考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试能力提升点睛卷80（含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试能力提升点睛卷（含详解）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart.excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.Photographers'disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography'sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonorPoppaintingduringthe1960's.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatisse—presupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity——inshort,anart.1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（ ）.  2.Accordingtotheauthor,the19lbcenturydefendersofphotographystressedthatphotographywas（ ）.3.Accordingtothepassage,someseriouscontemporaryphotographersmaketheclaimthattheirphotographs（ ）.  4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（ ）.问题1选项A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardartB.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartC.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontextD.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches问题2选项A.atechnologicallyadvancedactivityB.adeviceforobservingtheworldimpartiallyC.anartcomparabletopaintingD.anartthatwouldeventuallyreplacethetraditionalarts问题3选项A.areexamplesofthephotographers’impartialobservationoftheworldB.canbecreatedbyalmostanyonewhocoulddevotetotheactivityC.areimportantbecauseofthesubjectbutnottheresponsesoftheviewersD.exhibitthesameprinciplesusedinpainting问题4选项A.contemporaryartacceptedasfineartB.craftrequiringsensitivitybutbynomeansasartC.mechanicalcopyingofrealityD.modernartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingaimsofart【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目提问‘在这篇文章中，作者主要关心的是……？’根据第一段中“Throughoutthenineteenthcentury，thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.整个19世纪，摄影的辩护都是力争将摄影确定为艺术”和第二段中“Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.具有讽刺意味的是，虽然已经确凿无疑被认为是一种艺术，但许多摄影家认为把摄影称之为美的艺术是矫揉造作或名不副实的。”以及全文在讲“在不同的历史背景下，当代严肃的摄影师对摄影是艺术的态度”确定C选项“说明当代严肃的摄影师对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把这些态度放在他们的历史的背景中”正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问‘据作者说，19世纪摄影的捍卫者强调摄影是……？’根据第一段中“Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.为了反驳摄影是对现实的没有灵魂的机械复制的指责，摄影家断言：恰恰相反，摄影是观看事物的一种特有形式，是对普通视觉的一种背离，是一种与绘画有同样价值的艺术。”确定C选项“一种堪比绘画的艺术”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问‘根据这篇文章，一些严肃的当代摄影师声称他们的照片……？’根据第二段中“Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自己——但绝不是在创作艺术作品。”确定A选项“是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子”正确。4.细节事实题。题目提问‘从文章中可以推断，作者最可能认为严肃的当代摄影是一个……？’根据第二段中“ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.它明了他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念是多么地想当然：艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。”确定D选项“一种现代艺术，显示了试图颠覆艺术盛行的现代主义趋势”正确。2.单选题 Jack’s（ ）ofblackmusicandperformersintoamainstreamartformcontributedincrucialbutnotoftennotedwaystodesegregation.