耶鲁公开课心理学导论16 中 英 字 幕

耶鲁公开课心理学导论16 中 英 字 幕 Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.33,0:00:17.89, 在以后的两节课里 我们将讨论有关社会心理学的内容 This is going to begin a two-lecture sequence on social psychology on Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.89,0:00:22.27, 有关我们如何看待自己 如何看待看待他人 how we think about ourselves, how we think about other people, Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.27,0:00:24.56, 如何看待其他群体的成员 how we think about other groups of people. Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.04,0:00:29.23, 我们已经讨论过很多人类心理能力 We've talked a lot about the capacities Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.23,0:00:32.69, 其中一些能力包括 of the human mind and some of these capacities Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.69,0:00:37.43, 适应和处理物质世界的 involve adapting and dealing with the material world. Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.43,0:00:42.39, 因此我们必须选择食物 必须在世界中漫游 So, we have to choose foods, we have to navigate around the world, Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.39,0:00:44.02, 必须识别物体 we have to recognize objects, Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.02,0:00:49.32, 必须能够理解自然界的相互作用 we have to be able to understand physical interactions. Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:51.87, 但可能我们进化成的心理 But probably the most interesting aspect of Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.87,0:00:57.31, 最有趣的方面是我们能够理解他人 与他人打交道 our evolved minds is our capacity to understand and deal with other people. Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.31,0:01:03.11, 我们对他人如何工作非常感兴趣 We are intensely interested in how other people work. Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.11,0:01:10.06, 二零零五年有个大新闻 The story that was a dominant news story in 2005 was this. Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.28,0:01:14.03, 你们中的一些人 那些看不到屏幕的人 And some of you--this--for those of you who aren't seeing the screen, Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.03,0:01:18.26, 这是有关詹妮弗?安妮丝顿和布拉德?皮特的离婚 案 is the separation of Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt. Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.69,0:01:21.79, 我还记得我第一次听说这事是在什么地方 I remember where I was when I first heard about this. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.83,0:01:30.40, 这非常有趣 就是记得 作为心理学家 And it's an interesting sight. Just remember--stepping back. As psychologists Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:33.59, 我们必须对肯定的事情提出疑问 我们要质疑所谓 的常识 we have to question the natural. We have to take things Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.59,0:01:38.58, 并研究它们 刚刚发生的事情是 that are commonsense and explore them. And one thing which just happens is, Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.58,0:01:40.06, 我们为这些事情所着迷 we're fascinated by this stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.06,0:01:42.80, 我们对名人的生活感兴趣 We're fascinated by the lives of celebrities. Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.80,0:01:45.77, 我们对他人的社会生活非常感兴趣 We're fascinated by the social lives of other people. Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.77,0:01:50.50, 为什么会这样呢 这是个有趣的问题 And it's an interesting question to ask why. Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.34,0:01:52.86, 这是我将在之后两节课中 And this is one of the questions Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.86,0:01:56.45, 会讲到的问题之一 which I'm going to deal with in the next couple of lectures Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.45,0:01:59.95, 但在我开始讲社会心理学理论之前 but before I get to the theory of social psychology Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:02.67, 我想先讨论一项个体差异 I want to talk about an individual difference. Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.67,0:02:07.07, 几周前我们用了一节课的时间 So, we devoted a lecture early on--of a couple of weeks ago, Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.07,0:02:12.17, 讲述人与人之间智力和人格上的个体差异 to individual differences across people in intelligence and personality. Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.17,0:02:17.06, 我想讲有关人在社会属性方面的差异 I want to talk a little bit about an individual difference in our social natures Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.06,0:02:20.34, 然后给大家做个测验 and then I want people to do a test that will explore Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.34,0:02:23.03, 看看你们处于什么位置 where you stand on a continuum. Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.03,0:02:26.46, 你面前放着的那张纸就是测验 That test is the piece of paper you have in front of you. Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.46,0:02:28.94, 没有拿到的同学请举手 Anybody who doesn't have it please raise your hand Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.94,0:02:30.92, 助教会发给你 and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you. Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.92,0:02:35.00, 不要着急 你现在还不知道怎么做 You don't know what to do yet with it so don't worry. Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.99, 这个测试是马尔科姆?格拉德威尔 The test was developed actually by Malcolm Gladwell Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.99,0:02:43.49, 他是一位科普作家 在他著作《引爆流行》中开发 的 who is a science writer-- in his wonderful book The Tipping Point. Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.49,0:02:45.41, 格拉德威尔在测验介绍中 And as he introduces the test, Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.41,0:02:50.70, 他详述了斯坦利?米尔格拉姆的另一个实验 Gladwell recounts another experiment done by Stanley Milgram, Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.70,0:02:55.11, 当然米尔格拉姆因服从实验闻名 但他也做了很多 有趣的事 of course famous for his obedience work but he did a lot of interesting things. Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.11,0:03:03.33, 在一项经典实验中 他将包裹给从内布拉斯加州的 奥马哈人中 And one classic study he did was he gave a package to 160 people randomly chosen Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.33,0:03:11.29, 随机挑选的一百六十人 然后让这些人无论如何将 包裹送给 in Omaha, Nebraska and he asked these people to get the package somehow Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.29,0:03:14.15, 这在很多年前 还没有因特网 and this was many years ago before the internet, Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.15,0:03:19.97, 没有电邮 要将包裹送到一个在波士顿工作 before e-mail?To get the package to a stockbroker who worked in Boston Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.97,0:03:23.13, 却住在马萨诸塞州雪伦市的股票经纪人 but lived in Sharon, Massachusetts. Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.13,0:03:26.90, 他发现大多数人竟然做到了 What he found was that most people were able to do it. Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.90,0:03:29.56, 当然没有人认识这个人 Nobody, of course, knew this man Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.56,0:03:33.47, 但他们认识那些可能认识这个人的人 but they knew people who might know people who would know this man. Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.47,0:03:38.72, 所以大多数人成功了 大多数人都能将包裹送至这 个人 So, most people succeeded. Most people were able to get the packages to this man Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.72,0:03:45.29, 这就是六度分隔理论 and it took at maximum six degrees of separation, Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.29,0:03:48.27, 著名的短语的出处 which is where the famous phrase comes about Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.27,0:03:52.48, 我们与他人的间隔 只有六个人而已 that we're all separated from another person by six degrees of separation. Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.48,0:03:53.91, 这不是普遍正确的 This is not true in general. Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.91,0:03:57.83, 只在美国内做过实验 This was a very--a single experiment done within the United States, Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.83,0:03:59.63, 但这个想法非常吸引人 but the idea is appealing, Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:03.94, 人们是通过一系列人脉与其他人联系的 that people are connected to one another via chains of people. Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:10.91, 米尔格拉姆发现 特别有趣的是 But what Milgram found that was particularly interesting was Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.23,0:04:19.69, 半数的被试仅通过 两个人就将包裹送到了 that in about half of the cases these packages went through two people. Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.69,0:04:24.79, 也就是说 如果标出人与人间的关系 That is, if you plot the relationships between people-- Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.79,0:04:28.88, 我们以这个房间里的人为例 We can take each person in this room, Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.88,0:04:32.97, 将彼此认识的人连线 find everybody you know and who knows you and draw a line, Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.97,0:04:37.81, 如果我们真这么做的话 我们看到的不会是一张网 but if we were to do this you wouldn't find an even mesh of wires. Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.81,0:04:41.16, 相反 你会发现有些人会成为节点 Rather, you'd find that some people are clusters. Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.16,0:04:45.40, 这些人就是格拉德威尔所谓的联系员 这有点像空 中交通 Some people are what Gladwell calls "Connectors." it's like air traffic. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.40,0:04:50.14, 以前的空中交通是与各个目的地的连线 Air traffic used to be everything flew to places local Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.14,0:04:56.27, 但现在更像一个枢纽系统 例如芝加哥的奥黑尔或 纽瓦克 to it but now there's a system of hubs, chicago O'Hare for instance or Newark Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.27,0:05:00.99, 都是许多飞机经过的地方 而有些人就是枢纽 where planes fly through. Some people are hubs. Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.99,0:05:05.92, 这些人就是那种认识很多人的人 Some people are the sort of people who know a lot of people. Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.92,0:05:11.82, 这房间里的一些人可能是枢纽 这不难发现 Some people in this room might be hubs, and it is not impossible to find out. Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.82,0:05:18.28, 这张纸上有二百五十个从曼哈顿电话簿上 The piece of paper you have here is 250 names chosen randomly Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.28,0:05:21.55, 随机抽取的名字 from a Manhattan phone book. Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.18,0:05:25.38, 其中包含了不同种族 They capture a range of ethnicities, Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.38,0:05:30.17, 世界不同地区 不同原国籍的人 different parts of the world, different national origins. Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.17,0:05:34.07, 下面就是我想让你们做的 我给大家五分钟时间 Here's what I'd like you to do. And I'll give about five minutes for this. Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.07,0:05:40.20, 浏览这些名字 并圈出那些你认识的人的名字 Go through these names and circle how many people you know. Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.20,0:05:42.40, 圈名字的是 Now, the rules of this are, Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.40,0:05:47.44, 圈出那些你们彼此认识的人的名字 to know somebody you have to--they have to know you back. Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.44,0:05:57.04, 如果是个名人 这里一个名字是约翰逊 So, if it's a celebrity--Well, here--one of the names here is Johnson. Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.04,0:06:01.56, 我听说过埃尔文?约翰逊 但埃尔文?约翰逊从没 听说过我 Now, I've heard of Magic Johnson but Magic Johnson has never heard of me, Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.56,0:06:06.52, 所以不能圈这个名字 另外 我们系主任是玛西 亚?约翰逊 so I cannot circle it.On the other hand, our department chair is Marcia Johnson. Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.52,0:06:11.01, 她认识我 所以我就可以圈她 开始浏览并圈出你 认识的人 She has heard of me, so I could circle it. Go through and circle it. Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.01,0:06:15.60, 圈出所有你认识同时也认识你的人 Circle all the people you know who know you. Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.60,0:06:17.82, 那些就是和你有联系的人 Those are the people you're connected to. Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.82,0:06:22.76, 如果你认识的人里有重名的 圈两次 If you know more than one person with the same last name, circle it twice. Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.76,0:06:25.14, 如果你没有拿到这张纸 而你又想参与进来 If you don't have this piece of paper and you want to participate, Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.14,0:06:29.42, 请举手 助教会发给你 please raise your hand and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you. Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.49,0:08:09.63, 在大家做这个的时候 我想多说两句 I'm going to talk a little bit more about this while people go through this. Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.03,0:08:15.35, 人际关系的问题 很多情况下都很有趣 The issue of connections between people is intellectually interesting Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.35,0:08:21.07, 还可以让我们对人们如何互动 for many reasons and might allow us to develop some generalizations Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.07,0:08:27.68, 有一个归纳 当然 六度空间理论 about how people interact. The game of Six Degrees of Separation has, of course, Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.68,0:08:34.72, 也成了演员凯文?贝肯根的著名电影轶事 turned into a famous movie trivia thing revolving around the actor Kevin Bacon, Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.72,0:08:38.55, 我想之所以选他是因为他名字压韵吧 I think chosen just because it rhymes with "Separation." Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.55,0:08:41.63, 凯文?贝肯的六度空间游戏是这么玩的 And the game of "Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon" is played by Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.63,0:08:45.52, 任何一名演员计算接近凯文?