新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册—第四册课后练习答案全集

新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册—第四册课后练习答案全集 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后答案 Unit 1 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 4. Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours. 5. Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company. Translation VIII. 1. Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2. She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3. Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4. Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6. Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. IX. 1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师～是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、 有价值的。如果没有他～我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。 2 没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界 文化。有了过硬的英语知识～你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。 3. 写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题～而且要写自己感兴趣的东 西～例如～给朋友写电子邮件。 4. 远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交 流的课程。 5. 英语不但是世界上最有用的语言～也是世界上最易学、易用 的语言之一。 6远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由～但与其他课 程比～这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。 Cloze 1. B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6,C 7.B 8.A 9.a 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B Structured Writing XII. I am proud to say that I succeeded in learning a foreign language. It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it took a lot of practice. I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as a notebook in which I listed new words I came across. I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time. After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work. Section B Reading Skills 1. 1.C 2.B 3.D 4. A 5. B Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D Vocabulary 1. community 2. effective 3. unique 4. committed 5. reinforce 6. perspective 7. explicit 8. challenge 9. hindered 10. arose IV. 1. for 2. with 3. on 4. on 5. on 6. of 7. in 8. up 9. of 10.In 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 2 III. 1. appeals 2. identity 3. concern 4. disgusting 5. upset 6. influence 7. offensive 8. burst 9. stuff 10. thorough IV. 1. off/ down 2. off 3. as 4. on 5. for 6. on/upon 7. to 8. over 9. in 10.of V. 1.H 2.F 3.D 4.K 5.B 6.C 7.L 8.I 9.O 10. N Sentence Structure VI. 1. Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus. Or: As she was getting off the school bus, Kate saw her brother Bill. 2. As she was standing up from he seat, mother dropped the glass to the ground. Or: Mother dropped the glass to the ground as she was standing up from her seat. 3. A policeman fired at a thief as the thief was bolting out of the house. Or: As the thief was bolting out of the house, a policeman fired at him. 4. As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother. Or: Sandy thought of he talk with her mother as she ran to catch the school bus. 5. As the teacher entered the classroom, all the students shouted ―Happy birthday‖ to him. Or: All the students shouted ―Happy Birthday‖ to him as the teacher entered the classroom. VII. 1. She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words. 2. She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater. 3. He banged on the door while opening it. 4. In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror. 5. The schoolmaster shot an angry glance at the naughty first grader while talking with his parents. Translation: VIII. 1. As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into he room and shouted at her, ―Can‘t you turn down the music a little bit?‖ 2. the owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3. Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father‘s objection. 4. As usual, when his parents don‘t like what he wears, they start bugging him. 5. At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students. 6. It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets. IX. 1. 我认为那些在镇上游手好闲、在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年 是在表达他们的个性。 2. 因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式～让我们与全球的新老客户 取得联系～并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。 3. 父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”～而 且还在于双方都不完全理解对方的思想。 4. 当父母与子女有了这类沟通障碍时～青少年面临的问题可能 更大。 5. 青少年常常要经历这么一个阶段～在这个阶段～他们觉得父 母会让他们没面子～害怕他们达不到自己朋友的标准。 6. 比如～青少年希望在外呆到很晚～但是当第二天早上要起床 上学时～那又是另一回事了。 Cloze X. 1. B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C Structured Writing XII. The first thing you should do t make tea is to boil water. While waiting for it to boil, you can get your teapot out and put the right amount of tea leaves into it. When the water has come to boil, pour it into the teapot. Then wait for a few minutes to let the leaves steep. Next? Enjoy the tea. Section B Reading skills I. 1.F 2.F 3.O 4.O 5.F plus O 6.O 7.O 8.O Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A Vocabulary III. 1. entitled 2. ruin 3. evaluate 4. trend 5. attitude 6. tend 7. curiosity 8. applying 9. response 10. concept IV. 1. to 2. in 3. between 4.about 5. across 6.to 7.to 8.in 9.to 10.for 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 3 Vocabulary III. 1. Inwardly 2. regret 3. occasion 4. complained 5. urged 6. coordinate 7. reluctance 8. envy 9. adjust 10. amazed IV. 1. in 2. of 3. on 4. on 5. to 6. out 7. to 8. to 9. on 10. about V. 1. O 2.J 3.N 4.L 5.I 6.C 7.H 8.E 9.A 10.F Sentence Structure: VI. 1. He had his ears pierced even though I told him not to. 2. It was exciting game even though no goals were scored. 3. He was treated exactly like all the other workers even though he had just joined the company. 4. Even though you disagree with her, she‘s worth listening to. 5. There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time. VII. 1. After learning some simple Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other students in her class. 2. When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure. 3. Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me. 4. While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time. 5. The grass will grow more quickly if watered regularly. Translation VIII. 1. I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid. 2. The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started. 3. Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter. 4. He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance. 5. This is an important meeting. Please see to it that you are not late for it. 6. He is experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years. IX. 1. 他决心向那个女孩谈自己的～即使他知道她很可能拒绝 听。 2. 一离开那条长长的正街～他就发现自己身处城里十分贫穷的 区域。 3. 听到那首歌～我不禁悲从中来～想起了那些困苦的日子。 4. 每个想过健康生活的人～都必须在工作和娱乐之间寻求适当 的平衡。 5. 我的第一位老板真让人讨厌～让每个人日子难过似乎是他的 乐趣。我干了没多久就走人了。 6. 你能确保在本周末之前完成这项工作吗,伦敦有重要公干～ 总公司正在考虑派你去。 Cloze X. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.C 16. C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A XII All of my classmates believe that Sandy has a good taste for music. The music she listens to always has a clear, strong rhythm and the music has a message for us to think about. Also, the words in the music are just like poems, so beautiful and easy for us to remember. Section B Reading Skills I. 1. They found the man. 2. He reached the airport in time. 3. The old man dimly saw the young man. 4. The young marine sat by the old man the whole night. 5. A message came saying the real son was arriving Comprehension of the text II. 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B Vocabulary III 1.sole 2. extend 3. startle 4. located 5. inform 6. interrupted 7. collapsed 8. exchange 9. apparent 10. enable IV 1. The government has called for an immediate investigation of the activities of the police. 2. We applied the medicine and in a few minutes Mrs. Johnson came to. 3. She coldly said goodbye to her friends. With that she shut the door and cried in the room. 4. Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives. 5. To our surprise the stranger turned out to be allowed to an old friend of my mother‘s. 6. He‘s not in the office; he‘s now on his way to London for a meeting. 7. When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes. 8. He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again. 9. The couple loves each other dearly, but now and again they quarrel. 10. In the subway station the poor old woman begged the passengers for money, but they paid no attention to her. 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 4 Vocabulary III. 1. conscious 2. depressed 3. ranges 4. impressed 5. encounter 6. introduction 7. match 8. physical 9. relaxed 10.contact IV. 1. are committed to 2. takes…seriously 3. was absorbed in 4. focus on 5. made up his mind 6. driving me crazy 7. ranging from… to 8. at her best 9. Lighten up 10.kept her eyes on V. 1.C 2.M 3.F 4.I 5. E 6.B 7. H 8.J 9.A 10.K Sentence Structure VI. 1. It rained for two weeks on end completely flooding the village. 