问题1选项A.transformationB.assimilationC.deviationD.diversion【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：杰克为将美国黑人音乐和表演者同化进一种主流艺术形式做出了很大的贡献，但是却没被当作废除种族隔离的一种方式。transformation“转化”；assimilation“同化”；deviation“偏差，误差；背离”；diversion“转移，消遣”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。3.单选题Highgradesaresupposedto（ ）academicability,butJohn'sactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.问题1选项A.certifyB.clarifyC.classifyD.notify【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项certify“证明；保证”；B选项clarify“澄清；阐明”；C选项classify“分类；分等”；D选项notify“通知；公布”。句意：高分应该能……学术能力，但约翰的实际表现并没有证实这一点。后半句的“证实”也是在提示highgrade与academicability之间的逻辑关系，综合对比选项可得A选项正确。4.单选题Therewasonlyasmall（ ）inthecity'spopulationoverthelasttenyears.问题1选项A.intimacyB.incrementC.immortalityD.incidence【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。intimacy“亲密，亲昵行为，隐私”；increment“增量，增加”；immortality“不朽，不灭”；incidence“发生率，影响”。由句子中“thecity'spopulation该市人口”确定B选项“增加”符合句意，正确。5.单选题Isthatlovelygirloverthere（ ）SusanBlakewhousedtobesofat?问题1选项A.anB.aC.theD.one【答案】C【解析】语法---冠词和代词的使用。句意：在那边的那位可爱的女孩是过去一直如此胖的苏珊•布莱克？由句中“whousedtobesofat过去一直如此胖”可知SusanBlake为特定的某人，所以用表示特指的定冠词the，C选项正确。不定冠词a与an及代词one—般用来表示非特别指代的一个。6.单选题Afterthestormcausedrawsewagetoseepintothegroundwater,theWaterDepartmenthadtotakemeasuresto（ ）thecity’swatersupply.问题1选项A.refineB.reviveC.freshenD.decontaminate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。refine“提炼，改善；revive“使复活，使恢复，使振奋”；freshen“使新鲜，使清爽，使有精神”；decontaminate“净化，去除污染”，根据句意‘在风暴导致未处理的污水渗入地下水后，供水部门必须采取措施（ ）该市供水。’确定D选项正确。7.单选题Wehavejustlocateda（ ）avenueforthesaleofyourgoods.问题1选项A.prospectiveB.perspectiveC.respectiveD.protective【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项prospective“未来的；可能的；潜在的”；B选项perspective“透视的”；C选项respective“分别的，各自的”；D选项protective“防护的；关切保护的；保护贸易的”。句意：我们刚刚为销售你方货物找到了一条……的路。联系句意及选项可知，此处应表示“找到了一条可能的销售渠道”。因此A选项正确。8.单选题RecombinantDNAtechnologyallowsscientiststocutsegmentsofDNAfromonetypeoforganismandcombinethemwiththegenesofasecondorganism.AlsocalledgeneticengineeringrecombinantDNAtechnologyisamethodbywhichrelativelysimpleorganisms,suchasbacteriaoryeast,orevenmammaliancellsinculture,canbeinducedtomakequantitiesofhumanproteins,includinginterferonsorgrowtobaccoplantsthatproducemonoclonalantibodies,andgoatsthatsecreteaclot-dissolvingheartattackdrug,tissueplasminogenactivator(TPA),intheirmilk.AnotherfacetofrecombinantDNAtechnologyinvolvesgenetherapy.Thegoalofthistherapyistoreplacedefectivegenes,ortoendowacellwithnewcapabilities.In1989,thefeasibilityandsafetyofgenetransferwasdemonstratedwhentumor-infiltratinglymphocytes(TILS)wereextractedfromapatient,equippedwithamarkergene(sotheycouldbetrackedandmonitored),andthenre-injectedintopatientswithadvancedcancer.TodeliverthegeneintotheTILS,thescientistsusedavirus,exploitingitsnaturaltendencytoinvadecells,beforebeingusedasavector,theviruswasalteredsothatitcouldnotreproduceorcausedisease.Thisexperimentdemonstratedthatgene-modifiedcellscouldsurviveforlongperiodsinthebloodstreamandintumordepositswithoutharmtothepatient.Theearliestattemptstousegenestherapeuticallyfocusedonaformofseverecombinedimmunodeficiencydisease(SCID),whichiscausedbythelackofanenzymeduetoasingleabnormalgene.Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase(ADA)—isdeliveredintothepatient'sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.WhenthevirussplicesitsgenesintothoseoftheTcells,itsimultaneouslyintroducesthegeneforthemissingenzyme.AfterthetreatedTcellsbegintoproducethemissingenzyme,theyareinjectedbackintothepatient.Genetherapyisnowbeingusedwithsomecancerpatients.TILSreinforcedwithagenefortheantitumorcytokineknownastumornecrosisfactor(TNF)havebeenadministeredtopatientswithadvancedmelanoma,adeadlyformofskincancer.Plansareunderwaytoengineeracancer“vaccine”designedtoimproveanticancerimmuneresponsesbytakingsmallbitsoftumorfrompatientswithcancer,outfittingthetumorcellswithgenesforimmunecellactivatingcytokinessuchasLL2,andre-injectingthesegene-modifiedtumorsintothepatient.Whilethethoughtofreintroducingacanceroustumorintoapatientseemssomewhatfrightening,theenhancedimmuneresponsetriggeredbythistechniquemayhelppreventtherecurrenceofcancer.1.WhatinnatecharacteristicofvirusesdidresearcherstakeadvantageofinordertotransportgenesintoTILS?2.Accordingtothepassage,SCIDiscausedby（ ）.3.Whymightcancerpatientsbeleeryoftheprospectofacancer“vaccine”asdiscussedinthispassage?4.Adenosinedeaminase(ADA)istransferredintotheTcellsofapatientviawhichofthefollowing?问题1选项A.protectiveproteincoatB.affinityforinvadingcellsC.non-cellularconsistencyD.abilitytoproduceDNAfromRNA问题2选项A.anoverabundanceofmonoclonalantibodiesB.anoverabundanceoftumornecrosisfactorC.alackoftumornecrosisfactorD.alackofadenosinedeaminase问题3选项A.Vaccinerecipientswillbere-injectedwithcancerousmaterialB.Thevaccineisderivedfromthetobaccoplant.C.Thesafetyofgenetictransferhasnotyetbeenproven.D.Geneticmaterialfromthevectorcouldinvadethevaccinerecipient’sbloodstream.问题4选项A.markergeneB.TILSC.interferonD.modifiedretrovirus【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问‘研究人员利用病毒的什么固有特性来将基因导入TILS?’根据文章第二段第四句的“TodeliverthegeneintotheTILS,thescientistsusedavirus,exploitingitsnaturaltendencytoinvadecells.为了将这种基因导入TILS，科学家们使用了一种病毒，利用它入侵细胞的自然倾向。”确定B选项‘入侵细胞的倾向’正确。2.题目提问‘根据文章，SCID是由……导致的。’根据第三段第一句与第二句中的“aformofseverecombinedimmunodeficiencydisease（SCID）,whichiscausedbythelackofanenzymeduetoasingleabnormalgene.Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase（ADA）—isdeliveredintothepatient’sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.一种严重的联合免疫缺陷病(SCID)，由单个异常基因引起的酶缺乏引起。这种酶的基因——腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)——通过一种改良的逆转录病毒进入病人的T细胞”中的lackof可以排除A选项‘单克隆抗体过量’、B选项‘肿瘤坏死因子过多’和C选项‘缺乏肿瘤坏死因子’。从第一句与第二句的前后关系及this这个词知道第一句的enzyme就是指第二句的enzyme-adenosinedeaminase（ADA），所以D选项‘缺乏腺哲脱氨酶’正确。3.题目提问‘为什么癌症患者会对这篇文章中所讨论的癌症“疫苗”的前景持怀疑态度?’根据最后一段最后一句中的“Whilethethoughtofreintroducingacanceroustumorintoapatientseemssomewhatfrightening,尽管将恶性肿瘤细胞重新植入患者体内的想法似乎有点吓人”推知A选项‘疫苗接种者将被重新注入癌物质’正确。