfoodEvenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteur’sargumentagainstthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollectedword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggestedobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandetherword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgenerationtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrientscanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassociety’shero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.doesthepassagemainlydiscuss(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmerword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explainedauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexampleof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopmentphrase“subscribedto”inline8isclosestinmeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoughtabout(d)expandedonofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’sviewsofagricultureandfarmers.(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.tothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproductsofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientificword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradualofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthetwo.AridAmerica’ssoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat(10)wateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970’s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater(15)andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,(20)thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(A)Thewidevarietyofclimates(B)Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns(C)Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculture(D)Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith(A)ahighsaltcontent(B)anincreaseinfarming(C)largeamountsofrain(D)glacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica(A)Itredistributedthesoiltypes(B)Itaddedsalttothesoil(C)Itmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent(D)Itaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“thisregionalizationscheme”inline19referstothe(A)movementsofglacialdeposits(B)patternsofnaturalvegetation(C)humanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironment(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdeserts(B)MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumans(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation(D)GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion---thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass---will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreported(10)that“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomindensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920’s.Intheearliesttype,themetal(15)wasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(A)Thehistoryofthephotoflash(B)Theoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolight(C)Thetechnologyofmodernphotography(D)Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredforthe(A)recordingofanimageonfilm(B)generationofartificiallight(C)creationofaphotographicemulsion(D)humaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflight(B)intensitiescolorsinphotographs(C)isshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyes(D)supplementsexistinglighting33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)setonfire(B)cutinto(C)opened(D)shaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)(C)”high-speedmovement”(line5)(D)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflash(B)magnifythelightproducedbytheflash(C)protectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash(D)keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18refersto(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto(A)rapidcooling(B)brightillumination(C)electricalconductivity(D)intenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing(A)thickerwire(B)moreoxygen(C)thinnerglass(D)continuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870’s.TheImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionists’paintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothecountrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonet’stitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.(25)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(A)Theimpactofsomeartists’resistancetothefastpaceoflife(B)Thedifferencesbetweentwomajorstylesofart(C)Atechnologicaladvanceinthematerialsusedbyartists(D)Agroupofartistswithanewtechniqueandapproachtoart42Theword“depict”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasoneofthedistinguishingcharacteristicsofImpressionistpainting(A)Theemphasisonpeopleratherthannaturescenes(B)Thewaythesubjectswerepresentedfrommultipleangles(C)Thefocusonsmallsolidobjects(D)Thedepictionoftheeffectsoflightandcolor44WhichofthefollowingisasignificantwayinwhichImpressionistsweredifferentfromtheartiststhatprecededthem(A)Theybeganbymakingsketchesoftheirsubjects(B)Theypaintedtheirsubjectsout-of-doors(C)Theypreferredtopaintfrommemory(D)Theyusedsubjectsdrawnfrommodernlife45Theword“advent”inline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46Theexhibitionofpaintingsorganizedin1874resultedinallofthefollowingEXCEPT(A)attractingattentionfromthepublic(B)anegativereactionfromthepress(C)animmediatedemandforthepaintingsexhibited(D)creatinganameforanewstyleofpainting47Theword“affront”inline22isclosestinmeaningto(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48TherejectionoftheImpressionistexhibitionbycriticswascausedbywhichofthefollowing(A)Thesmallnumberofpaintingsondisplay(B)Lackofinterestinexhibitionsbyyoungartists(C)Thesimilaritybetweenallthepaintingsexhibited(D)Angeraboutseeminglypoorlypaintedart49TheauthormentionsRenoirinline25togiveanexampleofanartistwho(A)becameasfamousasMonet(B)wasconsistentlypraisedbyartcritics(C)describedtheenthusiasmoftheImpressionistsfortheirwork(D)wasinfavorofatraditionalstyleofpainting50Theword“others”inline27refersto(A)artcritics(B)fellowartists(C)individualdifferences(D)newstyles0308答案ABADBCCCBABDDCCDCDBADACCBDBCACDACBABABDCBCAADCDABACACCBCDBCBDACCCABCDACDCDCBDCDCBCDDCDBACBDAABADDBABCDBCBDCBBABDACBDDBAADDABCDCBBADCDBCCADCB