2. Not wanting to meet John at the party, she refused to attend it. 3. The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game. 4. The marine sat thee in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man‘s hand and offering words of hope and strength. 5. Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me. VII. 1. I was so excited about going traveling (that) I couldn‘t sleep. 2. The chairman became so angry with his secretary (that) he decided to fire him. 3. She speaks English so well (that) you would think it was he native language. 4. He was so frightened (that) he broke eye contact and looked out the window. 5. His presentation was so interesting (that) everyone listened very carefully. Translation VII. 1. she was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in. 2. He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone. 3. Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes. 4. Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life. 5. Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best. 6. The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear. IX. 1. 史密斯教授关于形体语言的讲座非常重要～所有的学生都认 真地对待这次讲座。 2. 董事长意识到这不是好的过错～对好笑了笑来缓和气氛。 3. 她大怒～把我的杯子摔在地上～摔得粉碎。 4. 观察他的形体语言～你可以判断出他是在跟你说实话还是仅 仅找个借口敷衍你。 5. 不管人们对你说些什么～记住―观其行胜于闻其言‖。 6. 肢体动作是表达感情的无意识形式～能向观众传递某种信息。 Cloze X. 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XII. Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school. Reading Skills 1. Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate. 2. We communicate a great deal with our body movements. 3. The clothes you wear also communicate many things. 4. Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too. 5. A wealth of information from body language makes snap judgments seem sound. Comprehension of the Text II. 1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D Vocabulary III. 1. status 2. sign 3. resented 4. promoted 5. assuming 6. estimate 7. campaign 8. judgment 9. acquainted 10. norms IV. 1. account for 2. in part 3. is content with 4. feel at home 5. lack of 6. in relation to 7. become acquainted with 8. pick up 9. find out 10. a wealth of. 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 5 Vocabulary III. 1. immune 2. acquire 3. constitutes 4. define 5. infected, infect 6. illustrates 7. emerge 8. emphasize 9. represents 10. threatened IV. 1. regardless of 2. at risk 3. handing out 4. distracts…from 5. sign up for 6. be infected with 7. guard against 8. feel comfortable with/about 9. in place of 10. suffering from V. 1.L 2.G 3.I 4.J 5.M 6.D 7.O 8.A 9.C 10.F Structure VI. 1. the way he teaches English 2. whom I was expecting to stay with 3. which was lost in the department store yesterday 4. where Mary and I spent our childhood 5. which the whole family considered a great honor VII. 1. Despite his illness 2. Despite a lot of difficulties 3. despite his old age 4. despite the bad weather 5. despite his hard work Translation VIII. 1. I hope that the effort that we‘ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS. 2. Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing. 3. Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework. 4. It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment. 5. You‘d better learn something about the course before signing up for it. 6. The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy. IX. 1.病人的免疫系统会将新移植的心脏当成异物面排斥。 2. 有人说我们许多人饮食太糟，缺乏维他命和矿物质，因而我 们的身心都受到损害。 3. 生物医学研究将会使很多艾滋病病毒感染者延长寿命，生活 少些痛苦。 4. 中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划，旨在鼓励社会各部 门都参与艾滋病的防治。 5. 一个人感染了艾滋病毒，其症状一般要6到10年后才会表现 出来。 6. 许多年来，人们眼睁睁看着艾滋病泛滥成灾，争论着有效的 艾滋病防治措施在贫穷国家究竟是否适用。 Cloze X. 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII. Build more tall apartment buildings. The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem. To solve the problem, one-family houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for tall apartment buildings. When building space on the ground is used up, we can make use of the space in the air. This will help solve the housing problem in cities. Section B Reading Skills I. 1. 1) I hurt myself when diving 2) I hit my head on the board 2. 1) I was very worried about something serious. 2) I was very worried that my wound had left blood in the pool. 3. 1) There was something more significant that winning. 2) I was very worried that I might infect other divers with AIDS as I spilled my blood in the pool. Comprehension of the Text II. 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D Vocabulary III. 1. assist 2. bleeding 3.competing 4. confident 5. explored 6. commenced 7. intense 8. adopted 9. spill 10. confused IV. 1. Prior of ?Prior to 2. confident with ?confident of/in 3. by haste ?in haste 4. find about? find out 5. assist his wife on ?assist his wife with 6. with fear?for fear 7. competed with each other with ? competed with each other for 8. thrust his knife to ? thrust his knife into 9. have a shot in ? have a shot at 10. starts at ? starts with 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 6 III. 1. boast 2. registered 3. employment 4. peculiar 5. Continuous 6. graduated 7. dump 8. retreat 9. contrary 10. trembled IV. 1. in 2. of 3. behind 4. about 5. At 6. about/of 7.with 8. by 9. on/upon 10. at V. 1. F 2. M 3. J 4. G 5.A 6. D 7. O 8. L 9. I 10. C VI. 1. I know who he is. So does she. 2. We have come to realize all work is equally import. So has Sara. 3. I‘d like another drink. So would John. 4. I‘m not supposed to know who else objects to the plan. Nor/Neither are they. 5. He shouldn‘t have imagined there would be joy in picking up trash. Nor/Neither should Steve. VII. 1. Even if the calculation is right 2. even if they raise the price 3. Even if she may not return me the money 4. even if she doesn‘t come 5. Even if we achieve great success in our work VIII. 1. The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters. 2. Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to. 3. The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation. 4. The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style. 5. Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives. 6. Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend‘s parents are not as approachable as his parents. IX. 1. 我问过好几个服务员，可他们什么也没说，只朝着我笑，直 到这时我才意识到我的英语不够好。 2. 校长对那位院长非常生气，进而解除了他的院长职务。 3. 如果你当着孩子的面问这个问题，即使他想说―是‖也可能会 说―不是‖。 4. 如果你想毕业时获得学位，你要么别玩网上游戏，要么别去 打零工。 5. 虽然他未接受过大学教育，他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的 人。 6. 他曾就公司的管理问题提了好几个建议，但没有一个管用。 X. 1. A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5. A 6.C 7.A 8. C 9. B 10.A 11. B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.C 16. B 17.A 18.C19.B 20.A XII. People come to Beijing for different purposes. Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different subjects at universities in Beijing. Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all pats of the world visit Beijing, for various kinds of business talks or international conferences. In addition travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of historic interest during their holidays or visiting their friends and relatives in Beijing. I. 1. spend part of his time on 2. continue to support himself with drugs and food 3. settle their accounts with the company/and money owed to them 4. nervous and worried 5. a person who is likely to suffer a heart attack II 1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B III. 1.Devoting 2. bear 3. accurate 4. manufacturing 5.inquiry 6. afford 7. admired 8. replacing 9. retired 10. ignored IV. 1. out 2. up 3. out 4. around 5. up 6. to 7. to 8. for 9. of 10.to 新视野大学英语读写教程第二版第一册课后练习答案 Unit 7 Vocabulary III. 1. identify 2. attach 3. instinct 4. polish 5. unusual 6. offend 7. detail 8. slight 9. foundation 10. rob IV. 1. details 2. robbed 3. offended 4. polishing 5. identify 6. slight 7. instinct 8. attached 9. foundation 10. unusual V. 1.attached to 2. Looking through 3. hold dear 4. pulling into 5. face to face with 6. rather than 7. out of control 8. eaten away at 9. have mercy on 10. got to their feet VI. 1. G 2.H 3.J 4.L 5.O 6.A 7.C 8.M 9.D 10.E Sentence structure 1. They should have their pay increased. 2. I had my first book accepted for publication that year. 3. George had his papers taken form him at the police station 4. I had my wallet stolen while I was on holiday. 5. The couple are going to have their wedding photos enlarged at the store. VIII. 1. rather than to her daughter 2. rather than harm them 3. rather than leaving everything to the last minute 4. Rather than using the last of my cash 5. rather than increase pay Translation IX. 1. The police had the photograph of the missing girl enlarged so that they could recognize her easily. 2. When I go to work, I prefer to take a bus rather than drive and that morning was no exception. 3. When he saw his granddaughter coming into the house (Seeing his granddaughter coming into the house), the old man got to his feet and moved several steps unexpectedly as if he could walk by himself. 4. At that time we focused our attention on that painting without noticing anything unusual around us, and we can‘t offer any additional details. 5. The couple pulled their car into the parking lot and then headed for the cinema. 6. It‘s a question we have to face no matter how unpleasant it is. X. 1. 