B选项‘疫苗是来自烟草植物’和D选项‘载体中的遗传物质可以入侵疫苗接受者的血液’在文章中没有提及，排除；C选项‘基因转移的安全性尚未得到证实’与文中第二第三句中的“In1989,thefeasibilityandsafetyofgenetransferwasdemonstrated.在1989年，基因转移的可行性与安全性己经得到证明。”互相矛盾，排除。4.题目提问‘ADA通过下列哪一种途径转移到患者的T细胞中?’根据文章第三段第二句“Thegeneforthisenzyme-adenosinedeaminase（ADA）—isdeliveredintothepatient'sTcellsbyamodifiedretrovirus.这种酶的基因---ADA---通过一种改良的逆转录病毒进入病人的T细胞。”确定D选项‘modifiedretrovirus经过修改的逆转录酶病毒’正确。9.单选题EnvironmenthastakenratherabackseatpoliticallysincetheEarthsummitinRiodeJaneironearlyfiveyearsago.（1）theproblemsthatmeeting（2）hadnotgoneaway.Oneenvironment（3）tank—theInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute---hasbeenlookingatthefutureofwaterand（4）reportreflectsgrowingconcernatthehugeleapinusageoverthepastfewyears,Insomepatoftheworld,waterconsumptionhas（5） fivefold.Andtheinstitute,knownbyits（6）IFPKE,saysshortagescouldsoonbecomethe（7）forconflictandamajorbarrierto（8）theworld’sgrowingpopulation.Here’sRichardBlackofourScienceUnit.“It’softenbeensaidthatwater（9）oilwillbethecauseofwarfareinthenextcentury.AccordingtotheIFPREreport,thetime（10）thathappensmightnotbefaraway.Thenumberofpeople（11）bywatershortageswillincreaseten（12）overthenext30years,itsays,（13）couldwellleadtolargescaleconflicts.Themainreasonwhywaterisbecominga（14）resourceisagriculture,whichnow（15） 70%ofwaterconsumptionworldwide,90%insome（16）countries.Countlessfannershaveswitchedfromgrowingindigenouscropsforthe（17）markettohighyieldexportvarieties,which（18） needfarmorewater.ButtheIFPRIreportsaysthatinsomeregionswatershortageisnowthesinglebiggestimpedimenttofeedingthepopulation.Waterscarcity（19） leadstowaterpollution.IntheIndianStateofWestBengal,forexample,overextractionofwaterfromboreholeshasledtoarsenicpoisoningwhichis（20）tohaveaffectedtwomillionpeoplesofar.ButtheIFPRIreportcallsforbetterwatermanagementworldwideincludingfinancialincentivestoencourageconservation.”问题1选项A.ButB.SoC.AndD.For问题2选项A.overcomeB.highlightedC.motivatedD.confronted问题3选项A.thoughtfulB.thoughtC.thinkingD.think问题4选项A.thoseB.whoseC.itsD.their问题5选项A.decreasedB.increasedC.expandedD.dwindled问题6选项A.initialsB.capitalsC.beginningsD.letters问题7选项A.triggerB.effectC.initiationD.consequence问题8选项A.feedB.raiseC.feedingD.raising问题9选项A.insteadofB.inresponsetoC.inplaceofD.ratherthan问题10选项A.whichB.howC.whyD.when问题11选项A.affectingB.affectedC.isaffectedD.isaffecting问题12选项A.doubleB.multipleC.foldD.time问题13选项A.whatB.howC.whichD.that问题14选项A.naturalB.scarceC.plentifulD.dormant问题15选项A.accountsforB.runsforC.speaksforD.countsfor问题16选项A.developedB.developingC.advancedD.industrialized问题17选项A.homeB.exportC.exchangeD.foreign问题18选项A.remarkablyB.formidablyC.inevitablyD.consumedly问题19选项A.thoughB.soC.howeverD.also问题20选项A.assessedB.appraisedC.ratedD.estimated【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:B第17题:A第18题:D第19题:D第20题:D【解析】（1）根据选项确定考察连词，句意：自从五年前在巴西里约热内卢举行的地球峰会以来，环境问题在政治上一直处于次要地位，而且遇到的问题并没有克服。表示句意顺承用and。（2）A选项意思是‘克服，解决’，B选项意思是‘是突出，显著’，C选项意思是‘激发……的积极性’，D选项意思是‘面对，面临’。句意：而且遇到的问题并没有克服。A选项符合题意。