贝肯 taking any actor and computing how many steps Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.52,0:08:48.84, 要经过多少步 it would take to get to Kevin Bacon. Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.84,0:08:51.56, 有些计算机科学家已经将这个开发出来了 And some computer scientists have developed this. Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.56,0:08:54.87, 他们检查国际电影数据库中 They've gone through each of the quarter million actors Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.87,0:08:58.11, 二十五万名男女演员 and actresses on the international movie database Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.11,0:09:03.14, 然后计算出他们的贝肯数 贝肯数就是指他们联系 到贝肯 and computed their "Bacon number." and the Bacon number is the number of steps Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:07.13, 所需要的步骤数 it takes for them to get to Kevin Bacon. Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.13,0:09:17.35, 比如 爱德华?阿斯纳在电影《JFK》中与凯文?贝 肯合作 So for instance, Ed Asner was in the movie Change of--; "JFK" With Kevin Bacon. Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.35,0:09:20.74, 那么爱德华?阿斯纳的贝肯数为一 So, Ed Asner has a Bacon number of one. Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.74,0:09:26.36, 埃尔维斯?普雷斯利在《修女变身》中与爱德华?阿 斯纳合作 Elvis Presley was in the movie "Change of Habit" with Ed Asner Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.36,0:09:29.69, 而这是他与凯文?贝肯最紧密的联系了 and that's his closest connection to Kevin Bacon. Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.69,0:09:33.01, 所以埃尔维斯?普里斯利的贝肯数为二 So, Elvis Presley has a Bacon number of two. Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.01,0:09:36.75, 结果发现 如果你观察二点五 抱歉 It turns out that if you look at the 2.5--sorry, Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.75,0:09:44.17, 电影数据库中的二十五万人 并计算他们的贝肯数 the quarter million people on the movie database and compute their Bacon number, Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.17,0:09:49.17, 平均贝肯数为二点八 这就是联系到凯文?贝肯的 the average Bacon number is 2.8. That's how many steps your average person Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.17,0:09:52.04, 所需平均人数 is away from Kevin Bacon. Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.24,0:09:57.82, 然后你可以在演员中 计算出联系最多人的一个 You could then, for any actor or actress, compute the most connected one. Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.82,0:10:00.44, 联系最多的那位演员 So, the most connected one would be the one for Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.44,0:10:05.08, 将是这二十五万人中 平均来说 最多人联系的 whom the quarter million are, on average, the most connected to. Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.08,0:10:10.06, 联系最多演员的答案 相当出人意料 And the answer of the most connected actor or actress is reasonably surprising. Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.06,0:10:12.32, 大家想猜猜吗 Does anybody want to guess? Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.99,0:10:19.19, 我先给大家一个错误答案 I'll start you off with the wrong answer and this, Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.19,0:10:24.33, 顺便说一句 可以在该网站上找到答案 不是约 翰?韦恩 by the way, can be found on this web site. It's not John Wayne. Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.33,0:10:28.98, 约翰?韦恩确实拍了很多电影 一百八十部电影 John Wayne has been in many movies, 180 movies, Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.98,0:10:33.57, 在六十多年里 但他不是最多联络人 in fact, over sixty years, but he isn't well connected at all because mostly Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.57,0:10:39.58, 他几乎只出现在西部电影中 所以我们不停地看 到同一些人 he was in westerns so we saw the same people over and over again. Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.09,0:10:45.16, 梅丽尔?斯特里普也不是 Meryl Streep also isn't it Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.16,0:10:51.40, 因为梅丽尔?斯特里普很不幸只拍好电影 所以 because Meryl Streep has the misfortune of playing only in good movies. So, Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.40,0:10:56.50, 她与像亚当?桑德勒和约翰?克劳德?范?戴姆这 些演员没联系 she has no connection with people like Adam Sandler and John Claude Van Damme. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.80,0:11:05.10, 猜一下 有其他猜测吗 克里斯托弗?沃肯有点靠 谱了 Guess. Any guesses? Christopher Walken is a good one. Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.10,0:11:07.27, 我们来查查看 我只认识少数几个人 We could look it up. I only know a few names here. Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.27,0:11:10.93, 克里斯托弗?沃肯不是最多的 尼古拉斯?凯奇是 个有趣例子 Christopher Walken is not a finalist. Nicolas Cage is an interesting case. Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.93,0:11:13.45, 尼古拉斯?凯奇拍过好电影吗 Has Nicolas Cage been in good movies? Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.61,0:11:18.37, 我不是想 我这是自找麻烦了 I don't want to get-- i'm going to get more controversial than I want to. Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.37,0:11:21.82, 一个类似临时演员的人 他最多算个二流演员 请 再说一遍 A guy who is one step above an extra.He's like a B-list actor at best.Pardon me? Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.81,0:11:27.04, 最佳联络人 The most connected guy? Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:35.56, 最佳联络人 我想说你是对的 是罗德?斯泰格尔 The most connected guy, and I think this shows that you're right,is Rod Steiger. Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.44,0:11:39.75, 他是演艺史上的最佳联络人 He's the most connected actor in the history of acting Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.75,0:11:44.31, 不是因为他比其他人参演了更多电影 because it isn't that he's been in more movies than everybody else. Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.31,0:11:47.84, 迈克尔?凯恩可能是世界上出演电影最多的人 Michael Caine has probably been in the most movies of any person on earth, Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.28,0:11:52.16, 但罗德出演了各种类型的电影 他出演了《码头风 云》 but he's been in all sorts of movies. He was in "On the Waterfront", Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.16,0:11:57.25, 《炎热的夏夜》以及像《无妄之灾》这类烂片 "In the Heat of the Night," and really bad movies like "Carpool". Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.25,0:12:01.53, 他参演戏剧和犯罪连续剧 惊险片 西部片 恐怖 电影 He's been in dramas and crime serials, thrillers, westerns, horror movies, Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.53,0:12:03.98, 科幻片和音乐剧 science fiction, musicals. Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.50,0:12:12.43, 有些人就像罗德?斯泰格尔 有些人在他们日常生 活里 Now, some people are like Rod Steiger. So, some people in their day-to-day lives Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.43,0:12:16.97, 与人有很多互动 我想从互动中可以了解的是 have many interactions and I think one of the things we know from interacting Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.97,0:12:20.67, 我们能从人群中识别出这些人 with people is we can distinguish them from other people. Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.67,0:12:23.70, 有多少人已经做完了 How many people have finished their things right now? Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.70,0:12:27.52, 好 我认识学院里的一个人 Okay. I know one person in the department Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.52,0:12:30.88, 是我知道的认识最多人的人 who is one of the most connected people I know on earth. Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.88,0:12:36.51, 如果我想 如果我真的想联系拉扎斯菲尔德 我会 去找他说 If I wanted--If I really had to talk to Rumsfeld, i'd go to this person and say, Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.51,0:12:40.57, 你能帮我联系上菲尔德吗 如果我想整某个人 "Can you get me in touch with Rumsfeld?" if I wanted to get somebody whacked, Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.57,0:12:42.32, 我会去问他 I'd ask this guy. Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.88,0:12:45.99, 在学院里我还认识其他的人 据我所知 Then I know someone else in the department and, as best I know, Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.99,0:12:48.12, 我是她唯一认识的人 I'm the only person she knows. Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.79,0:12:58.42, 有多少人的得分低于十分 So, how many people scores below ten on this? Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.72,0:13:04.03, 有多少人得分在十分到二十分之间 How many between ten and twenty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.01,0:13:06.88, 二十分到三十分之间呢 Between twenty and thirty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.82,0:13:09.68, 三十分到四十分呢 Thirty and forty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.32,0:13:13.64, 四十分到五十分之间呢 Between forty and fifty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.52,0:13:16.77, 五十分到六十分呢 Fifty and sixty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.97,0:13:21.50, 有多少人得分超过六十分 How many people scored above sixty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.86,0:13:26.05, 有人得分超过六十分吗 Anybody above sixty? Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.95,0:13:31.53, 格拉德维尔在很多地方做过这个实验 Gladwell has done this in a lot of places. Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.06,0:13:35.30, 在大学生群体里平均分是二十一分 The average is twenty-one among a college crowd. Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.51,0:13:39.50, 有些人得分超过一百 Some people score as high as over 100. Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.60,0:13:44.94, 年龄越大 得分越高 可能很明显 The older you are, the more-- the higher you tend to score, maybe obviously, Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.94,0:13:48.80, 不是在这个国家呆的时间越长 得分越高 not--the longer you've been in the country the higher you tend to score. Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.80,0:13:55.66, 记者的分数理所当然会高些 学者的分数不那么高 Journalists tend to score reasonably high, academics not so high, Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.66,0:13:59.36, 格拉德维尔指出 有些人就是有天赋 and--but what Gladwell points out is some people have the gift. Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.36,0:14:01.72, 有些人比其他人更有社交天赋 Some people are more social than others Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.72,0:14:04.76, 并与很多人以各种有趣的形式保持联系 and this connects in all sorts of interesting ways. Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.76,0:14:11.48, 人脉问题涉及社会因素 The issue of connection has social factors Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.48,0:14:19.51, 这是社会学家为来耶鲁念书给出的一个很好理由 and it's one answer that sociologists give for why it's good to go to Yale. Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.51,0:14:26.29, 一个答案是因为这里有丰富的学术资源 So, one answer is, well, because of the great intellectual benefits. Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.29,0:14:29.84, 先不说这个 很讽刺的 Put that aside. Let's be more cynical here. Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.84,0:14:35.79, 另一个答案是 你能交到很牛的朋友 Another answer is that you develop powerful friends. Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.45,0:14:41.71, 这很接近了 但社会学家给出的答案 And that's closer, but the interesting answer sociologists Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.71,0:14:45.42, 不是你交到多少厉害的朋友 come to is it's not so much you develop powerful friends; Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.42,0:14:52.90, 而是 你认识了多少很牛的人 在耶鲁你认识了很 多人 rather,you develop powerful acquaintances. Through Yale you know a lot of people Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.90,0:14:56.10, 他们不一定是好朋友 但他们是相识的人 and they don't have to be close friends but they are acquaintances. Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.10,0:14:59.91, 社会学家指出 你生活中的很多方面 And sociologists point out that for a lot of aspects of your life, Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.91,0:15:05.25, 例如找工作 熟人很重要 人脉很重要 like getting a job, acquaintances matter, connections matter, Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.25,0:15:07.48, 你通过进入像耶鲁这样的地方 and the connections you establish by going to Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.48,0:15:11.39, 而建立起来的人脉将为你未来做很好的铺垫 a place like Yale hold you in good stead for the rest of your life, Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.39,0:15:16.15, 除了学术资源 这个地方能给你带来 above and beyond any intellectual qualities that this place may offer. Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.89,0:15:21.38, 这就是我在下节课 以及以后的两节半课所要说的 内容 Here's what we're going to do for the next lecture and a half,two lectures. Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.38,0:15:23.63, 我们首先讨论自我 We're first going to talk about the self. Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.63,0:15:26.42, 然后我们讨论自我和他人 Then we're going to talk about the self and other; Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.42,0:15:29.54, 基本上 我们对自己的看法 basically, differences between how we think of ourselves Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.54,0:15:34.02, 和我们对他人的看法是存在差异的 我们将专门讨 论 and how we think about other people. Then we're going to talk exclusively about Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.02,0:15:36.19, 我们如何看待他人 然后讨论 how we think about other people and then we'll talk about Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.19,0:15:42.38, 我们如何看待像哈佛学生 或同性恋或黑人这样的 群体 how we think about groups like Harvard students or gay people or black people. Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.08,0:15:51.91, 我将从我最喜欢的研究结果开始 这是有关自我的 内容 I'll start with my favorite finding of all time and this is about the self. Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.91,0:16:00.37, 有关焦点效应 我每天早晨都很匆忙 And this is about the spotlight effect. So, my mornings are often rushed Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.37,0:16:03.53, 因为我有两个孩子 有时我没有定闹钟 because I have two kids. So, I get up and sometimes I don't set the alarm Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.53,0:16:07.64, 就会起晚 我挣扎着下床 把孩子们叫起来 and I get up late; I stagger out of bed; I wake the kids; Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.64,0:16:11.68, 问候佣人 做好准备 做早餐 I greet the servants; I get ready; I make breakfast. Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.68,0:16:17.37, 我冲出房间 通常在大概下午三点时有人会说 I run out of the house and then usually around 3 o'clock somebody points out, Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.37,0:16:22.11, 某次是一个流浪汉说 我耳朵上有一大块剃须膏 in one case a homeless man, that I have a big glob of shaving cream in my ear or Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.11,0:16:26.08, 因为我剃须时都没心思看镜子 because I neglected to actually look in the mirror while I shaved. Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.08,0:16:30.09, 又一次我参加一个派对 我发现我的衬衫上没穿正 Or I have once been to a party and I found my shirt was misaligned, Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.09,0:16:33.28, 严重地没穿正 不是一个扣子 seriously misaligned, not one button but--Anyway, Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.74,0:16:39.25, 总之 那时候我的感觉很不成熟 so--and so I feel when this happens I'm very immature. Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.25,0:16:41.57, 我甚至感觉这是世界末日 And I basically feel this is the end of the world, Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.57,0:16:46.50, 这实在太丢脸 而且每个人都注意到了 问题是 this is humiliating and everybody notices. And so the question is, Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.50,0:16:53.36, 当这发生时 有多少人真的注意到了呢 焦点效应 就是 how many people notice when something happens? And the spotlight effect--Well, Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.36,0:16:55.86, 在讨论我最喜欢的实验之前 before talking about my favorite experiment ever, Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.86,0:16:57.77, 我先播一段《辛普森一家》 there is an episode of "The Simpsons" Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.77,0:17:01.07, 它充分说明了焦点效应 that provides a beautiful illustration of the spotlight effect. Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.07,0:17:04.86, 这段短片还对心理测验给出了个漂亮的例证 And then it has a beautiful illustration of psychological testing, Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.86,0:17:07.80, 我让大家一个一个看 so I'll give you them quickly one after the other. Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.09,0:17:14.46, 因此 汤姆?季洛维奇 一位社会心理学家 So, Tom Gilovich, a social psychologist, Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.46,0:17:17.51, 对焦点效应问题很感兴趣 was interested in the question of the spotlight effect, Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.51,0:17:23.72, 当我们穿粉红衬衫上班 或耳朵上粘了剃须膏 或 其他什么 which is when we wear a pink shirt to work,shaving cream in our ear or whatever, Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.72,0:17:29.88, 我们真会过高地估计别人对此的注意吗 do we systematically overestimate how much other people notice? Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.88,0:17:35.59, 他就此做了一系列实验 其中一个实验是这样做的 He did a series of experiments. And in one experiment what he did was Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.59,0:17:39.16, 他从心理学导论课上找到一些被试 he got in the subjects ...Standard Intro Psych drill. Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.16,0:17:44.47, 跟他们说 我希望你们明天穿件T恤 And said,"I want you to wear a T-shirt for the next day Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.47,0:17:47.24, 我希望T恤上有图 and I want it to have a picture on it," Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.24,0:17:51.01, 然后他让他们穿上他们认为 and he got them to wear T-shirts that had pictures on it Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.01,0:17:55.63, 最尴尬图片的T恤 that were the most embarrassing pictures that they could have on it. Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.63,0:17:58.07, 结果发现如果你问人们 It turns out that if you ask people Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.07,0:18:00.92, T恤上印什么画最难以接受 what's the worst picture to have on the T-shirt Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.92,0:18:09.42, 位居第一的答案是希特勒和巴瑞?曼尼洛 that you are wearing, the number one answer is Hitler tied with Barry Manilow. Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.79,0:18:19.32, 画在T恤上最好的图画是 The best pictures to have on your T-shirt Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.32,0:18:23.75, 马丁?路德?金和杰瑞?宋飞 are Martin Luther King Jr. And Jerry Seinfeld. Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.77,0:18:26.56, 结果发现人们 It turns out that people-- Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.56,0:18:29.80, 他让他们穿着T恤到处走动一天然后问他们 And then he had them go about their day and asked them, Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.80,0:18:33.10, 有多少人注意到了你的T恤 "How many people noticed your T-shirt?" Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.10,0:18:36.74, 然后心理学家又去问被试周围的人 And then the psychologists went around and they asked the people, Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.74,0:18:39.72, 你们有多少人注意到了这个人的T恤 "How many of you noticed this person's T-shirt?" Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.72,0:18:45.21, 结果发现 他们大概错误估计了两倍 And it turned out they got it wrong by a factor of about two. Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.21,0:18:51.00, 他们认为 有一百个人注意到 但其实只有五十个 人注意到 They thought, say, 100 noticed, but fifty people noticed. Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.00,0:18:54.20, 通过多次研究 季洛维奇和 And across study after study after study Gilovich Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.20,0:18:58.02, 他的同事找到了支持焦点效应的证据 and his colleagues have found support for the spotlight effect, Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.02,0:19:01.62, 也就是你认为人们注意到你 which is that you believe that people are noticing Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.62,0:19:07.40, 但其实并没有 他们正忙着注意他们自己 you all the time but they aren't. They're busy noticing themselves. Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.40,0:19:15.72, 知道这点非常有用 季洛维奇之所以对此感兴趣 And this is actually a useful thing to know. Gilovich got interested in this Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.72,0:19:19.48, 是因为他对后悔心理学感兴趣 because he's interested in the psychology of regret. Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.48,0:19:23.20, 结果发现如果你真的去问那些临终的人 And it turns out that if you actually ask dying people, Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.20,0:19:28.60, 或是年纪很大的人 你这辈子最后悔的事是什么 or really old people basically, "What do you regret from your life?" Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.60,0:19:33.82, 他们不约而同地都对他们没有尝试过的事情感到后 悔 they regret the things as a rule that they didn't try. Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.82,0:19:36.52, 但当你问他们为什么不尝试时 But when you asked them why they didn't try it Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.52,0:19:40.17, 他们的回答是 这样我看起来会很愚蠢 the answers tended to be "I would look silly." Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.17,0:19:45.14, 很有趣的是结果发现 其实人们并不像你想的 And it turns out, interesting to know, that people just don't care Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.14,0:19:46.79, 那么关心你 as much as other people think you are. Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.79,0:19:48.81, 你可以将这看成好事或坏事 You could take that as good news or bad news Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.81,0:19:54.82, 但聚光灯并不像我们想的那样聚焦在我们身上 but the spotlight is not on us as much as we think it is. Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.82,0:20:00.56, 季洛维奇发现的第二个效应是透明度效应 There's a second effect Gilovich discovers called "The transparency effect." Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.56,0:20:03.30, 透明度效应非常有趣 And the transparency effect is quite interesting. Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.30,0:20:09.16, 透明度效应是指 The transparency effect is that we believe Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.16,0:20:13.13, 我们高估自己的透明度 that we're more transparent than we are. Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.13,0:20:22.74, 我需要一个自认为不会撒谎的人 I need somebody up here who thinks that he or she is a bad liar. Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.96,0:20:28.65, 我只要你说三个句子 Just--I just need you to say three sentences. Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.65,0:20:31.30, 我甚至会提前告诉你 I'll even tell you what it is ahead of time. Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.30,0:20:32.88, 我将问你三个问题 I'm going to ask you three questions: Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.88,0:20:35.85, 你去过伦敦吗 你有弟弟妹妹吗 "Have you been in London? Do you have a younger sibling?" Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.85,0:20:40.79, 你喜欢寿司吗 我希望你回答这三个问题 and "Do you like sushi?" I want you to answer with one of those answers there. Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.79,0:20:44.30, 但对其中一个问题说谎 I want you to lie about one of them. Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.30,0:20:48.05, 在座各位的任务就是识别出 The task will be for everybody else to recognize Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.05,0:20:50.93, 猜一下你哪个问题说谎了 and guess which one you're lying about. Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.93,0:20:52.26, 你愿意做吗 Do you want to go up? Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.26,0:20:58.14, 我会写下哪个问题你要说谎 Yeah. And I will even write down which one you should lie on. Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.18,0:21:03.21, 我想你就这个问题说谎 行吗 So, I want you to lie as to that number. Okay? Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.71,0:21:17.58, 你去过伦敦吗 不 我没去过伦敦 Have you ever been in London? No, I have not been in London. Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.58,0:21:22.99, 你有弟弟妹妹吗 有的 我弟弟妹妹 Do you have a younger sibling? Yes, I have a younger sibling. Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.99,0:21:28.04, 你喜欢寿司吗 不 我不喜欢寿司 Do you like sushi? No, I do not like sushi. Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.04,0:21:32.52, 好 我们来投票 她其中一个回答在说谎 Ok, let's have a vote. She was lying about one of them. Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.52,0:21:34.52, 谁觉得第一个是谎话 Who votes for one? Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.76,0:21:38.46, 谁认为是第二个 Who votes for two? Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.11,0:21:41.93, 谁认为是第三个 Who votes for three? Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.81,0:21:45.31, 大多数人觉得第二个或第三个 Pretty much of a tie between two and three. Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.31,0:21:48.38, 你自己说你哪个说谎了 第三个 You could say which one you were lying. Three. Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.11,0:21:54.24, 这个效应 这个效应有两方面 The effect--there are two aspects of the effect. Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.24,0:22:00.00, 一方面是人们其实很擅长说谎 One aspect is people are actually quite good at lying. Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.00,0:22:02.79, 很少人站在那里 It is a rare person who couldn't stand up there Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.79,0:22:09.28, 而所有人都知道他们在说什么谎 and everybody would figure out what they're lying about, Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.93,0:22:13.84, 但透明度效应是我们并不这么认为 but the transparency effect is we don't feel that way. Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.84,0:22:17.11, 我们通常认为我们露馅了 We often feel like things bleed out of us Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.11,0:22:19.99, 人们常常高估其他人 and so people will systematically overestimate the extent to Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.99,0:22:25.79, 看穿自己秘密的程度 一般来说 which other people notice their secrets. And this is actually, in general, Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.79,0:22:29.92, 为什么有时说谎很难 why it's sometimes difficult to teach or to tell stories Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.92,0:22:35.16, 是因为我们通常高估别人识谎的程度 because we constantly overestimate how much other people know. Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.16,0:22:40.66, 我们认为自己很透明 We think of ourselves as more transparent than we are. Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.66,0:22:45.90, 第二个社会心理学现象是 人们总是自我感觉很好 A second social psychological phenomena is you think you're terrific. Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.43,0:22:53.73, 如果我去问别人 你认为在这学期的心理学导论课 上表现如何 If I asked people, "How well are you doing in intro Psych this semester?" Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.73,0:22:57.99, 然后让你相对班里其他同学的表现 and I asked you to give yourself a percentage rating relative Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.99,0:23:03.37, 给自己定个百分等级 如果每个人都打分准确的话 to the rest of the class, then if everybody was accurate, Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.37,0:23:08.28, 或至少没有系统误差 分数应该等于百分之五十 or at least not systematically biased, the number should add up to 50%. Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.28,0:23:10.59, 也就是你们中有一半高于平均水平 Roughly half of you are doing better than average Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.59,0:23:13.12, 有一半低于平均水平 and roughly half of you are doing worse than average. Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.12,0:23:17.26, 结果发现人们往往 It turns out though that people will systematically Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.26,0:23:21.41, 戏剧性地都认为自己高于平均水平 and dramatically view themselves as better than average. Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.41,0:23:23.67, 他们都认为自己高于平均水平 They will view themselves as better than average Dialogue: 0,0:23:23.67,0:23:26.23, 无论是问及他们是否是好学生 when asked how good they are as a student, Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.23,0:23:32.81, 好老师 好爱人 尤其是好司机时 答案都一样 as a teacher, as a lover, and particularly, as a driver. Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.81,0:23:38.50, 每个开车的人都认为自己是个好司机 Everybody who drives thinks that he or she is a wonderful driver. Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.50,0:23:42.19, 这被称为沃博艮湖效应 This has been called the "Lake Wobegon effect" Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.19,0:23:45.84, 这个词来源于盖瑞森?凯勒的小说 based on Garrison Keillor's story about a place Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.84,0:23:48.63, 关于一个儿童都超常的地方 where all the children are above average. Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.63,0:23:52.03, 沃博艮湖效应在心理学中包括了 And the Lake Wobegon effect in psychology involves Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.03,0:23:57.19, 自认为高于平均水平的系统误差 a systematic bias to see ourselves as better than average. Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.19,0:24:03.70, 但心理学家不明白的是为什么会出现沃博艮湖效应 What psychologists don't really know is why the Lake Wobegon effect exists, Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.70,0:24:11.24, 并就此提出了很多设想 其中一个我们获得的自然 反馈 and there are a couple of proposals. One is the nature of the feedback we get. Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.24,0:24:17.52, 在我们生活中很多时候 只有在表现不错的时候得 到反馈 So, for a lot of aspects of your life you only get feedback when you're good, Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.52,0:24:21.20, 在我们成功做到某些事时得到反馈 在一个正常的 多产的 when you do something good. In a normal, productive, Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.20,0:24:24.74, 健康的 欢乐的环境中 人们不会因为你做错事而 尖叫 healthy,happy environment, people don't scream at you about how bad you're doing Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.74,0:24:26.42, 而在你做得好时称赞你 but they compliment how good you are and Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.42,0:24:29.32, 这可能会导致人们在某些方面产生 that could lead to an inflated self-esteem Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.32,0:24:31.82, 膨胀性的自我 on the part of people in certain domains. Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.82,0:24:36.45, 另一个可能是 好的不一样 Another possibility is there's different criteria for goodness. Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.45,0:24:42.96, 例如好司机的标准 当我问你们评价自己开车怎样 时 For a driver, for instance, when I ask you to rank how good you are as a driver, Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.96,0:24:48.29, 人们通常会认为 他们会说 我比一般人好些 what people often do is they think--they say, "I'm better than average," Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.29,0:24:51.81, 但人们关注的往往只是开车的一个方面 but what they do is they focus on one aspect of their driving. Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.81,0:24:53.09, 有人可能说 So, some of you might say, Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.09,0:24:56.75, 我停车停得很好 所以我是个好司机 "Hey, I'm just a great parallel parker so I'm a great driver." Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.75,0:24:59.98, 其他人可能说 我非常小心 所以我是好司机 Others might say, "I'm very careful, great driver." Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.98,0:25:04.48, 还有人可能说 我插队插得比别人好所以我是好司 机 Others might say, "I take chances no one else will--great driver," Dialogue: 0,0:25:06.37,0:25:10.38, 除以上的种种外 but above and beyond that there does seem to be Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.38,0:25:14.24, 在其他方面也确实证实了心理现象的存在 a psychological effect manifested here and manifested elsewhere, Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.24,0:25:17.12, 即我们都有让自己感觉良好的动机 which is a motivation to feel good about yourself. Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.06,0:25:23.52, 你认为自己很重要 所以产生了焦点效应 You think you're important, which is why the spotlight effect exists. Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.52,0:25:28.88, 你认为自己的心思容易被看透 所以产生了透明度 效应 You think your thoughts bleed out, which is why the transparency effect exists. Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.88,0:25:35.26, 除了这些 正常的 心理健康的人都会认为自己很 棒 But above and beyond that, in a normal, healthy mind you think you're terrific. Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.26,0:25:37.90, 这种思想以各种形式表现出来 And so, this shows up in all sorts of ways. Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.90,0:25:43.99, 这种思想在自我服务偏见中表现出来 It shows up as well in what's been called "The self-serving bias." Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.99,0:25:48.22, 你们中确实有一半人是比平均水平要高 Half of you did above average on the Midterm; Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.22,0:25:50.94, 有一半人确实低于平均水平 half of you did below average on the Midterm, Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.94,0:25:58.30, 但如果起来问你们每个人 答案就不会那么平均了 but if I went up and asked each of you why the answers would not be symmetrical. Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.30,0:26:00.74, 那些确实比平均水平高的人会 People who did well in the Midterm would describe Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.74,0:26:03.69, 以他们的才能来回答 it in terms of their capacities or abilities. Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.69,0:26:08.67, 他们会说 因为我聪明勤奋有才 They'd say, "It's because I'm smart, hardworking, brilliant." Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.67,0:26:14.61, 那些差的人则会说 这个平均水平定得不公平 我 很忙 People who did poorly would say, "The Midterm was unfair. I was busy. Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.61,0:26:17.17, 我有更重要的事情要做 I have better things to do with my time." Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.17,0:26:23.11, 教授也是 当他们的论文被接受了 Professors as well--When people get papers accepted it is Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.11,0:26:26.63, 那是因为这个论文写得好 because the papers are brilliant. Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.63,0:26:31.11, 当论文被拒绝了 他们认为是 When they got them rejected it's because there's a conspiracy Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.11,0:26:33.70, 妒忌的编辑和评审的阴谋 against them by jealous editors and reviewers. Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.70,0:26:35.80, 这样的想法总是不对称的 There is this asymmetry all the time. Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.80,0:26:41.38, 在运动员 首席执行官和意外中 不对称的思 想都存在 The asymmetry has been found in athletes, in CEOs and in accident reports. Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.38,0:26:45.85, 而且 这是种正向增强技术 And again, this is sort of a positive enhancement technique. Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.85,0:26:51.21, 你认为自己很厉害 因为自己很棒 所以如果好事 发生 You think that you're terrific and because you're terrific the good things Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.21,0:26:55.46, 那是因为自己很棒 that happen to you are due to your terrific-ness; Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.46,0:26:59.98, 不好的事发生则是因为意外或运气不好 the bad things are due to accident and misfortune. Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.98,0:27:05.15, 我想说的关于自我的最后一个方面 The final aspect of self that I want to talk about Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.15,0:27:08.49, 是自认为自己所做的是合理的 is the idea that what you do makes sense. Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.49,0:27:13.42, 这在社会心理学中是个更加有趣的分支领域 And this is one of the more interesting sub domains of social psychology. Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.42,0:27:18.64, 这个思想是由利昂?费斯汀格提出的 The idea was developed by the social psychologist Leon Festinger Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.64,0:27:21.75, 叫做认知失调理论 and it's called "Cognitive Dissonance Theory." Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.75,0:27:24.71, 费斯汀格感兴趣的是 And what Festinger was interested in was the idea that Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.71,0:27:30.12, 当人们思想矛盾时 会怎么办 what happens when people experience an inconsistency in their heads. Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.12,0:27:33.79, 他认为这会引起不愉快的情绪状态 And he claimed it causes an unpleasant emotional state, Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.79,0:27:36.96, 称为 失调 what he described as "Dissonance." Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.96,0:27:40.62, 他认为我们会采取行动减少失调 And he argued that we act so as to reduce dissonance. Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.62,0:27:42.68, 当我们思想矛盾时 When there's a contradiction in our heads Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.68,0:27:49.42, 我们会不开心 并采取行动 消除矛盾 we're not happy and will take steps to make the contradiction go away. Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.42,0:27:53.28, 这听起来很普通 但这里给出了惊人的例证 This all sounds very general but there are some striking demonstrations Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.28,0:27:57.57, 说明这种现象如何影响日常生活 of this and how it could work in everyday life. Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.57,0:28:04.30, 非常简单的例子是 证实偏见 So, this very simple example is that--is the confirmation bias. Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.30,0:28:08.21, 你们中有政治右翼 也有政治左翼 Some of you are politically right wing. Some of you are politically left wing. Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.21,0:28:10.89, 如果我问你们都读什么杂志 If I asked you what magazines you read, Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.89,0:28:14.18, 结果会是 右翼读右翼杂志 it turns out people who are right wing read right wing magazines, Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.18,0:28:18.00, 左翼读左翼杂志 people who are left wing read left wing magazines, Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.00,0:28:22.67, 因为一般来说人们不喜欢接受 because people don't as a rule enjoy getting information Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.67,0:28:25.34, 证明他们相信的事物不成立的信息 that disconfirms what they believe in. Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.34,0:28:27.73, 人们希望获得证实并支持 They want to have information that confirms Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.73,0:28:30.37, 他们相信的东西 what they believe in and that supports it. Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.37,0:28:34.46, 如果你支持布什 你会倾向于寻找有关布什的好消 息 If you support Bush you're going to be looking for good news about Bush, Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.46,0:28:39.15, 若你不支持他 你会寻找相关的坏消息 if you don't support him you'll be looking for bad news. Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.35,0:28:45.62, 这现象用各种有趣的方式来显现 And this manifests itself in all sorts of interesting ways. Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.62,0:28:48.91, 我给大家讲一个非常简单的实验 I'll tell you about a very simple experiment. Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.91,0:28:53.25, 这是路易莎?伊根在耶鲁做的实验 it's done by Louisa Egan here at Yale Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.25,0:28:55.77, 这个实验说明了一个观点 and it illustrates a point which is going to-- Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.77,0:28:59.75, 我会讲一下这个实验对现实生活有什么启发 which--and then I'll talk about real world implications of this. Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.75,0:29:04.06, 非常简单 你有三颗巧克力豆 Very simple. You have three M&Ms. Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.06,0:29:07.37, 你预先测试过此人对 You pretest to make sure that the person doesn't like Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.37,0:29:12.53, 不同颜色的巧克力豆一样喜欢 你随便拿出三粒 any M&M more than the other. And there are three M&Ms. Who cares? Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.53,0:29:15.76, 叫他们在两粒中挑选一粒 But then you ask them to choose between two of them. Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.76,0:29:20.17, 例如他们选了红色 你必须选一个 So, suppose they choose the red one. You've got to choose one. Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.17,0:29:23.91, 他们可以吃红色的那粒 现在他们 So, they get to eat the red one. Now, they're offered-- Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.91,0:29:26.12, 现在把红色的那粒拿走 You take the red one away and now they're offered Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.12,0:29:31.41, 在剩下的两粒中选一粒 结果发现 非常大的程度 上 a choice between the two remaining ones. It turns out, to a tremendous degree, Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.41,0:29:35.11, 你们也可以想象实验对象是你自己 and you could imagine yourself in that situation, Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.11,0:29:40.60, 他们选了这一粒 不是他们第一次没选的那粒 they choose this one, the one that wasn't the one they turned down. Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.60,0:29:46.81, 该现象的解释是 当你选这一粒时 为了表明选择 是正确的 And the claim is that when you choose this, in order to justify your decision, Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.81,0:29:50.97, 你会贬低你第一次没选的那粒 you denigrate the one you didn't choose. Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.97,0:29:55.45, 第一次没选上的那粒就被打上污点了 And so this one you didn't choose is then tainted Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.45,0:29:59.92, 当拿他和第三粒相比较时 and you turn and then when compared to a third one you favor Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.92,0:30:05.31, 你就会偏向于第三粒 有趣的是 that third one. What's particularly interesting Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.31,0:30:09.00, 你在大学生中会得到这种结果 is you get this effect easily with undergraduates Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.00,0:30:13.11, 在四岁小孩和猴子那里也得到同样结果 but you also get it with four-year-olds and with monkeys. Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.11,0:30:16.88, 所以这种贬损的心理是非常普遍的 So, the same denigration tends to be more general. Dialogue: 0,0:30:16.88,0:30:23.03, 这是实验室中得出的结果 Well, that's a laboratory effect Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.03,0:30:27.61, 但关于认知失调 还有些有趣的现象 but there are some more interesting manifestations of cognitive dissonance. Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.61,0:30:30.43, 其中有一个是理由不足效应 One is the insufficient justification effect, Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.43,0:30:33.97, 这是一个很著名的理论 有一个卡通就是根据它改 编的 which is so famous it had a cartoon based on it. Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.97,0:30:40.92, 有人问 为什么要雇你做我的顾问呢 某只狗说 The guys says, "Why should I hire you as my consultant?" the dog--Some dog says, Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.92,0:30:44.42, 我会利用我的专业 认知失调的专业方法 "I use my special-- the special process of cognitive dissonance Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.42,0:30:48.21, 来提高员工士气 怎么做呢 to improve employee morale." "How does it work?" Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.21,0:30:51.67, 当人们处于一个荒谬的情况时 "Well, when people are in an absurd situation Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.67,0:30:55.31, 他们就会想出一个理由 来使这种情况变得合理 their minds rationalize it by inventing a comfortable illusion." Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.31,0:30:58.36, 这说得不是很正确 当人们心理活动产生矛盾时 Not quite right. When people are--have an internal conflict, Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.36,0:31:00.25, 当他们碰到不安的情况时 when there's something uncomfortable-- Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.25,0:31:04.43, 这是对的 如果问这个人 Well, that's right. So says to this person, Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.43,0:31:06.36, 如果你比你老板聪明一倍 "Isn't it strange you have this dead-end job Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.36,0:31:10.32, 却在做暗无天日的工作不奇怪吗 工作时间长 薪 水又少 when you're twice as smart as your boss?The hours are long, the pay is mediocre, Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.32,0:31:14.47, 没人在乎你的贡献 而你却还选择在这里工作 nobody respects your contribution, yet you freely choose to work here. Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.47,0:31:16.84, 太荒谬了 不 等等 肯定有原因的 It's absurd. No. Wait. There must be a reason. Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.84,0:31:21.01, 我之所以在这工作是因为我喜欢这份工 我喜欢这 份工作 I must work here because I love this work, i love this job." Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.01,0:31:24.03, 这真的有效的 This actually works. Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.34,0:31:26.67, 这是费斯廷格做的经典实验 Here is the classic experiment by Festinger. Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.67,0:31:32.22, 让两组被试进行一项很无聊的任务 并给其中一组 二十美元 Gave two groups of people a really boring task, paid one of them twenty dollars, Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.22,0:31:35.02, 真的是给钱哦 which back when this study was done was real money, Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.02,0:31:38.40, 而另一组被试却只有一美元 gave another group of subjects one dollar, Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.40,0:31:41.85, 相对来说少得可怜 实验结束后问这些被试 which was insultingly small, then asked them later, Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.85,0:31:46.64, 你们喜欢这个任务吗 结果发现 "What do you think of the task?" it turns out that the group that had-- Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.64,0:31:52.09, 只给一美元的被试比给二十美元的被试 were paid a dollar rated the task as much more fun Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.09,0:31:57.31, 认为任务更有趣 大家想想 than the group given twenty dollars. So, think about that for a moment. Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.31,0:31:59.57, 你们猜想的结果可能跟这个相反 给二十美元的 You might have predicted it the other way around, the twenty dollars, Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.57,0:32:03.24, 二十美元耶 我当然很喜欢这个任务 因为我拿到 了二十美元 "Wow, well, twenty dollars,I must have enjoyed it because I got twenty dollars," Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.24,0:32:07.83, 但实际上 在问拿二十美元的被试时 but in fact, the logic here is the people with twenty dollars when asked, Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.83,0:32:10.80, 你觉得这个任务怎么样 他们说 "What do you think of the task?" Could say, Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.80,0:32:14.92, 这个任务很无聊耶 我这么做是看在二十美元的份 上 "It was boring. I did it for twenty dollars." Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.92,0:32:19.71, 而那些只拿到了一美元的被试 则像呆伯特动画片 里的人一样 The people paid one dollar were like the character in the Dilbert cartoon. Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.71,0:32:26.93, 当他们只拿一美元时 他们说 我可不想当傻瓜 When paid a dollar they said, "Well, I don't want to be a donkey. Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.93,0:32:30.62, 我可不愿意 为了一美元做那么无聊的事 I don't want to be some guy who does this boring thing for a dollar. Dialogue: 0,0:32:30.62,0:32:34.56, 其实这也不是那么无聊 这还是蛮有趣的 我学到 了很多 It wasn't that bad really, it was kind of interesting, I learnt a lot," Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.56,0:32:41.59, 他们会这么想来调节自己 这个理论对现实生活有 很多启发 to justify what they did. This has a lot of real world implications. Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.59,0:32:46.25, 费斯廷格还进行了一个很有趣的实验 在一群人 中 Festinger did a wonderful study with people-- a group of people, Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.25,0:32:50.43, 他把这个实验写成了一本书《当预言失败时》 and he wrote this up in a book called When Prophesy Fails, Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.43,0:32:54.45, 这群人相信世界末日就要来临 who were convinced that the world was going to end Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.45,0:32:58.87, 于是他们聚集到一座山上等待世界末日 so they went on a mountain and they waited for the world to end. Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.87,0:33:04.65, 他们认为世界在某天的某个时刻会灭亡 They had a certain time and date when the world was going to end. Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.65,0:33:10.91, 他和他们一起等 而当那个时刻过去之后 世界没 有灭亡 He hung out with them and then the time passed and the world didn't end. Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.91,0:33:14.30, 这时那些人说 这是他所感兴趣的部分 What people then said, and this is what he was interested in--; Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.30,0:33:19.56, 人们的预言证明是彻底错误的 他们离开了家庭 So, people's predictions were totally proven wrong and they left their families, Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.56,0:33:22.18, 放弃了他们的房子 捐献了他们所有财产 they gave away their houses, they gave away all their possessions, Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.18,0:33:29.10, 失去了所有钱 但费斯廷格发现他们并没有说 they lost all their money, but what Festinger found was they didn't say, Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.10,0:33:37.05, 天哪 我真是个傻瓜 他们反而说 太神奇了 这 真是 "God, I'm such a moron." rather, they said,"This is fantastic. This is exactly-- Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.05,0:33:42.37, 这说明我们聚集在山上推迟了世界末日 This shows that us going to the mountain has delayed the ending of the world Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.37,0:33:45.47, 这说明我们真的在做对的事 and this shows that we're doing exactly the right things. Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.47,0:33:51.54, 我真是太聪明了 通常 当人们在某件事上 I couldn't have been smarter." and in general, when people devote a lot of Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.54,0:33:54.34, 花费了很多精力 金钱和代价时 energy or money or expense to something, Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.34,0:33:59.08, 他们就更不愿证明自己所做的是错的 they are extraordinarily resistant to having it proven wrong. Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.08,0:34:03.51, 于是人们会产生多种形式的认知失调 Now, people have manipulated cognitive dissonance in all sorts of ways. Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.51,0:34:11.11, 例如欺负新人 欺负新人是应用认知失调 And, for instance, hazing. Hazing is cognitive dissonance at work. Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.85,0:34:17.44, 兄弟会和医学院以及其他的一些组织会欺负新人 Fraternities and med schools and other organizations haze people. Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.44,0:34:20.98, 当有新成员加入时 他们会羞辱他 What they do is when people enter the group they humiliate them, Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.98,0:34:21.93, 让他们痛苦不堪 they cause them pain, Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.93,0:34:25.48, 他们会对其进行各种折磨 让他们经历各种不愉快 they cause them various forms of torture and unpleasantness. Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.48,0:34:34.40, 为什么呢 因为这能很成功地让人爱上这个组织 Why? Well, because it's very successful at getting somebody to like the group. Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.40,0:34:39.49, 如果我加入兄弟会 当然这是不合法的 If I join a fraternity-- it is also by the way illegal Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.49,0:34:43.29, 但如果我加入兄弟会 然后他们说 so, but if I were to join a fraternity and they say, Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.29,0:34:46.62, 布鲁姆布朗先生 欢迎加入兄弟会 吃粒薄荷糖 "Welcome to the fraternity, Dr. Bloom. Here. Have a mint," Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.62,0:34:49.22, 然后我们一起很欢乐 and then we have a good time and everything. Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.22,0:34:53.06, 我会想 很好啊 这挺有意思 I'm thinking "Okay, sounds like a fun idea." Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.06,0:34:57.80, 但如果我加入时他们要往我头上泼牛粪 But if I join a fraternity and they pour cow poop on my head Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.80,0:35:02.47, 要我穿着女内裤在雨中站一个月 and make me stand in the rain for a month wearing pantyhose Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.47,0:35:07.72, 朝我扔石头 我会想 之后我会想 while they throw rocks at me I then think-- after it I think Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.72,0:35:12.55, 天哪 我受了那么多苦才加入了兄弟会 "God, I went through a lot of stuff to get into this fraternity. Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.55,0:35:15.15, 这个兄弟会一定很棒 It must be really good." Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.15,0:35:18.71, 实际上 根据认知失调理论运用欺负新人的手段得 出一个结论 And in fact, hazing through cognitive dissonance draws Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.71,0:35:25.86, 这个结论非常有价值 这就是为什么它会存在 the inference that this is really, really valuable and this is why it exists. Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.86,0:35:31.03, 如果你是某党派的 如果你要竞选政府职位 If you are a political--If you are running for office, Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.03,0:35:36.28, 你最好招募志愿者而不是雇人为你拉票 you will tend to have volunteers and not necessarily pay people. Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.28,0:35:37.98, 其中一个原因显而易见 One reason for this is obvious; Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.98,0:35:41.89, 不用付人工可以节约成本 但另一个原因更有趣 it's cheaper not to pay people, but the other reason is more interesting. Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.89,0:35:46.92, 如果你不付钱给这些人 他们就对竞选更加投入 If you don't pay people, they are more committed to the cause. Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.92,0:35:49.16, 这又是认知失调 Again, it's cognitive dissonance. Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.16,0:35:52.90, 如果你每个月花一万美元雇佣我 If you pay me ten thousand dollars a month to work for you, Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.90,0:35:54.16, 我为你工作 但却认为 I'll work for you and I'll think Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.16,0:35:58.04, 我这是为了这一万美元 这理所当然 "I'm doing it for ten thousand dollars a month, that makes a lot of sense," Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.04,0:36:02.79, 如果我什么都得不到 那我就不得不自问 我这 是在干嘛 but if I do it for nothing then I have to ask myself, "Why am I doing it?" Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.79,0:36:07.76, 然后我得出的结论是我真的很赞赏你 And I will conclude I must think very highly of you. Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.00,0:36:15.40, 而免费治疗往往是无效的 这是一个 Therapy for free tends to be useless therapy. This is one-- Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.40,0:36:19.27, 无论如何治疗都应该收费 原因自然包括医生需要 钱 Therapists ask for money for all sorts of reasons, including they like money. Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.27,0:36:21.84, 但还有一个原因是 But one reason why they ask for money is Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.84,0:36:24.93, 如果你不花钱 你不会认为治疗有价值 if you don't pay for therapy you don't think it has any value. Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.93,0:36:28.46, 你必须付出一些代价 因此认知失调让你 You have to give up something. So, cognitive dissonance will lead you then Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.46,0:36:31.00, 认为你所为之付出代价的东西 to think that what you are giving it up for Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.00,0:36:37.01, 一定是有价值的 于是你会喜欢上它 has some value and then you establish a liking for it. Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.26,0:36:44.64, 最后 认知失调在小孩中也同样存在 Finally, cognitive dissonance shows up with children. Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.64,0:36:48.62, 教育或发展心理学有一个很充分 One of the most robust and replicated findings Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.62,0:36:52.57, 而且经常被人引用的简单发现 in education or developmental psychology is very simple. Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.57,0:36:58.68, 假设有两组小朋友 叫他们做一件事 例如画画 You take two groups of kids and you ask them to do something like draw pictures. Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.68,0:37:04.23, 你给其中一组小朋友奖励 你可以给他们一些贴纸 或玩具 Half of the kids you reward. Maybe you give them a sticker or a toy. Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.23,0:37:07.07, 而另一组你不给任何奖励 The other half you don't reward. Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.07,0:37:10.83, 现在 根据最简单行为主义的 Now, according to sort of a simple-minded view of Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.83,0:37:13.93, 操作性条件反射思想 operant conditioning in behaviorist psychology, Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.93,0:37:17.37, 得到你的奖励的孩子应该做得更多才对 the children you reward should do it more. Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.37,0:37:19.82, 这就是操作性条件反射 That's how operative conditioning works. Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.82,0:37:24.57, 但实际上得到奖励的孩子过后会觉得 In fact though, the children who you reward later on think Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.57,0:37:27.63, 这个活动并没那么有价值 当不给他们奖励时 that this activity has less value and they are less likely Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.63,0:37:30.85, 他们就不那么愿意做这个活动了 to do it when there's no reward present. Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.85,0:37:34.92, 而那些没有得到奖励的孩子会想 他们会对自己说 And the idea, again, is the kids who don't get rewarded say to themselves, Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.92,0:37:39.00, 我花时间来做这个 这肯定有某些价值的 "Well, I just spent time doing it, it must have an intrinsic value," Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.00,0:37:41.41, 而那些得到奖励的孩子却说 while the children who get rewarded say, Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.41,0:37:45.65, 我只是为了贴纸 是为了玩具才做的 我不怎么喜 欢这个 "I did it for the sticker. I did it for the toy. I don't care much for this." Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.65,0:37:48.13, 所以 奖励孩子是很危险的 And so, rewarding children has a danger, Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.13,0:37:51.70, 因为如果你给他们太多奖励 过多的对他们所做的 事进行奖励 which is if you give them too much reward and too much a value for Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.70,0:37:57.04, 会降低这个活动本身的价值 what they're doing they will denigrate the activity. Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.04,0:38:03.70, 用这个理论来解释时需要小心了 Now, we need to be careful here about what's going on. Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.70,0:38:06.00, 这不是简单的不一致 It's not simple inconsistency. Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.00,0:38:10.29, 回到这个理由不足效应中 So, go back to this insufficient justification effect. Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.29,0:38:15.44, 相比二十美元组 只得到一美元的组认为任务更有 趣 So, the dollar group rated a task as more fun than the twenty dollar group. Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.44,0:38:19.56, 这是真的 每个组都需要一个理由来支持他们的谎 言 And it's true; each group needed a justification for lying about the task. Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.56,0:38:23.50, 每个组都需要一个理由来说 这个任务有多有趣 Each group needed a justification for saying how interesting the task was, Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.50,0:38:29.42, 但他们各自有一个理由 毕竟他们都是为了钱才这 么做的 but they each had a justification. They were each doing it for money after all. Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.42,0:38:31.91, 所以认知失调不是显而易见的 So, cognitive dissonance is a little bit more subtle. Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.91,0:38:34.32, 并不仅仅是冲突那么明显 It's not just that there's a clash. Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.32,0:38:40.10, 相反我们调整我们的信念让我们看起来 Rather, we adjust our beliefs to make ourselves look more moral Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.10,0:38:44.01, 比本来更道德 更理性 回到欺负新人 and rational than we are. Go back to hazing. Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.01,0:38:48.40, 这有个非常好的理由 让我允许他们这么对我 There's a perfectly good reason why I let them do all those things to me. Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.40,0:38:52.47, 我就是这种愿意让别人这么对待我的人 I'm the sort of person who will let people do those things to me. Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.47,0:38:56.82, 问题是 这个答案让我很难接受 The problem is that's not an answer I could live with. Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.82,0:39:00.03, 所以 认知失调让我给出另一个答案 So, cognitive dissonance motivates me to create an answer Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.03,0:39:03.42, 给出一个让我比较舒服的答案 例如 that's more comfortable for me, an answer such as Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.42,0:39:09.29, 这一定是一个很棒的兄弟会 里面的人都很棒 "This must be a really wonderful group with a wonderful bunch of people." Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.13,0:39:15.34, 换言之 我们都存在认为自己很棒的偏见 And in other words, we are biased to believe that we are terrific. Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.34,0:39:20.11, 总的来说 在社会心理学领域里 So, to sum up, there are three main findings about you Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.11,0:39:25.32, 有三项关于自我的主要发现 一是人们都以为别人 在注意你 that come out in social psychology. One is you believe everybody notices you Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.32,0:39:30.92, 其实不然 只有你自己注意你自己 even when they don't. You're the hero of your story. Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.92,0:39:34.64, 二是我们认为自己很棒 The second one is, you're terrific, Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.64,0:39:39.53, 我们自认为在所有方面都比优于平均水平 每个人 都如此 you are better than average in every possible way, each one of you. Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.53,0:39:44.99, 最后 你所做的都是合理的 如果所做的并不合理 你会 And finally, what you do makes sense. If it doesn't make sense, you'll-- Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.99,0:39:47.20, 如果真的不合理 再直接点说 If it doesn't make sense or, more to the point, Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.20,0:39:50.09, 如果你做了些愚蠢的事情 if it's something that you do that's foolish Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.09,0:39:53.98, 或让自己显得很工于心计 或廉价 or makes you look manipulative or cheap, Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.98,0:39:59.56, 你就会捏造理由说服自己这是合理的 you'll distort it in your head so that it does make sense. Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.48,0:40:04.27, 下面我讲讲我们是怎么看待自己和他人的 I want to move now to how we think about self and other, Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.27,0:40:10.88, 我们对自己的看法和对别人的看法之间存在什么关 系 how we think about ourselves relative to how we think about other people. Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.03,0:40:13.91, 这就涉及到归因的概念 And this brings us to the notion of attribution. Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.44,0:40:24.85, 归因是指对个体的行为原因的解释 海德 So,an attribution is a claim about the cause of somebody's behavior and Heider-- Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.65,0:40:29.44, 个体的行为原因有很多种 Now, there's all sorts of reasons for somebody's behavior. Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.44,0:40:33.63, 假设你冒犯了我或假设你对我很好 Suppose you insult me or suppose you're very kind to me. Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.63,0:40:36.50, 我可以说你是个好人或你是个粗鲁人 I could say you're a kind person or you're a rude person. Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.50,0:40:39.22, 我可以说 你今天一定很走运 I could say "This must be a great day for you" Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.22,0:40:42.61, 或者说 你今天一定压力很大 或你一定希望得到 某些东西 or "You must be a lot of-- under a lot of stress or you must want something." Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.61,0:40:45.54, 而对于别人我们会有不同种类的归因 There's different sorts of attributions we could make to people Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.54,0:40:51.42, 但海德的观点是 我们倾向于将别人的行为 but Heider's insight is we tend to attribute other people's actions Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.42,0:41:00.51, 归因于他们的人格特点 归因于他们长期稳定的特 质 to their personality characteristics, to long-standing aspects of what they are. Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.18,0:41:05.14, 这就是个体偏向 更概括地说 And this is known as a person bias. And more generally, Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.14,0:41:09.52, 人们对个人特质的权重过高 people tend to give too much weight to the person Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.52,0:41:13.27, 而对情境因素的权重过低 and not enough weight to the situation. Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.00,0:41:19.65, 这有时也叫基本归因错误 This is also sometimes known as the fundamental attribution error. Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.65,0:41:23.86, 基本归因错误 是心理学中的核心观点之一 The fundamental attribution error, which is one of the core ideas in psychology, Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.86,0:41:26.66, 就是我们倾向于对 is that we tend to over-attribute things Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.66,0:41:33.48, 个人的人格 欲望或本性过分归因 to a person's personality or desires or nature Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.48,0:41:42.05, 而对情境和环境的归因不足 and not enough to the situation or the context. Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.05,0:41:43.83, 对此有非常多证据 There's a lot of demonstrations of this. Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.83,0:41:47.22, 许多证据与智力有关 A lot of the demonstrations have to do with intelligence so, Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.22,0:41:50.78, 例如 有研究表明 for example, there's actually been studies showing Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.78,0:41:57.81, 人们常常高估教授的智力 为什么 that people tend to overestimate the intelligence of professors. Why? Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.81,0:42:03.09, 因为我站在这里谈论一件或更多 Because I stand up here and I talk about the one or more than one thing Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.09,0:42:08.85, 我非常了解的东西 因此很容易推断我肯定很渊博 I know about and so it's easy to infer that I must know a lot Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.85,0:42:11.12, 但实际上 在这学期结束时 but in fact by the time this semester ends Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.12,0:42:13.99, 我就将我所知道的东西全都告诉你们了 I will have tell you--told you everything I know. Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.39,0:42:18.48, 而如果你们站在这里谈论你们所了解的东西 And if you stood up and started talking about everything you knew Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.48,0:42:24.50, 你们也会显得非常聪明 这方面最好的研究是问答 节目的研究 you'd look really smart too. The best study to show this is a quiz show study, Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.50,0:42:28.68, 找来两个被试 抛硬币决定 which is you take two people and you flip a coin. Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.68,0:42:33.84, 其中一个是提问者 提问者可以向另一位被试 And one of them is the quiz master and the quiz master gets to ask questions, Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.84,0:42:38.72, 问任何他想问的问题 另一位被试必须作答 any question he or she wants. And the other person has to answer the questions. Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.72,0:42:44.12, 如果他们很认真地进行 提问者很快会击败另一位 被试 And if they play seriously, the quiz master's going to destroy the other person. Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.12,0:42:49.04, 我的狗叫什么 我不知道 "What was my dog's name?" "Well, I don't know." Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.04,0:42:53.23, 我出生的城市的省会在哪 我不知道 "What's the capital of the city in which I was born?" "Well, I don't know." Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.23,0:42:57.41, 你可能会想 旁观者看到此情此景会想 And then you'd expect a third person watching this to say, Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.41,0:43:01.37, 谁在乎 谁问谁答只不过取决于那个硬币而已 "Who cares?It's just--They're just doing this because of the coin they flipped." Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.37,0:43:06.34, 但实际上 当人们看到此情此景 当他们要评判智 商时 But in fact, when the person watching this has to assess their intelligence Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.34,0:43:10.20, 他们给提问者的分数会高于给回答者的分数 they give the quiz asker a higher intelligence rating than the other person. Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.20,0:43:12.54, 毕竟 他看起来知道很多 After all, "He seemed to know a lot of answers. Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.54,0:43:15.01, 另一个人却好像了解得不那么多 The other person didn't get much right." Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.01,0:43:20.01, 我们很可能没充分考虑情境因素 如果你正在进行 职业演讲 We tend to fail to discount the situation. If you were giving a job talk-- Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.01,0:43:24.63, 特别是给研究生院做 and this is for people in graduate school particularly-- Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.63,0:43:29.61, 如果你正在做演讲 幻灯片投影仪坏了 你就搞砸 了 If you were giving a job talk and the slide projector breaks, you're screwed. Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.61,0:43:31.96, 没有人会说 Nobody is going to say to themselves, Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.96,0:43:35.18, 这次演说不好 是由于投影仪坏掉了 "Oh, well, it's not such a good talk because the slide projector broke." Dialogue: 0,0:43:35.18,0:43:40.27, 他们会说 由于这人不怎么样 这次演说效果不怎 么样 They'll say, "It's not such a good talk because of the person." Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.27,0:43:42.53, 有人进行了一次演说 然后我们不停地 Somebody could give a talk and we could throw smarties Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.53,0:43:45.32, 发表自以为是的评论 而其他人又会说 at them the whole time and then you could-- then the other people would say, Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.32,0:43:47.79, 这人在整个演讲中看起来都有点烦躁 "The person looked kind of upset during the whole talk. Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.79,0:43:51.48, 我怀疑 他们看起来是容易紧张的类型 I wonder--They seemed like a nervous type." Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.48,0:43:59.86, 这种偏见很容易走极端 尤其在演员身上很容易走 极端 This can be taken to extremes and the biggest extreme is the case of actors, Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.86,0:44:06.03, 如果要举个例子 有人认识这是谁吗 这位演员 which is if there's ever a case-- anybody know who this is, the actor? Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.47,0:44:11.31, 你们中没有人是五十年代的吗 Have none of you been alive in 1950? Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.44,0:44:18.18, 这是罗伯特?杨 有人知道他演过什么吗 This is Robert Young. Does anybody know the part he plays? Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.18,0:44:22.32, 他演过 他在著名的《马库斯? 韦尔比医生》中 He played an--He played a doctor called Marcus Welby Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.32,0:44:25.26, 演一个叫马库斯? 韦尔比的医生 in this famous show "Marcus Welby, M.D.," Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.26,0:44:30.52, 戏中马库斯? 韦尔比是个很棒的医生 他有同情心 善良 and Marcus Welby was a wonderful doctor. He was compassionate and kind, Dialogue: 0,0:44:30.52,0:44:33.93, 上门医人 拯救生命 为人们看病会诊 he made house calls, he saved lives, he counseled people, Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.93,0:44:38.12, 结果 罗伯特?杨收到了很多邮件 and it turned out that Robert Young was then deluged with mail, Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.12,0:44:44.86, 几千封邮件 都是人们发来向他咨询健康问题的 thousands of pieces of mail, by people asking for his advice on health matters. Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.86,0:44:50.65, 于是 他反过来利用了这基本归因错误 And he then, in a twist, exploited the fundamental attribution error-- Dialogue: 0,0:44:50.65,0:44:53.73, 他利用人们将演员本人与角色混淆的现象 people confusing the actor for the role-- Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.73,0:44:57.28, 到电视上推销 exploited this by going on TV and espousing Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.28,0:45:00.41, 无咖啡因咖啡的好处 the benefits of sanka decaffeinated coffee Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.41,0:45:06.42, 他著名的言辞是 我不是医生但我在电视上扮演医 生 where he produced the famous line "I am not a doctor but I play one on TV," Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.42,0:45:08.01, 而人们听他这么说 whereupon people heard this and said, Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.01,0:45:12.81, 好吧 他肯定在医疗方面有些权威 结果发现 "Well, he must have some authority then about medical matters."It turns out that Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.81,0:45:21.22, 将演员和角色混淆的现象非常常见 the confusion between actors and their roles is extremely common. Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.22,0:45:26.21, 例如 许多人将西尔维斯特?史泰龙 Many people, for instance, view Sylvester Stallone Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.21,0:45:29.85, 看成越战中的真正的英雄 as either an actual hero during the Vietnam War Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.85,0:45:34.61, 或越战中的某种英雄 因为他在《第一滴血》中饰 演的角色 or sort of a hero during the Vietnam War given all his Rambo stuff Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.61,0:45:38.92, 但实际上 当然 他在越战期间在 but in fact, of course, he played-- he was in a Swiss boarding school Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.92,0:45:44.31, 瑞士寄宿学校教十二到十五岁的女孩子 teaching girls age twelve through fifteen during the Vietnam War. Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.31,0:45:48.23, 但人们并不这样认为因为这个角色影响了 But it doesn't seem that way because the role infects Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.23,0:45:51.44, 我们对这个人的看法 how we think about the person. Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.44,0:45:53.67, 二十年前这部电影上映时 When this movie came out twenty years ago Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.67,0:45:57.31, 他们需要一个饰演男同性恋的角色 they needed a character to play a gay man. Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.31,0:46:00.33, 根据网络电影库 我是从那里得到所有资料的 According to IMDb, where I get all my information, Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.33,0:46:01.92, 他们找了所有大牌明星 they hit up all the big stars, Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.92,0:46:04.88, 哈里森?福特 迈克尔?道格拉斯以及李察?基尔 Harrison Ford, Michael Douglas, and Richard Gere, Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.88,0:46:07.04, 但他们都拒绝了 and they all turned it down Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.04,0:46:09.48, 因为他们不想饰演同性恋 because they didn't want to play a gay man because people Dialogue: 0,0:46:09.48,0:46:11.64, 因为这样人们很容易将他们看做同性恋 would think that they were gay. Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.64,0:46:16.84, 最后 他们找到哈瑞?哈林来演 他只能算是二流 演员 Finally, they got Harry Hamlin to do it, who was kind of a B-list sort of guy. Dialogue: 0,0:46:16.84,0:46:19.76, 而基本归因错误最极端例子是 The biggest extreme of the fundamental attribution error, Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.76,0:46:23.96, 人们将伦纳德?尼莫伊和他饰演的角色混淆了 confusing the actor for his role, is Leonard Nimoy who, Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.96,0:46:30.20, 因为他在《星际迷航》中饰演了冷血的祝融星人斯 波克 because he played the emotionless Vulcan, Spock, on Star Trek, Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.20,0:46:33.42, 后来他上街时总被人认为 was then repeatedly viewed by people who saw him on the street Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.42,0:46:36.75, 他真的是祝融星人 as if he was an actual Vulcan. Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.75,0:46:42.40, 他为此非常郁闷 于是他写了本书叫《我不是祝融 星人》 He got sufficiently upset about this to write a book called I Am Not Spock Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.40,0:46:46.02, 书中他尽其所能解释他不是一个祝融星人 where he described all the ways in which he was not a Vulcan. Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.47,0:46:53.25, 在他的职业生涯中 他曾多次尝试 His career, where he attempted many times to play roles Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.25,0:46:55.86, 扮演不同于祝融星人特征的角色 that were different from his Vulcan nature, Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.86,0:47:02.42, 但都失败了 直到多年后 他放弃了 并写了另一 本名叫 stalled until finally many years later he gave up and wrote another book called Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.42,0:47:09.00, 《我是斯波克》的书 他终于在基本归因错误面前 让步了 I Am Spock where he finally conceded to the fundamental attribution error. Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.16,0:47:16.16, 如果我在十年前讲这门课 If I gave this lecture ten years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.16,0:47:18.80, 我会说基本归因错误是 I would say that the fundamental attribution error Dialogue: 0,0:47:18.80,0:47:22.90, 人之常情 是我们天生的 is a human universal, something that we're born with, Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.90,0:47:26.00, 人性的基本特点 a fundamental aspect of human nature. Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.00,0:47:28.94, 但是 这并不完全正确 This is not entirely true though and we know Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.94,0:47:33.02, 通过一些非常有趣的跨文化研究 that through some very interesting cross-cultural research Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.02,0:47:40.43, 比较了不同国家的人在这方面的偏差 that compares these biases across different countries, Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.43,0:47:44.25, 在这个研究里比较了美国和印度 in this study between the United States and India. Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.25,0:47:47.62, 结果发现 不知为何 And it turns out that for whatever reason, Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.62,0:47:51.45, 我们会在另一节课中讲到它的不同解释 and it would take another course to talk about the different explanations, Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.45,0:47:56.19, 人们开始在八岁就不再犯基本归因错误 but people start off at, say, age eight not committing Dialogue: 0,0:47:56.19,0:48:01.50, 但在西方文化中 the fundamental attribution error but in Western cultures, Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.50,0:48:06.22, 我们有一种思想认为人的命运掌握在自己手中 where there's an ideology perhaps that people are in charge of their own destiny Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.22,0:48:12.67, 于是错误就会出现 把角色和演员混淆 the error occurs and people over-attribute the role to the person. Dialogue: 0,0:48:12.67,0:48:14.32, 在一些东方文化中 In some Eastern cultures Dialogue: 0,0:48:14.32,0:48:19.31, 有更多关于信念的看法和关于情境的归因 there's more of a view about faith and more attributions to situation. Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.31,0:48:21.29, 这可以从很多方面体现出来 And this has been shown in many ways. Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.29,0:48:26.69, 例如如果你读读报纸上有关谋杀的报道 For instance, if you look at newspaper reports about murders, Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.69,0:48:29.79, 在像美国这样的文化中的报道倾向于 in cultures like the United States the report tends Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.79,0:48:35.18, 将重点放在进行凶手的人格特征上 to emphasize the personal characteristics of the person accused of the murder. Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.18,0:48:38.40, 而在像印度这样的国家里 报道则倾向于强调 In countries like India, the reports tend to emphasize, Dialogue: 0,0:48:38.40,0:48:42.97, 在很大程度上倾向于强调嫌疑犯所处的 to a greater degree, the situation that the person found himself Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.97,0:48:45.97, 驱使他进行谋杀的情境 in that might have driven him to commit a murder. Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.97,0:48:48.36, 这一点很重要 So, this is an important reminder that just Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.36,0:48:50.55, 因为我们在我们的文化中发现了某一点 because we find something in our culture Dialogue: 0,0:48:50.55,0:48:53.93, 而且这点看起来非常普遍 and just because it might well be pervasive Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.93,0:49:01.43, 但这也不意味着那肯定是全球通用的 doesn't mean necessarily that it's universal. Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.79,0:49:08.34, 总结目前所讲过的内容 然后我们在这节课剩下的 时间里对此 So, to summarize so far, and we're going to look at this a little bit more Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.34,0:49:13.92, 进行更详细地讨论 我们讲了社会心理学中的两个 行为准则 for the rest of this lecture,we've talked about two morals in social psychology. Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.92,0:49:19.27, 一条是自我放大 另一条则可以称之为 One is enhancement of the self but the other is what you can call Dialogue: 0,0:49:19.27,0:49:26.05, 对他人过于简化 我们知道自己的行为是 "Oversimplification of the other." so, we know ourselves that our behavior is Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.05,0:49:31.10, 由于复杂的环境以及我们自己的个人特征的结果 due to a complicated cluster of the situation and our personal natures. Dialogue: 0,0:49:31.10,0:49:35.57, 当出了问题 实际上 我们会归罪于环境 When things go badly, in fact, we'll blame the situation. Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.57,0:49:42.44, 当事情顺利 出于自我服务归因倾向 我们会归功 于自己 When things go well, the self-serving attribution bias, we'll credit ourselves. Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.44,0:49:46.92, 而我们不会这样看待他人 对于他人 我们不会那 么宽容 We don't do this for other people. For other people we're a lot less forgiving. Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.92,0:49:51.53, 你做了些蠢事 那你就是个笨蛋 You do something stupid, that's--you're a stupid person. Dialogue: 0,0:49:51.53,0:49:55.46, 我做了些蠢事 是因为今天不在状态 I do something stupid, it's an off day. Dialogue: 0,0:49:55.46,0:49:58.78, 我们在如何看待自己 And so, you have this difference between how we think about ourselves Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.78,0:50:02.90, 和如何看待别人就会产生差异 and how we think about other people. Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.83,0:50:07.71, 让我们再讲一下 我们是如何看待他人的 Let's talk a little bit about what we think about other people Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.71,0:50:11.61, 先讨论我们为什么会喜欢其他人 and start by talking about why we like other people. Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.61,0:50:14.44, 这里 我们回顾一下 And here I'm going to some extent to go over material Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.44,0:50:20.70, 在彼得?萨洛维的课堂上展示过的材料 that was raised earlier in the course in Peter Salovey's wonderful lecture. Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.70,0:50:22.94, 是这样的 我们对他人的喜爱 So, some of this, our liking of other people, Dialogue: 0,0:50:22.94,0:50:26.42, 会很明显 我们曾在萨洛维院长的课里讨论过 is obvious and we talked about it in Dean Salovey's lecture, Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.42,0:50:29.93, 我们在讨论性吸引时讨论过这个问题 we talked about it when we talked about sexual attractiveness. Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.93,0:50:37.51, 我们喜欢诚实 善良 聪明 有趣的人 We like people who are honest, who are kind, who are smart, who are funny, Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.51,0:50:42.06, 但不断有研究表明还有其他一些心理过程 but study after study finds more fundamental processes Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.06,0:50:45.40, 起了作用 以下是其中三条 are also at work and here is a list of three of them. Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.40,0:50:54.29, 第一是邻近性 我们容易喜欢身体上距离较近的人 One is proximity. We tend to like people who we're close to physically, Dialogue: 0,0:50:54.29,0:51:00.68, 喜欢身体 空间上离我们近的人 喜欢经常和我们 相处的人 who we are physically and spatially close to, who we spend a lot of time with. Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.29,0:51:04.69, 在一项研究中 他们查看了曼哈顿的住宅项目 In one study they looked at a housing project in Manhattan Dialogue: 0,0:51:04.69,0:51:12.82, 然后问人们 他们最好的朋友在哪里 百分之九十 的人都说 and they asked people where their best friend was and 90% of them said, Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.82,0:51:14.96, 我最好的朋友和我住在同一栋楼里 "My best friend is in the same building as me," Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.96,0:51:18.54, 百分之五十的人说在同一层 and 50% of them says the same floor. Dialogue: 0,0:51:18.54,0:51:21.28, 想想自己 你在耶鲁最好的朋友是谁 Ask yourself who is your best friend at Yale. Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.28,0:51:26.01, 有多少人最好的朋友和你在同一个学院 For how many of you is it somebody in your same college? Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.01,0:51:29.82, 好 有多少人的是在不同学院 Okay. How many in a different college? Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.82,0:51:33.62, 除了你的学院还有很多其他的学院 So, call it a tie but then there's a lot more colleges Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.62,0:51:36.07, 你们中有多少人 that aren't yours than the one-- how many of you would you-- Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.07,0:51:41.67, 你最好的朋友 现在是和你在同一层 say your best friend is somebody your-- currently on your same floor? Dialogue: 0,0:51:41.67,0:51:45.54, 好 如果你要在这个班里的一个人结婚 Yeah. If you were going to marry somebody from this class, Dialogue: 0,0:51:45.54,0:51:48.23, 那很可能就是坐在你旁边的这位 it is the person you are sitting next to Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.69,0:52:03.91, 这不是一个很重大的发现 Now, in some sense this is an--a rather trivial finding. Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.91,0:52:08.66, 当然你会和你经常碰到的人交往得更频繁 Of course you're going to get more involved in people you encounter frequently. Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.66,0:52:13.18, 不然还能怎样 但问题并没那么简单 How else is it going to work? But it's actually more than that. Dialogue: 0,0:52:13.18,0:52:17.83, 你越是常见某些东西 你就会越喜欢它 The more you see something the more you like it Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.83,0:52:21.09, 这就叫纯粹接触效应 and this is sometimes known as "The mere exposure effect." Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.09,0:52:26.06, 纯粹接触效应就是仅仅因为你经常见到某些东西 The mere exposure effect is simply seeing something Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.81,0:52:31.68, 就让你更喜欢它 这可能因为这东西因此变得舒服 和安全 makes it likable perhaps because it becomes comfortable and safe. Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.68,0:52:33.91, 在詹姆斯?卡汀做的一项研究中 In one study by James Cutting, Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.91,0:52:37.33, 詹姆斯?卡汀教的是心理学导论 Cutting taught an Introduction to Psychology course Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.33,0:52:40.65, 在每节课之前 他会在屏幕上放一些图片 and before each lecture he'd flash pictures on the screen. Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.65,0:52:42.55, 他利用屏保来将这些照片 He'd have a screen saver showing pictures Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.55,0:52:46.36, 播放在屏幕上 但从来没对此说过什么 on the screen, paintings, and didn't say anything about them. Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.36,0:52:49.10, 同学坐着 一边准备笔记 一边看这些照片 People would sit down, look at them while they prepared their notes. Dialogue: 0,0:52:49.10,0:52:50.99, 在期末的时候 At the end of the semester he Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.99,0:52:56.29, 他让同学们评价对不同图片的喜欢程度 then asked people to rate different pictures as to how much they liked them, Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.29,0:53:00.24, 尽管同学们完全没有印象 and even though people had no memory of seeing one or-- Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.24,0:53:07.40, 但是 他们还是倾向于更喜欢那些他们曾经见到过 的照片 versus the other they tend to like the pictures more that they had seen before. Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.40,0:53:11.24, 这些照片更熟悉更让人喜欢 They were somehow familiar and somehow more likable. Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.24,0:53:17.56, 如果我给你们看一张你自己的照片和一张你的镜像 If I showed you a picture of yourself versus a mirror image of yourself Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.56,0:53:22.70, 并问你你更喜欢哪一张 答案会很明显 and asked which one you'd like more, the answer is very strong. Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.70,0:53:24.57, 你会更喜欢自己的镜像 You'd like your mirror image more Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.57,0:53:28.88, 因为镜像是你每天都看到的你自己 because the mirror image is what you tend to see from day to day. Dialogue: 0,0:53:28.88,0:53:31.60, 但如果我给你最好的朋友看你的照片 If I showed your best friend a picture of Dialogue: 0,0:53:31.60,0:53:34.22, 和你的镜像 you versus a mirror image picture of you, Dialogue: 0,0:53:34.22,0:53:37.46, 你的好朋友会说他更喜欢照片 your best friend would say he or she likes the picture more Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.46,0:53:41.65, 因为那是他每天都看到的 because that corresponds to what he or she sees each day. Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.65,0:53:50.74, 熟悉感本身是喜欢的欲望 是喜欢的动力 Familiarity is itself a desire for liking, a force for liking. Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.73,0:53:56.99, 相似性 我们喜欢和我们相似的人 Similarity--we like people who are similar to us. Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.99,0:54:02.55, 朋友之间常常彼此相似 夫妻也是 Friends tend to be highly similar to one another. So do husbands and wives. Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.55,0:54:08.23, 某种程度上 相似性很难与邻近性区分 Now, to some extent, similarity is hard to pull apart from proximity. Dialogue: 0,0:54:08.23,0:54:11.62, 你之所以和你在耶鲁的朋友相似 So, the fact that you are similar to your friends at Yale Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.62,0:54:15.69, 是因为你和你在耶鲁的朋友离得很近 might just because you are close to your friends at Yale and people Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.69,0:54:19.30, 而在耶鲁的人比较相似 who are at Yale tend to be fairly similar to one another. Dialogue: 0,0:54:19.30,0:54:22.13, 但依然有大量证据表明 相似性 But there's a lot of evidence that similarity, Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.13,0:54:28.52, 远不同于邻近性 会影响吸引和喜欢 above and beyond proximity, has an effect on attractiveness and on liking. Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.52,0:54:32.24, 相似性可以预测婚姻的成功率 Similarity predicts the success of a marriage Dialogue: 0,0:54:32.24,0:54:35.33, 人们也解释不清这个现象 and through a phenomena people aren't exactly sure about, Dialogue: 0,0:54:35.33,0:54:39.92, 夫妻间在相处过程中变得越来越相似 couples become more and more similar over the course of a relationship. Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.92,0:54:47.08, 最后一点 人们喜欢长得好看的人 喜欢有吸引力 的人 Finally, people like good-looking people. People like attractive people. Dialogue: 0,0:54:49.67,0:54:52.57, 外表长得好看的人会被认为更聪明 Physically attractive people are thought to be smarter, Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.57,0:54:56.53, 更能干 更会交际 更和善 more competent, more social and nicer. Dialogue: 0,0:54:56.53,0:55:02.44, 现在 你们中有持怀疑态度 同时可能又长得好看 的人会想 Now, some of you who are very cynical and/or very good looking might wonder Dialogue: 0,0:55:02.44,0:55:08.69, 像我这样长得好看的人确实更聪明 "Yes, but good-looking people like me actually are smarter, Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.69,0:55:12.57, 更能干 更会交际 更有道德 more competent, more social and morally better." Dialogue: 0,0:55:12.95,0:55:18.26, 这是很正常的反应 这可能是因为 例如 This is not a crazy response. It is--it could be, for instance, Dialogue: 0,0:55:18.26,0:55:23.28, 长得好看这一优点 让你的生活变得更顺利 that the advantages of being good looking make your life run a lot easier. Dialogue: 0,0:55:23.28,0:55:27.84, 老师给予你更多的回应 人们对你更好 Teachers are more responsive to you, people treat you better, Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.84,0:55:30.21, 你有更多机会来完成你想做的事情 you have more opportunities to make your way through the world, Dialogue: 0,0:55:30.21,0:55:33.08, 你能赚更多的钱 你能得到更多资源 you make more money, you have more access to things, Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.08,0:55:37.02, 从而 反过来 让你提高你的生活质量 and that could, in turn, cause you to improve your life. Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.02,0:55:41.77, 这就是圣经里所说的 马太效应 This would be what's known in the Bible as a "Matthew effect." Dialogue: 0,0:55:41.77,0:55:44.98, 马太效应是用来概括一种现象的 A Matthew effect is a developmental psychology phrase Dialogue: 0,0:55:44.98,0:55:49.54, 一个发展心理学的术语 正如耶稣说的 for the sort of thing where, well, as Jesus said, Dialogue: 0,0:55:49.54,0:55:54.20, 凡有的 还要加给他 叫他多余 "For unto everyone that hath shall be given and he shall have abundance." Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.20,0:55:57.24, 这就是说 如果你长得好看 你也会变得更聪明 That means if you're good looking you'll also be smart Dialogue: 0,0:55:57.24,0:56:02.93, 但没有的 连他所有的也要夺过来 but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath. Dialogue: 0,0:56:04.49,0:56:07.43, 这就是富人更富 It's a long version of the rich get richer Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.43,0:56:12.17, 而穷人却失去一切 and the poor even lose what they hath. Dialogue: 0,0:56:12.17,0:56:15.25, 大量的研究表明 So, there's a variety of studies suggesting Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.25,0:56:19.35, 老师会给好看的孩子打分更高 认为他们更聪明更 能干 that teachers rate attractive children as smarter and higher achieving. Dialogue: 0,0:56:19.35,0:56:23.90, 当一个丑孩子做错事 大人会认为 Adults think that when an ugly kid misbehaves it's Dialogue: 0,0:56:23.90,0:56:29.02, 是因为孩子品德不好 而如果是个好看的孩子 because they have an ugly soul while the attractive kid, Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.02,0:56:33.45, 那点小事 一定是别人烦到他了 "Oh, that little scamp, somebody must have been bothering him." Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.45,0:56:35.73, 当我在亚利桑那大学 When I was in the University of Arizona Dialogue: 0,0:56:35.73,0:56:38.20, 我们住在 我对我邻居的所有记忆 and we lived next--and all I remember of my neighborhood Dialogue: 0,0:56:38.20,0:56:43.79, 就是我们住在一个小男孩边上 他叫阿多尼斯 is we lived next to this little boy and his name was Adonis. Dialogue: 0,0:56:45.02,0:56:47.57, 很可爱 但这名字 Cute kid, but come on. Dialogue: 0,0:56:47.57,0:56:52.79, 在模拟审判中 法官会判长得丑的罪犯更长的刑期 Also in mock trials judges give longer prison sentences to ugly people. Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.08,0:56:55.93, 这就是马太效应 拥有很少的 That's the Matthew effect, those who hath little get even Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.93,0:57:02.22, 会被夺去所有然后扔进监狱 接下来我要给大家讲 that taken away and thrown into prison. There is a recent study, Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.22,0:57:08.44, 最近的一项研究 我不赞成这个研究 which I'll tell you about but I am not comfortable with it as an experiment. Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.44,0:57:16.18, 该研究在购物中心 在超市的停车场观察人们 The study observed people in a shopping-- in a parking lot of a supermarket Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.18,0:57:19.04, 他们发现父母 and found that parents were a lot rougher Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.04,0:57:25.18, 对待丑孩子比对待好看的孩子更加粗暴 to the kids if their kids are ugly than if their kids are good looking. Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.18,0:57:27.71, 于是他们将其归因到 不知道为什么 And they attribute it to the fact that, for all sorts of reasons, Dialogue: 0,0:57:27.71,0:57:31.75, 父母就是比较不在意长得丑的孩子 the ugly kid just matters less to the parent. Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.75,0:57:37.70, 我曾在电视上看一个扑克游戏 输的那个人说 我 引用一下 I was watching a poker game once on TV and somebody who lost said, and I quote, Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.70,0:57:40.75, 他们像打丑陋的继子女似地打我 "They beat me like an ugly stepchild" Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.75,0:57:43.21, 丑陋的继子女的命运 and the fate of the ugly stepchild is, in fact, Dialogue: 0,0:57:43.21,0:57:47.53, 确实不是好命运 但这也不是个好的研究 not a very good fate but this is not a good study. Dialogue: 0,0:57:47.53,0:57:52.08, 其中一点 我不知道怎么用不会引起政治争论的话 说 For one thing, and I don't know how to phrase this in a politically correct way, Dialogue: 0,0:57:52.08,0:57:57.43, 但丑孩子的父母可能自己也比较丑 but the parents of ugly kids are likely to themselves be ugly people Dialogue: 0,0:57:57.95,0:58:00.17, 也许这个研究的发现长得丑的人 and maybe what they're finding is just ugly people Dialogue: 0,0:58:00.17,0:58:04.63, 比长得好看的人更加暴力 are more violent than good-looking people. Dialogue: 0,0:58:05.48,0:58:10.48, 现在是结束本节课的好时机 所以今天就到此为止 吧 This is an excellent time to stop the lecture so I'm going to stop the lecture Dialogue: 0,0:58:10.48,0:58:13.60, 我们星期三时将继续讲社会心理学 and we're going to continue social psychology on Wednesday.