经验告诉他，妇女的天性昌保护自己而不是去伤害攻击者。 2. 自从她把墙重新粉刷了后，这房间好看多了。 3. 在这个国家的许多地方，青少年犯罪已经失去了控制，这个 城市也不例外。 4. 抢劫案发生后的几周，他不敢出门，害怕自己再次与劫匪面 对面遭遇。 5. 受害者向警察描述她是怎样突然遭到一个从灌木丛中出来的 人抢劫的。 6. 如今，对许多美国人来说，周末工作已经不幸地成为了惯例， 而不是例外。 Cloze XI. 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C Text Structure Analysis XII. Analysis: The set of actions leading to the main idea: got up to his feet, found the keys, entered his house and called 911 the operator took a description and sent a police car had a drink, the policemen came and took a report Main idea: He reported the robbery to the police. Structured Writing XIII. I climbed the ladder, heard my dive announced, and started the moves to thrust myself into the air. Then I dove into the pool. I enjoyed the quietness underwater, and then swam to the side of the pool. I was wondering about my score when suddenly, my coach leaped into the air. The crowd cheered, and I knew I‘d won the gold medal. Section B Reading Skills I, 1. For self-defense 2. She is afraid that she might kill someone. 3. According to the following paragraphs, the write feels uncomfortable about the imagined robbery because she unfairly imagined the robber was a black man. 4. According to common sense, a robber must be physically strong. The writer doesn‘t see women as being strong enough to rob someone, and she thinks of black men as particularly dangerous. 5. A neighborhood with a bad name because of frequent crime, violence, or safely dangerous. 6. Killing a human being just for money is wrong, according to the writer. 7. Locking the doors at the sight of a black man is really shameful. 8. This means that the writer hopes the robber takes away the money and no violence occurs. Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C Vocabulary III. 1. intention 2. advocates 3. violence 4. dominate 5. reveal 6. omitted 7. confronted 8. affected 9. intended 10. transported IV. 1. is intended for 2. be capable of 3. At the sight of 4. live with 5. are immune to 6. keep… from 7. Ignorance of 8. heard of 9. affected by 10 第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第二册答案 Section A: Vocabulary III. 1. charge 2. convention 3. efficient 4. obtain 5. competent 6. asessing 7. fulfill 8. conducting 9. consequently 10. significance IV. 1. behind 2. at 3. in 4.out 5. to 6. to 7.in 8.with 9.but 10. for V. 1. L 2. C 3.D 4. N 5. O 6.A 7. E 8.G 9.I 10. K Word Building VI. 1.commitment 2. attraction 3. appointment 4.impression 5. civilization 6.composition 7.confusion 8.congratulation 9.consideration 10.explanation 11. acquisition 12.depression VII. 1.advisable 2.disirable 3.favorable 4. considerable 5. remarkable 6.preferable 7.drinkable 8.acceptable Sentence Structure VIII. 1.much less can he write English articles 2.much less can he manage a big company 3.much less could he carry it upstairs 4.much less have I spoken to him 5.much less to read a lot outside of it IX. 1.Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars, whereas eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive. 2.We thought she was rather proud,whereas in fact she was just very shy. 3.We have never done anything for them, whereas they have done so much for us. 4.Natalie prefers to stay for another week, whereas her husband prefers to leave immediately. 5.Some praise him highly,whereas others put him down severely. Translation X. 1.She wouldn't take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner. 2.He thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth. 3.How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. XI. 1.我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了. 2.男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元. 3.自然界的平衡一旦遭到破坏,就会带来很多不可预知的影响. 4.期终考试迫在眉睫,你最好多花点时间看书. 5.有趣的是,消费者发现越来越难以辨别某些品牌的原产国.其部分原因来自于全球化带来的影响,部分原因是由于产地的变化. 6.最近一次调查表明,妇女占总劳动力的40%. Cloze XII. 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.C 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A Section B Comprehension of the Text II. 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B Vocabulary III. 1.utilize 2.reject 3.considerable 4.temporary 5.acceptable 6.recognition 7.alleviate 8.appreciate 9.furthermore 10.interact IV. 1.interact with 2.gone through 3.deal with 4.recovered with 5.adjusting to 6.familiar to 7.In spite of 8.were tired of 9.prevented from 10.came to unit2 Section A Vocabulary III. 1.promosing 2.amusing 3.lowered 4.persisted 5.rank 6.swear 7.unfair 8.presence 9.frowning 10. approximately IV. 1.on 2.upon 3.on 4.in 5.by 6.to 7.in 8.of 9.on 10.out V. 1.O 2.K 3.D 4.H 5.J 6.E 7.M 8.G 9.B 10.A Word Building VI. 1.observe - observer:one who observes a person or an event 2.ski - skier: one who skis 3.visit - visitor:one who visits somebody or some place 4.learn - learner:one who learns something 5.report - reporter:one who reports on persons or events for a newspaper 6.drink - drinker:one who often drinks alcohol,esp. too much VII. 1.tropical 2.musical 3.occasional 4.environmental 5.global 6.dangerous 7.natural 8.central Sentence structure VIII. 1.They didn't lose heart despite of lots of frustration. 2.Despite the heavy rain,the boys played football in the yard all afternoon. 3.I will try my best despite the slim chances of success. 4.Despite a thorough search for the escaped prisoner in the mountain,no sign of him was found. 5.Despite their increased income,their life became poorer because of the rising prices. IX. 1.nor do I think it necessary to do so 2.nor would they go to my sister's 3.nor do we have her telephone number 4.nor would I like to go to work immediately 5.nor would I Translation X. 1.Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins to loses. 5.The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. XI. 1.尽管那项计划一开始就证明是不切实际的,但是他们还是坚持 要实施. 2.我无法说服他接受这项计划,也无法使他认识到这项计划的重 要性. 3.你是怎么把那么多东西塞进这个小行李箱的? 4.别人对他怎么看,他全不在意. 5.我能否指出你犯了个小错误. 6.他母亲让他开车慢一点儿,但是他从不把她的话放在心上. Cloze XII. 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.D Section B Reading skills I. 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.B Comprehension of the Text II. 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.B Vocabulary III. 1.sake 2.sacrificed 3.crack 4.pursuing 5.explosive 6.overcome 7.indicated 8.opponents 9.stripped 10.denied IV. 1.Natasha made herself stand out in the group interview by acting as the leader in her group. 2.To be successful,you need a careful plan,good luck,help at the right time,and above all,hard work. 3.They are not doing this to gain recognition or money;they are doing this for the sake of society. 4.It was actually what he said rather than what he did that made me sad. 5.Once my mother sets her mind on something,it will be very hard to stop her. 6.Years of research had set the stage for their success in their field. 7.Local people are used to the phenomenon,so they are not surprised at all. 8.Today at this meeting we are going to focus on the question of air pollution. 9.He never expected that his best friend would charge him with cheating in the exam. 10.His parents were so strict with him in his studies that he had little time to participate in any activities outside of class. unit3 Section A Vocabulary III. 1.mutual 2.illusion 3.canceled 4.overlooked 5.proceeded 6.resolve 7.prejudice 8.compromise 9.confirm 10.subsequently IV. 1.having nothing to do with 2.taking care of 3.met with 4.on the surface 5.work out 6.incompatible with 7.ups and downs 8.learned of 9.indication of 10.all along V. 1.M 2.L 3.F 4.D 5.H 6.O 7.A 8.C 9.I 10.K Word Building VI. 1.shopping 2.feeling 3.storage 4.cooking 5.ending 6.beginning 7.gathering 8.removal 9.arrival 10.passage 11.writing 12.marriage VII. 1.relationship 2.citizenship 3.leadership 4.membership 5.boyhood 6.livelihood 7.brotherhood 8.authorship 9.adulthood 10.neighborhood 11.wisdom 12.ownership Sentence structure VIII. 1.It is never too bad for us to do something about the situation. 2.One is never too old to learn. 3.It is never too late for you to put a stop to this madness. 4.It is never too late for you to mend your ways. 5.His income was never too small to support his family. IX. 1.My best friend,Anna,was here last night. 2.The company manager,Mr. Madison,gathered his staff and announced the decision. 3.You should have seen an ophthalmologist, an eye doctor. 4.He sent for the accountant,the most experienced person in accounting. 5."Leave it to me," said David,the man on night duty. Translation X. 1.You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2.There remains one problem,namely,who should be sent to head the research there. 3.Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4.Though he has had ups and downs,I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5.I have some reservations about the truth of your claim. 6.She isn't particularly tall,but her slim figure gives an illusion of height. XI. 1.应尽早告知年轻人:必须认真对待法律. 2.他现在面临一个重要决定,这个决定可能会影响他的整个前程. 3.即使在情况最糟糕的时候,你也必须保持镇静和信心. 4.人际关系的成功与否与双方相处是否融洽以及交流是否顺畅 有很大关系. 5.他受到袭击,身受重伤,随后不治而亡. 6.他的举止至少在表面上像个正常人。 Cloze XII. 