（3）根据空格后的名词tank确定这里需要填写一个形容词，只有A选项是形容词，所以A正确。（4）根据空格后的动词reflects用的是三单形式，确定主语是单数，选项C符合题意。（5）句意：在世界上的一些地方，用水量已经增长了五倍。A选项意思是‘减少’，B选项意思是‘增加’，C选项意思是‘扩大’，D选项意思是‘缩减’。B选项正确。（6）A选项意思是‘英文缩写’，B选项意思是‘大写字母’，C选项意思是‘开始’，D选项意思是‘字母’。句意：这个因为它的缩写IFPKE而闻名的机构。A选项正确。（7）A选项意思是‘触发器’，B选项意思是‘影响’，C选项意思是‘启蒙’，D选项意思是‘结果’。句意：短缺可能很快会触发冲突，A选项正确。（8）feed意思是‘喂养’，raise意思是‘提高’，to表目的，后面接动词原形，排除CD选项。句意：也是阻碍世界人口增长的主要障碍，B选项正确。（9）A选项意思是‘代替，而不是’，B选项意思是‘响应’，C选项意思是‘代替’，通常与be动词搭配使用，D选项意思是‘而不是’，通常不做主语。句意：人们常说水将代替石油将成为下个世纪战争的原因。A选项正确。（10）定语从句，不缺成分，表示时间用when。（11）空格后面有动词willincrease，所以空格里的词不能充当谓语，根据句意‘被水资源短缺影响的人’，表示被动，用过去分词，B选项符合题意。（12）十倍，tentimes/fold/multiple，C选项正确。（13）非限制性定语从句。用which引导。A选项正确（14）A选项意思是‘自然的’，B选项意思是‘稀有的，缺乏的’，C选项意思是‘丰富的’，D选项意思是‘休眠的，静止的’。句意：水成为一种稀缺的资源的主要原因是农业。B选项正确。（15）A选项意思是‘占……比例’，B选项意思是‘运行’，C选项意思是‘说明’，D选项意思是‘计数’。句意：农业用水占比全世界70%的水。B选项正确。（16）A选项意思是‘先进的，发达的’，B选项意思是‘发展中的’，C选项意思是‘先进的，发达的’，D选项意思是‘工业化的’。句意：尤其是发展中国家。B选项正确。（17）A选项意思是‘家，本地的’，B选项意思是‘出口’，C选项意思是‘交换，交易所’，D选项意思是‘外国的’。句意：无数的农民已经从种植本地农作物转向了高产的出口品种，A选项正确。（18）A选项意思是‘显著地，非常地’，B选项意思是‘可怕地，强大地’，C选项意思是‘不可避免地，必然地’，D选项意思是‘格外地，大大地’。句意：无数的农民已经从种植本地农作物转向了高产的出口品种，这需要格外多的水。D选项正确。（19）根据选项确定考察连词，句意：在一些地区，水资源短缺现在是养活人口的最大障碍。缺水还会导致水污染。Also表示‘也，还’，符合题意。（20）A,B,C选项都表示‘评估’的意思,只有D选项是‘预估’的意思，所以D选项正确。10.单选题A(n)（ ）testisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredatschool.问题1选项A.proficiencyB.intelligenceC.psychologyD.speed【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：智力测试是对儿童学习能力的大致评估，尤其是对学校所要求的科目的学习能力。proficiency“熟练度”；intelligence“智力”；psychology“心理学”；speed“速度”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。11.单选题WhenyouwatchafootballgameonaSaturdayafternoon,youfeelsecureinyourknowledgeofwhatwillhappenwhenaplayerbootstheball.Itfirstgoesupandthenitconiesdown.That’showitis,was,andwillbe—unless...ifthekickersomedayshouldkicktheballsuchthatattheinstantitlefthistoeitweretravelingupwardatarateof11.2kilometerspersecond(25,000mhr).Wewouldfindthatwewouldnothavetoworryaboutapuntreturn,becausetheballsimplywouldnotcomedown.Thisparticularspeedistheescapevelocityofanobjectfromtheearth.Atthisspeed,anyobject,largeorsmall,willescapefromtheearthtosoarforeverupwarduntilcapturedbythegravitationalattractionofsomeotherplanetorheavenlybody.Atfirstthoughtitmightseemthataheavyobjectmightrequireagreaterinitialspeedtoescapefromthesurfaceoftheearththanalighterone,rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject.Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway.Theconceptofescapevelocityappliestoobjectsassmallasatomsandmolecules.Theearth’satmosphereiscomposedprimarilyofoxygenandnitrogen,anditcontainspracticallynotraceofhydrogenorhelium,thelightestelements.Alltheatomsofagastravelinrandommotionatveryhighspeeds,andthelessmassiveatomsandmoleculestravelatthegreatestspeeds.Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield.Themoonhasaweakergravitationheldthantheearth.Theescapevelocityofanobjectonthemoonisabout2.4kilometerspersecond,andeventheheaviergaseshaveenoughspeedtoescapethemoon.Thisexplainswhywefindnoatmospherethere;anygasesthatmaybereleasednearthemoonquicklyescape.1.Onlywhenaballexceeds11.2kmpersecondcanit（ ）.2.Inordertoescapefromtheearth,aheavierobject（ ）.  