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D 11.B 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.D Section B Reading skills I. 1. F 2.F 3.O 4.F 5.O 6.O 7.O 8.F 9.O 10.F Comprehension of the Text II. 1.C 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D Vocabulary III. 1.arrange 2.criticism 3.innocent 4.criticizing 5.miserable 6.modest 7.compelled 8.somehow 9.anticipate 10.birlliant IV. 1.on 2.from...to 3.off 4.with 5.away 6.about 7.over 8.On 9.Concerning 10.to unit4 Section A: Vocabulary III. 1.forbid 2.identical 3.objectino 4.warmth 5.volunteers 6.overseas 7.declined 8.resisted 9.fancy 10.decrease/decline IV. 1.without fail 2.volunteer for 3.as long as 4.right away 5.more than 6.am thankful...for 7.wrote back 8.forbidden from 9.vanished into 10.was free to V. 1.O 2.J 3.G 4.H 5.L 6.A 7.E 8.B 9.C 10.N Word Building VI. 1.sadness 2.weakness 3.carelessness 4.illness 5.darkness 6.kindness 7.laziness 8.nervousness VII. 1.noisy 2.wealthy 3.sunny 4.lucky 5.tasty 6.healthy 7.angry 8.icy Sentence structure VIII. 1.It is necessary for the manager to finish the whole task before leaving for a holiday. 2.It is a shame to take so much money for doing so little. 3.It is our responsibility to help people around us who are in trouble. 4.It is a surprise for us all to realize he has been cheating us. 5.It is pleasant fro the mother to see her daughter growing into a young lady. IX. 1.as long as she got her father's agreement 2.As long as you set a goal for yourself 3.As long as she covers all the expenses herself 4.as long as she does her job well 5.As long as you never lose heart Translation X. 1.It is a great pleasure to meet friends from afar. 2.It doesn't matter whether the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice. 3.You must let me have the money back without fail by ten o'clock tomorrow morning. 4.Allow me to take part in this project: I am more than a little interested in it. 5.Everyone knows that he is special:He is free to come and go as he pleases. 6.Watching the unhappy look on her face,I felt as though she wishes to say something to me. XI. 1.现如今,仅仅受过中等教育的人要想找份好工作越来越难了。 2.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧. 3.如果你对所购物品不满意,我们将很乐意退款. 4.我们对这块伟大的美丽的土地心怀感激之情,多年来它迎接了 众多的人来这里的海滩游览. 5.让老师吃惊的是,没人自愿当班长. 6.那条狗忠心耿耿地继续在火车站等待主人,直到两年后死去. Cloze XII. 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.C Section B: Reading skills I. 1.I am almost dead. 2.I am moving across the landscape. 3.I have achieved a modest amount of prosperity. 4.A friend convinces me to go on a blind date with a lady friend of his. 5.Roma gets a faraway look in her eyes. Comprehension of the Text II. 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A Vocabulary III. 1.insurance 2.descended 3.precision 4.trace 5.stain 6.specify 7.accustomed 8.embraced 9.knelt 10.prosperity IV. 1.The Rockefeller family achieved a hugh amount of prosperity in the oil business. 2.What all workers have in common is expecting better working conditions. 3.You don't know what his feelings will be,as they change from day to day. 4.This is generally a warm place,but we do get freezing weather on occasion. 5.Every year at Christmas drunk driving takes its toll on the joyful atmosphere. 6.Many people still cling to the hope that one day there will be place between the two countries. 7.He was so angry that he lost control. 8.The climate in Alaska is a far cry from that of Florida. 9.How on earth did she manage to pass the test? 10.His career as a teacher came to an end when he broke his leg,but he continued to write textbooks for students. unit 5 Section A: Vocabulary III. 1.hardened 2.shelter 3.slim 4.weaken 5.Literally 6.noticeable 7.bunch 8.drag 9.grateful 10.hooked IV. 1.leaned on 2.close at hand 3.die of 4.are starved of 5.coupled with 6.is directed...at 7.are...dressed in 8.grateful to 9.struggling to 10.a bunch of V. 1.J 2.G 3.K 4.M 5.E 6.0 7.D 8.H 9.A 10.C Word Building VI. 1.Under the pleasant situation the property prices are just beginning to harden again. 2.In the past few years,these inside conflicts have weakened the government's position. 3.Every Sunday the father takes his child to libraries,museums,exhibitions or natural parks,as he believes that this helps to broaden the child's mind. 4.The days are lengthening as summer approaches. 5.As she was waiting for the result to come out,her excitement heightened. 6.The taking on of a new secretary lightened his workload considerably. 7.As he listened to his assistant reporting on the progress of the project,the manager's face darkened with anger. 8.Before night fell,the setting sun reddened the clouds. VII. 1.arrival 2.expectations 3.understandable 4.Visitors 5.freedom 6.profitable 7.lucky 8.gathering Sentence structure VIII. 1.John went to the cinema with his brother,which surprised me. 2.The boy broke the window,for which he was criticized by the teacher. 3.He tore up my photo,by which I was angered very much. 4.It was raining hard,for which the team stayed indoors. 5.Connie changed her mind for the second time,which came as no surprise to us. IX. 1.The teacher spoke so quietly that the students could hardly hear her. 2.The lecture was so boring that many listeners fell asleep. 3.The student has so many books that he does not know what to do with them. 4.The old man was so ill that his neighbors had to send for a doctor. 5.Her remarks are so funny that everyone laughs to tears. Translation X. 1.He spoke confidently,which impressed me most. 2.My father is so forgetful that he is always looking for his keys. 3.I'm very grateful to you for all the help you have given me. 4.The bad light,coupled with the wet ground,made driving very difficult. 5.Being starved of funds,they had to cancel their plan to start a business. 6.They always lean on us whenever they are in trouble. XI. 1.飞机可能会晚点几个小时,要是那样，我们等着就没有什么意义 了. 2.乔治常常说谎,因此当他说他考试得了高分时没人相信他. 3.初了附近位于十字路口的那家小工厂,一切都静悄悄的. 4.缺少睡眠的人会感到很难集中心思干活. 5.我安排人去机场接克拉克先生,然后带他去宾馆. 6.一到达山顶,游客们都高兴地大叫起来. Cloze XII. 1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.D 15.C Section B: Reading skills I. 1.giving them many material possessions 2.change continually and frequently 3.a sudden,uncontrollable feeling of regret 4.makes(the parent-child relationship)go wrong;taking(some of the happiness and mutual respect)away from (parents and their children) 5.start a new course of improved behavior Comprehension of the Text II. 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C Vocabulary III. 1.assigned 2.compensate 3.prompt 4.manner 5.tendency 6.undermined 7.submit 8.inferred 9.fluctuates 10.responded IV. 1.Jean wrote the speaker's address down in her notebook for fear that she might forget it. 2.Passengers must show their tickets on demand. 3.Officials are bound to investigate any possible corruption. 4.I took it for granted that you would come with us,so I bought you a ticket. 5.She has been selfish all the time,but she has promised to turn over a new leaf and become more loving toward others. 6.People in this region have pined for a peaceful life since the religiou war broke out three decades ago. 7.Poor health had made it difficult for Jim to hold down a job for more than a year. 8.Betty gets very depressed at times because of the pressure of her work. 9.The boys at my school used to make fun of me because I have a flat nose. 10.Jenny kept begging me for a new bicycle, and I finally gave in. Unit 6 Vocabulary III. 1.confessed 2. reserve 3. professional 4. impressive 5. latter 6. convey 7. qualify 8. refined 9. substitute 10. approval IV. 1. Correct from: fill out; synonym: fill in 2. Correct from: feel comfortable with; synonym: feel comfortable about 3. Correct from: attach first importance to; translation: 非 常重视;把……放在第一位 4. Correct from: turned down; synonym: rejected; refused 5. Correct from: came (up) to; definition: moved toward 6. Correct from: pressing me for; definition: try in a determined way to get something. 7. Correct from: free from/of; definition: not influenced by 8. Correct from: stuck with; translation: 不得不接待;被迫 接待 9. Correct from: for better or worse; definition: whether the result is good or bad 10. Correct from: took charge of; synonym: took responsibility for V. 1. M 2. K 3. L 4. F 5. I 6. C 7. H 8. O 9. E 10. B Word Building VI. illegal impolite irregular impatient incapable irresponsible inconsistent inappropriate incorrect indefinite 1. impatient 2. irresponsible 3. inconsistent 4. illegal 5. inappropriate 6. incapable 7. irregular 8. impolite 9. incorrect 10. indefinite VII. unnoticeable unreasonable ungrateful unlimited uncertain uncover unrecognizable unfashionable undo untidy unfold unload 1. unreasonable 2. unfolded 3. uncertain 4. uncovered 5. ungrateful 6. unloading 7. unlimited 8.undid Sentence structure VIII. 1. so is air to man 2. so is the eagle of all birds 3. so is beer to the British 4. so is tea to the Chinese 5. so do the English love their beer IX. 1. While waiting at the doctor‘s, I read an entire short story. 2. After using the brush, put it in its proper place. 3. Before being in the army, he was an engineer. 4. I deliberately didn‘t read the book before going to see the film. 5. When buying a new car, it is best to seek expert advice. Translation X. 1. (Just) as a machine needs regular running, so does the body need regular exercise. 