3.Heliumisnotfoundintheearth’satmospherebecause（ ）.  4.Thereisnoatmosphereonthemoonbecause（ ）.问题1选项A.reachotherplanetsB.makeagoalC.escapefromtheearthD.goupwards问题2选项A.demandsagreaterinitialspeedthanalighteroneB.demandsasgreataninitialspeedasalighteroneC.mustbemadelighterthanitsoriginalweightD.hastoovercomeagreatergravitythanalighterone问题3选项A.itsmovingspeedwellexceeds11.2kmpersecondB.itlefttheatmospherelongagoinsearchofanotherplanetC.itsmovingspeedisnotgreatenoughtoreachtheatmosphereD.itislighterandcannotbethrownupwards问题4选项A.itisdryandlifelessB.ithasagreaterescapevelocityC.nogasesareproducedbyitselfD.itcannotholdsuchgasesasoxygenandnitrogentoit【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句话提到“如果每秒11.2千米的速度能够让一个足球离开地球，那么也足够将一个保龄球（或一辆货车）送离地面”（Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway），因此选项C“逃离地球”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“为了离开地球，一个较重的物体……”。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“物体下落的方式与物体的质量无关”（rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject），选项B“需要的初始速度与较轻物体的一样”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“地球大气中没有氦气的原因是……”。文章第二段提到地球的大气主要有氧和氮组成，几乎没有氢和氦，质量轻的其他速度超过了11.2千米每秒的临界值，因此它们没有停留在地球，而是在太空中（Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield），由此可以推测氦气的速度超过了11.2千米每秒，选项A符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“月球上没有大气的原因是……”。文章最后一段提到月球的引力比地球的引力小。月球上物体的逃逸速度是2.4千米每秒，即使是较重的气体也有足够的速度逃离月球，这就是为什么月球上没有大气的原因，由此可知选项D“它不能将氧和氮这样的气体留在里面”符合题意。12.单选题Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalong（ ）tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.问题1选项A.toowellB.sowellC.wellasD.wellenough【答案】D【解析】词组辨析题。toowell“太多；太好”，其在这里与空格后的to构成toowelltodosth.“太好而不能做某事的搭配，这与句意不符；sowell“这么好；如此……以至”，需要后接to引导的不定式时，—般用sowellastodosth.“好的如此以至去做某事”；没有wellas的短语，一般有aswellas“也；和…….一样”的词组；wellenough“很好，很健康，还可以，好到”，其在这里与空格后的to构成wellenoughtodosth.“足够去做某事”的短语。根据“tospendmostoftheirtimetogether度过他们的大部分时间”以及词组确定句意是‘这种解决只适用于个体经营、没有小孩且能和睦相处地一起度过他们的大部分时间的夫妻。’所以D选项正确。13.单选题Therealitydoesnotalways（ ）toone’sexpectations.问题1选项A.contributeB.addC.amountD.correspond【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contribute“贡献；出力”；B选项add“增加”；C选项amount“总计；合计；等于”；D选项correspond“符合；相应”。句意：现实并不总是尽如人意。句中的reality“现实”和expectation“期望”之间应有的关系是“符合”，因此D选项正确。14.填空题Solvingaproblemcanbebrokenintoseveralsteps.First,theproblemmustbeidentifiedcorrectly.Psychologistsrefer（1）thisstepasproblemrepresentation.Formanyproblems,figuring（2） whichinformationisrelevantandwhichisextraneouscanbedifficultandcaninterfere（3） arrivingatagoodsolution.Clearly,beforeaproblemcanbesolved,itmustbeobvious（4） theproblemis,however,thisisnotaseasy（5） itmightseem.Oneobstacletoefficientproblemrepresentationisfunctionalfixedness,whichis,allowingpreconceivednotionsandevenprejudicestocolorthefacts.Mostpeopletend（6） seeobjectsandeventsincertainfixedways