2. He learned to play the piano while studying in the United States. 3. To our disappointment, he turned down our invitation. 4. The reality is that, for better or worse, the world has changed with advance of new technologies. 5. Most of the female students in my class appear to be ill at ease when (they are) required to answer questions. 6. The local government took charge of the security for the sports meeting. XI. 1. 足球之于意大利人，就像乒乓球之于中国人。 2. 教师没急着要班里同学现在作决定，而是要他们仔细考虑 后再下决心。 3. 我不知道那是什么饮料，我喝了那么多;结果那些小伙子 只能送我回家，因为我有点醉了。 4. 在中国北方，三月份往往多风。 5. 尽管如此，政府已经同意总支出增加6.2%。 6. 信息被定义为通过陈述事实向大脑传达的知识，它可以有 多种形式。 Cloze XII. 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. A Section B Comprehension of the Text II. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F Vocabulary III. 1. tidy 2. prevail 3. emotional 4. imitating 5. discourage 6. bargain 7. wander 8. superficial 9. concealed 10. accompanies IV. 1. tuened out 2. is not really up to 3. went to great lengths 4. acting out 5. spoke of 6. Judging by 7. out of character 8. took sides 9. blow his cover 10. more or less 新视野大学英语读写教程第三册答案 Unit 1 Section A. The Expensive Fantasy of Lord Williams 《读写教程 III》:Ex. II, p. 9 1. Because this is a title bought with stolen money. The guy‘s real name is Anthony Williams. 2. It‘s small, with a population of only 320. 3. No. He looks like a Scottish noble, soft-spoken and wealthy. 4. The truth is that the man with endless money and a friendly manner was not a lord at all but a government employee living out a fantasy that he was a Scottish noble and paying for it by stealing funds from Scottish Yard. 5. He stole more than eight million pounds over eight years and poured about five million pounds into the village. 6. Most of the stolen money was supposed to be used to pay spies and conduct secret activities against the Irish Republican Army. 7. He used the money to buy an estate, a beautiful home, and a dozen noble titles. But most of all, he sunk his dishonest gains into the village, buying multiple cottages, a pub and a run-down hotel and turning them into very good-looking places. 8. His bank deposits were so large that they were noticed by the bank‘s management. The bank then notified the police, who discovered that the criminal was one of their own. 9. Because in the eyes of some villagers Williams is a helper, pouring most of his stolen money into the village and giving jobs to 43 people. 10. He said in an interview after he was arrested: ―I discovered this bloody huge amount of money. I went from the need to pay off a few debts to what can only be described as greed. There is no way to justify it.‖ 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 9 1. suspicion 2. restored 3. considerate 4. inherited 5. furnish 6. justify 7. substantial 8. fantastic 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 10 1. To his embarrassment he discovered 2. like that 3. strike deals with 4. live it out 5. falls upon dark days 6. nothing but 7. captured the heart of the little boy with 8. raise a glass to 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 10 1. economy 2. business 3. campaign 4. poll 5. survey 6. research 7. lessons 8. study 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VI, p. 11 1. well-advised(明智的) 2. narrow-minded(心胸狭窄的) 3. wide-eyed(眼睛睁大的) 4. soft-spoken (说话温和的) 5. big-headed (妄自尊大的) 6. single-minded (专心致志的) 7. well-meant (用意良好的) 8. quick-tempered (易怒的) 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VII, p. 11 1. air-conditioned 2. handmade 3. thunder-struck 4. heart-felt 5. data-based 6. self-employed 7. custom-built 8. weather-beaten 《读写教程?》: Ex. VIII, p. 12 1. Well-meant as it was, the decision spoiled the peace talk in the Middle East. 2. Hard as he tried, he failed to deceive the police commissioner in London in the end. 3. Poor as he was, she gave up the idea to marry him. 4. Friendly as he may seem, I won‘t regard him as considerate. 5. Suspicious as she was of him, she never came to the idea that the wealthy, soft-spoken, well-mannered man was a criminal. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?., p. 12 1. Now (that) you have studied the above models and understood the meaning and usage of the expression ―now that‖, you know how to do the following exercises. 2. Now (that) I‘ve heard the music, I understand why you like it. 3. Now that the hotel is beautifully restored, many travelers like to stay in it. 4. Now that the criminal turned out to be one of their own, the London police commissioner publicly apologized for poorly supervising his department. 5. Now that you have got an MA degree, you are qualified for a PhD program. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 13 1. My thanks go to those who still stuck by me when I fell upon dark days. 2. Now that he has published a popular novel which earns him a large amount of money, he is able to buy a new house and a car. 3. The police said that their suspicions were aroused because the girl had other marks on her body. 4. How can you talk to her like that? She is the one who brought you up and helped you finish school. 5. Hard as the road for these students after school will be, their prospects are bright. 6. In order to have enough money to run the business, he sold his newly-bought house at auction even at a substantial loss. 7. He is fully justified in criticizing the police commissioner for poorly supervising his department. 8. These ancient buildings which are under protection have been restored beautifully to attract foreigners. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 13 1. 周六晚，在―牢骚酒吧‖，村民依旧乐意向 ―威廉斯勋爵‖祝酒， 尽管这个头衔现在只能引来阵阵笑声。 2. 这个美丽的村庄坐落在苏格兰山区中，有一些村民说，他们 从来不很了解安东尼 威廉斯。这位有钱的贵族说话和气， 1986年和他穿着入时的妻子一同来到这里。 3. 威廉斯先生买下了一笔又一笔的房产，给小村注入大量的现 金，一手令它焕发了生机。 4. 可是谁也没有料到这个事实:这个财源滚滚、举止友好的人 并非什么勋爵，而是一名政府公务员。 5. 威廉斯先生自1959年起效力于伦敦警署，官至财务部副主管， 年薪65,000英镑。大约两周前,后悔不已的他在法庭受审， 被判监禁七年半。 6. 但是最主要的，是他将不法收入投进了这座山村。精致的石 屋农舍，茵茵的村中绿地，一排排青青的树篱——这一派奇 异景色深深地吸引了他。 7. 但最主要的, 阿布迪先生通过获取银行贷款和与不同的人 做交易，仅支付威廉斯先生所欠他们的一部分，最后以大约 50万英镑的价格，买下了绝大部分房产。 8. 是他将年久失修的戈登 阿姆斯旅馆买下并完全改装，将这堆 废墟变成了一座华丽的一流宾馆。 Section B. The Romantic Life of Secret Agent Albert XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. D 《读写教程?》: Ex. XVII, p. 26 1. simplified 2. switched 3. standpoint 4. mysterious 5. romantic 6. exceedingly 7. exploits 8. heaved 《读写教程?》:Ex. XVIII, p. 26 1. aside 2. for 3. for 4. except 5. with 6. At; towards 7. With 8. behind; on/off 9. about/of Unit 2 Section A. Iron and the Effects of Exercise 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 38 1. The new study suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. 2. She is an associate professor at Purdue University. 3. She may consume additional meat or take iron supplements. 4. Because they have a monthly bleeding. 5. Through a variety of mechanisms. For example, some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with the bleeding of the digestive system. 6. Three. 7. You are in trouble. Your iron reserves go to zero and you may feel weak, tired and out of breath. 8. People are advised to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. 9. They are meat, chicken, fish, dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. 10. He should avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 38 1. moderate 2. consume 3. typically 4. modified 5. evidence 6. restricted 7. calculate 8. remedy 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 39 1. bounce back 2. summed up 3. up to 4. at risk 5. went to zero 6. goes up 7. out of breath 8. derived from 《读写教程?》: Ex. V, p. 39 1. awareness 2. efficiency 3. interaction 4. confidence 5. ability 6. anxiety 7. productivity 8. pressure 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 40 1. appearance 2. utterances 3. attendance 4. hindrance 5. maintenance 6. resistance 7. performance 8. existence 9. occurrence 10. acceptance 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 40 1. peace-loving 2. ice-cold 3. time-consuming 4. water-proof 5. waist-deep 6. care-free 《读写教程?》: Ex. VIII, p. 41 1. Mr. Howe, my favorite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award. 2. Yesterday I went fishing — something I hadn‘t done in years. 3. Some women are normally inactive, but then all of a sudden start a program of intense exercise — an action that violates the laws of sports science. 4. Even a brief visit to Greece, a modern country with ancient civilization, gives you a deep sense of the roots of our culture. 5. A people of inventors and discoverers, philosophers and soldiers, poets and craftsmen, the ancient Chinese gave the world many of its most useful things. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 42 1. His homework done, his composition written, Larry decided to go and see the film. 2. The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed, waiting for the telephone to ring. 3. The room was in a mess, empty bottles and beer cans (being) everywhere. 4. When I walked in, Grandpa was sitting at the kitchen table, the newspaper spread before him. 5. Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board, tears streaming down her cheeks. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 42 1. Most people with low iron reserves don‘t know they have an iron deficiency. 2. It is not sufficient only to check levels of the blood protein that transports oxygen. 3. Men are not safe, especially those who eat little meat and have a high level of physical activity. 4. It‘s advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. 5. Iron supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases. 6. The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, fish, dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. 7. The reason why people sometimes take iron supplements is that the supplements supplement the small amount that naturally occurs in grains. 8. Cook tomato sauce in an iron pot for three hours, and its iron content increases strikingly. Section B. Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits? XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A 《读写教程?》:Ex. XVII, p. 55 1. implied 2. complicated 3. obstacle 4. exhibited 5. possess 6. stems 7. speculate 8. neglected 《读写教程?》:Ex. XVIII, p. 56 1. in addition to 2. In response to 3. is associated with 4. in contrast to 5. in the same way that 6. A succession of accidents 7. go through 8. are separated into Unit 3 Section A. Where Principles Come First 《读写教程 III》: Ex. II, p. 69 1. It operates on the principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows. 2. It is famous for its work with troubled youngsters. 3. Because teachers protested the program‘s demands and the strain associated with more intense work. 4. The community feared the school would attract inner-city minority and troubled students. 5. In the Hyde School, all students are required to take performing arts and sports, and provide a community service. For each course, students get a grade for academic achievement and for ―best effort‖. 6. Parents must agree to accept and demonstrate the school‘s philosophies and outlook. 7. The biggest obstacle for many parents is to realize their own weaknesses. 8. Faculty evaluations are conducted by the students. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 69 1. cultivate 2. comprehensive 3. controversial 4. suspend 5. strain 6. preliminary 7. conventional 8. reform 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 70 1. His girlfriend‘s father saw him as a manwho could not make a living. 2. The course was cancelled over the students‘ protests. 3. The problem is so difficult that we cannot work it out without the help of our teacher. 4. Children tend to do their utmost when theyare encouraged by their parents who are making similar efforts. 5. The new teaching program didn‘t work well in the school at the outset. 6. I was kind of excited when I received the letter that allowed me an interview. 7. The school is scheduled to open on September 1. 8. They appeared to offer a free lunch, complete with cigars and wine. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 70 1. insights 2. attention 3. recognition 4. entrance 5. control 6. acceptance 7. speed 8. weight 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 71 1. historic 2. atomic 3. Arabic 4. energetic 5. economic 6. heroic 《读写教程?》:Ex. VII, p. 71 1. responsibility 2. rapidity 3. elasticity 4. curiosity 5. publicity 《读写教程?》:Ex. VIII, p. 72 1. In Britain, as in America, there is a great demand for educational reform. 2. In Greece, as in Italy, people use a lot of olive oil in cooking. 3. As in the Hyde School, values such as courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern are the first, most important lesson in some public inner-city schools in Maryland. 4. In China, as in Japan, a large number of middle school students take supplementary classes in order to get into a famous university. 5. As in the middle of the 1950s, many young people went down to the countryside in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 73 1. Once you‘ve practiced a bit, you‘ll find that it‘s quite easy. 2. Once the meal was finished, the discussion began. 3. Once you show any fear, he will attack you. 4. The decision took about 10 seconds once he‘d read a market research study. 5. Once customers come to rely on these systems, they almost never take their business elsewhere. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 73 1. Our school operates on the principle that moral values and academic achievements are equally important. 2. The new teaching program was suspended last term because the teachers in the department protested its demands and the strain associated with more intense work. 3. We see ourselves as preparing our students for a way of life by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all of them. 4. The basis of the Character First idea is that every human being has a unique potential that is based on character, not intelligence or wealth. 5. We were warned by the teacher in the first lesson that students got a grade not only for academic achievement but also for attendance and best effort. 6. Once parents agree in writing to accept and demonstrate the school‘s philosophies and outlook, the students can gain admission. 7. In the Hyde School greater attention is paid to the establishment of a fruitful relationship with each student while in the traditional high school setting the focus is on the teacher and the material. 8. The school stresses the idea that it is worthwhile for parents to participate in school activities together with their children. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 73 1. 该校的创始人约瑟夫 高尔德声称学校的教学计划很成功。海 德中学坐落在缅因州巴思市，每年的学费高达1.8万美元， 因其教导问题少年有方而遐迩闻名。 2. 在一堂英语课上，11名学生用最后的五分钟展开激烈的讨论， 依照1,10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。 3. 为了避免美国中学使用的其他品格培养方案所引发的争议， 高尔德解释说，―全力以赴‖ 这一概念并不是要强迫学生接受 某一套道德原则或宗教观念。 4. 家长签约同意每月出席一次区小组会议(共20个区小组)， 每年去区休养所三天，每年至少参加三次巴思市的研修班、 讨论组和研讨会。 5. 公立学校学生家长的活动计划仍在制定当中。这项工作的困 难要大得多，因为很难使家长们相信自身的参与很有价值。 6. 他很乐观地认为，一旦家长投入到计划当中，他们就会成为 孩子们日常行为的榜样，这一点与寄宿学校的学生家长完全 不同。 7. 海德中学的办学宗旨是:如果你向学生传授诸如诚实、勇敢、 正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话，学生的学 习成绩自然就会提高。 8. 我们有几分喜欢这种活力，但并不是喜欢它不好的一面，而 是要将它转化成好的一面。 Section B. Cultural Differences in Western and Japanese Decision-Making XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVII, p.86 1. extreme 2. analyzed 3. differ 4. negotiation 5. consulted 6. discarded 7. feasible 8. sophisticated 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 86 1. in; from 2. on 3. to 4. from 5. From; to 6. between; up 7. to/in 8. in Unit 4 Section A. Five Famous Symbols of American Culture 《读写教程 III》: Ex. II, p. 99 1. They are the Statue of Liberty, Barbie dolls, American Gothic, the Buffalo nickel, and Uncle Sam. 2. It was modeled after Bartholdi‘s mother‘s face. 3. Her real name was Barbara Handler. 4. Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls. The average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second. 5. Grant Wood. 6. He was inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse. 7. It honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier – the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians. 8. Because buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands. 9. He said ―US‖ was short for ―Uncle Sam‖ Wilson. 10. It was a self-portrait of Flagg. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. III, p. 99 1. inspected 2. assembled 3. exaggerated 4. versions 5. universal 6. interpretation 7. solemn 8. inspired 《读写教程 III》: Ex. IV, p. 100 1. worked on 2. approve of 3. went ahead 4. for sale 5. come up with 6. refashioned into 7. rise to fame 8. captures my attention 《读写教程 III》: Ex. V, p. 100 1. respect 2. admiration 3. place 4. money 5. reward 6. living 7. nothing 8. name 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VI, p. 101 1. intelligence/competence 2. consequence 3. significance 4. ignorance 5. indifference 6. excellence 7. brilliance 8. magnificence 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VII, p. 101 1. coexists 2. co-director 3. cooperate 4. copilot 5. co-author 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VIII, p. 102 1. Jimmy walked slowly to the corner of the playground, his face covered with tears. 2. The hotel taxi sped away, the taillights disappearing into the distance. 3. Their stomachs crying for food, their backs burning from too much sun, both boys gathered their things and headed for home. 4. Barbara just lay there, her mouth trembling, her eyes unfocused, unable to say a word. 5. Then the two players let him fall to the track, his chest landing first, his head following, bouncing, and finally lying still. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. IX, p. 103 1. Most snakes, although with a threatening appearance, aren‘t really dangerous if you leave them alone. 2. Women, even though with the same abilities, have failed to approach the income of men. 3. Though with a severe shortage of coal supply, the governor was not forced to close all the schools. 4. She is capable of making complete French meals even though with no cheese between salad and dessert. 5. When in doubt about the result of your test, call the test office. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. X, p. 103 1. His parents did not approve of his plan to go and study abroad with a girl they had never met, but he went ahead and got to New York with her. 2. It is said that the painter used his aunt as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength. 3. The real Ken did not like the three-dimensional Barbie dolls, which were described as having the appearance of ―a woman who sold sex‖. 4. The novelist instantly rose to fame in 1950 with the publication of Good-bye, My Dear, a novel inspired by his experience with a girl on his older brother‘s farm. 5. After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, and soon became American‘s most popular symbol. 6. The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing alongside him in front of a farmhouse, their models being respectively the painter‘s dentist and sister. 7. In order to have the buffalo on the other side of the nickel, he went to the Central Park Zoo to sketch an aging buffalo which was later killed for a wall decoration. 8. One story says that ―US‖ was short for ―Uncle Sam‖ whose real name was Sam Wilson who had once worked with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the US Army. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 103 1. 19世纪70年代中期，法国艺术家弗里德里克 奥古斯特 巴托 尔迪正在设计一个大项目，名为―自由照耀世界‖。这是一座 庆祝美国独立和美法联盟的纪念碑。 2. 马特尔公司将这个娃娃作了一番改造，变成了体面而地道的 美国货，尽管胸围有些夸张。它名从当时10多岁的少女芭芭 拉。 3. 如今芭芭拉已有60多岁了，她拒绝接受采访，但据说非常喜 欢芭比。她可能是当今世上真名实姓不为人知的最著名的人 物。 4. 1930年，格兰特 伍德因其画作《美国哥特式》一举成名。 此画体现了美国农民庄严的自豪，常常被人临摹。 5. 他深受中世纪艺术的影响，他的灵感来自于一所古老农舍的 哥特式窗户，但最令世人注目的是画中人物的脸。 6. 但1913至1938年间发行的野牛硬币，却是为了纪念由美国 拓居引起的两起相互关联的悲剧——野牛群的灭绝和美洲印 第安人的毁灭。 7. 尽管此前一直是白人被用作美国硬币上的模特，而著名艺术 家詹姆斯 厄尔 弗雷泽却反传统而行之，启用了三名真正的 美洲印第安人作为自己创作的原型。 8. 战后，政治漫画里开始出现了一个名叫―山姆大叔‖的人物。 他的原型是一个早期漫画人物名叫乔纳森大哥，此人在美国 独立战争时期非常出名。 Section B. Engelbreit‘s the Name, Cute Is My Game XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. D 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVII, p. 118 1. crush 2. astonishing 3. distribution 4. distinctive 5. elaborate 6. comprised 7. features 8. decorated 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 118 1. in; at 2. down 3. from; with 4. in; on 5. to 6. of 7. Like 8. at Unit 5 Section A. Graceful Hands 《读写教程?》: Ex. II, p. 130 1. The writer gets to know it from Mrs. Clark‘s medical chart and the report she received from the preceding shift. 2. Maybe it is because the idea of Mrs. Clark‘s dying soon makes her feel sick. 3. The writer wants to show us a true-to-life picture of Mrs. Clark at the end of her life. 4. Because she doesn‘t have enough strength to do so. 5. Because she didn‘t want them to sufferfrom the experience of seeing her die. 6. She means that they both realize that Mrs. Clark is dying and as human beings this is an unavoidable and very special moment. 7. Maybe because she thought it was too much for them to cope with. 8. Because Mrs. Clark‘s fingers are very long and graceful, which at first catches the writer‘s eyes easily. But after knowing more about Mrs. Clark, the author mentions her graceful fingers again and again so as to imply that Mrs. Clark‘s heart and mind are graceful as well. 《读写教程?》: Ex. III, p. 130 1. preceding 2. decay 3. secured 4. dripping 5. slid 6. hints 7. interval 8. privileges 《读写教程?》: Ex. IV, p. 131 1. The young woman reached for her bag and pulled out a gun. 2. The local people can foretell a storm when the clouds hang around the mountain. 3. Thomas turned his head, trying to avoid breathing in the vapor. 4. He always covers his mouth when coughing so that he won‘t spread germs. 5. John managed to accomplish his work in time. 6. It is very strange that the old lady seemed to be able to sense my thoughts. 7. We did not provide for such a sudden and large-scale enemy attack. 8. His intervention may have spared me a bloody nose. 《读写教程?》: Ex. V, p. 131 1. firm 2. straight 3. apart 4. ready 5. unaided 6. opposed 7. close 8. idle 《读写教程?》: Ex. VI, p. 131 1. growth: the act or rate of growing or developing; natural development; expansion; improvement; cultivation 2. warmth: the state or quality of being warm; warm-heartedness, kindness; heat; enthusiasm 3. depth: the state of being deep; downward measurement; deepness 4. truth: the state or quality of being true; facts, reality; proven principle 5. length: the measurement from one end to the other or of the longest side of something; duration, time, period; piece, section 6. breadth: distance from side to side, broadness; scope, range, extensiveness, area 7. width: size from side to side; the quality of being wide 8. death: the state of being dead 《读写教程?》: Ex. VII, p. 132 1. exposure 2. failures 3. disclosures 4. pressure 5. mountaineers 6. closure 7. profiteers 8. seizure 《读写教程?》: Ex. VIII, p. 133 1. did he realize that the task was a little too difficult for the new secretary to finish on her own 2. did Mary stop weeping 3. will all the employees know the result of their performance evaluation 4. did she become aware how hard it was for her mother to have brought up her sister and her on her own 5. did I get to know what happened in the end to the main characters 《读写教程?》: Ex. IX, p. 133 1. The earthquake killed millions of lives, yet so did the war. 2. His hardship in the company is over, yet so is his job. 3. The task is very glorious, yet it is very difficult, too. 4. The Greens are going to buy a house in the suburbs, yet the Smiths are going to sell their house in the suburbs. 5. His job is to design buildings in the town, yet his wife‘s job is to pull down old houses in the town. 《读写教程?》: Ex. X, p. 134 1. Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wonder briefly if she is still alive. 2. In the final phase of his journey, the traveler in the desert depended on chewing tree leaves to ease his thirst. 3. These soldiers have received very strict training and been well equipped to fulfill the new task. 4. I clean her body carefully, trying to avoid hurting her, as she is only skin and bones. 5. Time seems to stand still. Mrs. Clark and I both become aware that she is dying, leaving this world. 6. When decorating the room, you should see to it that the carpets match the curtains. 7. It seemed that the little boy could read my mind, and he quietly gave me some newspapers of that day. 8. Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he realize how much he loved her. 《读写教程?》: Ex. XI, p. 134 1. 克拉克夫人将头稍稍转向我，微微睁开眼。 2. 她没有用力去吞咽，因为她力气不够了。 3. 她耗尽了最后的那点力气，再也说不下去了。但我已经明白 她做了些什么。 4. 她好像又看穿了我的心思:―你??????留下??????‖ 5. 为这位迅速走进又很快走出我生活的陌生人，我心间涌起了 一股感情。 6. 她的痛苦结束了，可她的生命也结束了。 7. 克拉克夫人为她的家人省去了一幕他们或许无力面对的人生 插曲，却与我分享了它。 8. 两天后，我在报上读到了克拉克夫人的消息。 Section B. Decisions of the Heart Reading Skills 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. A 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XVII, p. 145 1. condemned 2. inserted 3. necessities 4. relieve 5. denied 6. stroke 7. withdrew 8. elected 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 146 1. Her voice was beginning to tremble and she tried to control it but in vain. 2. Jennifer was late for class the other day as a result of the heavy snow. 3. The small company is now confronted with intense competition for the market share. 4. In wintertime, food was hard to come by, so many animals died of hunger. 5. Tom decided to follow his father‘s advice and apply for a job in the bank, as he liked working with numbers. 6. I‘m sorry I forgot his birthday: the date just completely slipped my mind. 7. In the end our choices came down to going or staying. 8. The old man had a stroke, which condemned him to bed in the hospital for about half a year. Unit 6 Section A. How to Prepare for Earthquakes 《读写教程 III》: Ex. II, p. 158 1. They have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. 2. They have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. 3. They are killed by falling buildings. 4. They design buildings so that the building‘s columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil. 5. They should regularly check and reinforce their homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that they will not open accidentally during an earthquake. 6. People in these regions should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. It is best to store several gallons of water per person. It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. Store one week‘s food for each person. Earthquake survival supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope, and warm clothing. 7. To have all of the family members call to check in with a friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away. 8. Education concerning how to survive an earthquake. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. III, p. 158 1. withstand 2. detected 3. resistant 4. handy 5. chaos 6. forecast 7. precaution 8. occurrence 《读写教程 III》: Ex. IV, p. 159 1. come out of 2. watch for 3. resistant to 4. put out 5. After all, 6. make much a difference to 7. agree on 8. attach labels to 《读写教程 III》: Ex. V, p. 159 1. principal 2. considerable 3. continual 4. great 5. environmental 6. growing 7. global 8. exclusive 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VI, p. 159 1+f ? cupboard 碗厨 2+i? motorcycle 摩托车 3+l ? silkworm 蚕 4+k ? teargas 催泪毒气 5+g ? bloodstain 血迹 6+a ? sawdust 锯木屑 7+e ? tortoise-shell 龟壳 8+ j? steam-engine 蒸汽机 9+b ? arrowhead 箭头 10+h ? shirt-sleeves 衬衫袖 11+d ? window-pane 窗玻璃 12+c? manservant 男佣人 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VII, p. 160 1. encourage 2. enlarge 3. encircles 4. enable 5. endanger 6. enlightened 7. ensure 8. enforce 9. enacted 10. endear 《读写教程 III》: Ex. VIII, p. 161 1. so that the baby wouldnot catch cold 2. so that more people would vote for him 3. so that his father might forgive him for his failure in the math exam 4. so that it would go on smoothly 5. so that you can judge for yourself 《读写教程 III》: Ex. IX, p. 161 1( She cycled from Shanghai to Beijing, which is pretty good for a woman of 50. 2( He wore his swimming things in the office, which shocked his boss a great deal. 3( They ran out of drink, which actually didn‘t bother me because I wasn‘t drinking. 4( They will win the match, which will please my brother. 5( She borrowed a book on literature, which suggests that her literature teacher was having some influence on her. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. X, p. 161 1( The world has learned something concerning earthquake prediction from the Chinese, who have noted that before an earthquake, some animals would change their normal behavior. 2( As most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings, building structures must be improved so that they can withstand the power of earthquakes. 3( Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common should also prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake in several other aspects. 4( Keep an English-English dictionary handy, and when you cannot interpret a word with accuracy, you may refer to it any time. 5( It is sensible for every family to make earthquake emergency plans and all the family members should know how to leave the area during the chaos following an earthquake. 6( As the few remaining working telephone lines will be very busy, all of the family members should call to check in with a friend or relative who lives far away from the earthquake-stricken area. 7( People who live in the areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence should build houses that are resistant to ground movement. 8( A farmer noticed large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water, which, he said, indicated the possible occurrence of an earthquake. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 162 1(在日本和中国，人们长期以来一直相信地震是可以预测的。 2(中国人的传统做法是观察动植物以获取地震的警示信号。 3(他们还注意到，蛇会爬出地洞，狗会狂吠不已，甚至那些平 常很安静的狗也会叫个不停。 4(所以，建造具有抗震能力的楼房成为关注的重点。 5(高架桥的水泥柱先前只是在内部埋设钢条，如今外面也包上 了钢板。 6(同时，贮备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要，这 样就可以放心饮用其他来源的水了。 7(大家应该商定一个地震区外的会合点——可能是在几英里外 的某个市镇。 8(教育人们如何在地震中幸存下来，应该是所有政府规划和地 震研究项目的重点所在。 Section B. Changes in the Balance of Nature Reading Skills 1. In Paragraphs 3, 4 and 5. You can get the answer by reading the first sentence of these paragraphs very quickly. 2. About 5 billion years ago. (Para. 3) You can have the answer by just skimming for the words ―the Earth‖ and ―formed‖. 3. About 3 million years ago. (Para. 4) You can get the answer by just skimming for the words ―the first human beings‖. 4. Section 2. You get the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the section. 5. Section 3. You have the answer only by noticing the spacing and reading the headline of the section. XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. in agreement with 2.cooled 3. out of proportion to 4. hard 5. can‘t be regenerated 6. speed up 7. in peace with 8. aware of 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XVII, p. 174 1. rotates 2. flourishing 3. exceeded 4. abuse 5. accelerate 6. retain 7. ignorant 8. opposed 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XVIII, p. 175 1. Now that I am retired, I find I am spending more and more time on voluntary charity work, which I am very happy to take part in. 2. His interests are in harmony with mine. 3. In other words, 95 percent of the students have passed the entrance examination and been admitted to universities. 4. We go abroad for a week or ten days every year, but I think we have a very simple life compared with many. 5. Since coal is formed from plants, which are chemically very complicated, its own chemical make-up is very complex. 6. During his stay in the countryside, he took to smoking.] 7. The father was ignorant of the boy‘s secrets. 8. The earthquake that took place last week brought about ten thousand deaths and destruction of half of the buildings in the area. Unit 7 Section A. A Rose IS a Rose 《读写教程 III》:Ex. II, p. 189 1. ―Red roses say ?I love you‘,‖ says Gerald Hager. 2. They help those people save money. 3. Some are dressed in work clothes, and some in expensive suits and overcoats. 4. By holding prices down through controlling every link in the rose chain. 5. Because of severe foreign competition. 6. The trend is that imported roses are sold across the entire breadth of the industry, from big flower shops to street-corner stands. 7. They are trying to work with their overseas rivals instead of fighting them. 8. A recent frost killed 25% of Colombia‘s rose crop and consequently U.S. rose growers had the good luck to make a lot more money on this Valentine‘s Day as there was less competition from overseas rivals. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 189 1. circulates 2. distributes 3. released 4. margin 5. launched 6. discount 7. chased 8. bankrupt 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 190 1. go out of style 2. Opinions ranged from … to 3. have left over 4. hold down 5. go down 6. looks like raining 7. offered to 8. nothing but 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 190 1. power 2. excitement 3. heat 4. jobs 5. profits 6. energy 7. electricity 8. production 《读写教程?》: Ex. VI, p. 191 1. seaward: going towards the sea 2. backward: directed towards the back, the beginning, or the past; returning; behind in development 3. earthward: towards the earth 4. outward: towards the outside; away; of the outside, appearing to be true but perhaps not really true 5. southward: going towards the south 6. upward: going up; increasing, getting higher 7. homeward: going towards home 8. inward:moving towards the inside; (placed) on the inside; of the mind or spirit 《读写教程?》: Ex. VII, p. 191 1. interchangeable 2. intermingle 3. interconnected 4. interdependent 5. interplay 6. intermarriage 7. interpersonal 8. interactive 《读写教程?》: Ex. VIII, p. 192 1. looked as if she had been through some terrible famine 2. as if it was his birthday 3. as if she knew me 4. as if they spent a fortune 5. as if I were mad 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 192 1. I passed him a large glass of whisky, which he drank immediately. 2. Last year, some farmers in the village raised chickens and ducks, which grew very well. 3. Yesterday Tom went to a birthday party, which was held by Lucy‘s parents for Lucy‘s 15th birthday. 4. The whole evening Amy was talking about her latest book, of which none of the people present had ever heard. 5. The small man in the raincoat, whom nobody recognized, turned out to be Olivia‘s first husband. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 192 1. Valentine‘s day is the biggest day for the nation‘s rose industry, as on this day the rose retailers will sell more than one million roses. 2. As for traditional flower shops, selling roses is no longer such a beautiful experience as before, because intense market competition has chased them almost out of business. 3. While discount rose retailers watch their business bloom, U.S. rose growers are going bankrupt as large amounts of foreign roses get into American markets. 4. As the imported roses account for 57% of the total American markets, the profit margin of the domestic rose growers has dropped substantially. 5. Some smart domestic rose growers have begun to work with the overseas rivals, instead of fighting them. 6. They are going to widen their business range through providing various kinds of service and becoming a representative for overseas flower producers. 7. Holding a bundle of roses in his hand, the young man walked into the office and put it on the desk of Lily, the girl he had long been in love with. 8. All the people in the office craned their necks to see this handsome young man and were eager to know the love story between the boy and the girl. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 193 1. 红玫瑰将永远是最流行的花儿，因为爱情永不过时。 2. 有些顾客说，上乘的玫瑰让他们看上去象是花了大价钱。 3. 如果我们能用35美元，而不是65美元，就使别人的一天充 满光彩，那他们就可以省下足够的钱去买糖果和吃晚餐了。 4. 该公司成功的诀窍是控制好玫瑰销售的每一个环节，以降低 价格。 5. 就在折价玫瑰花店生意兴隆的同时，美国的玫瑰种植商却在 残酷的外来竞争中濒临破产。 6. 进口玫瑰遍及该行业的各个角落，从大花店到街头小摊都有 出售。 7. 大量的进口玫瑰已经挤垮了国内一些种植商。 8. 所有这些变化使得玫瑰行业的一些人很怀念过去的好日子， 那时附近的花店每个情人节都会安排送花。 Section B. The Chunnel XVI. 1. by land 2. excluded from 3. later than the planned time 4. emotional attachment to 5. defeat 6. stimulating Mitterrand to joke 7. the people from the company 8. pessimistic 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XVII, p. 207 1. conquered 2. equivalent 3. excluded 4. bore 5. accused 6. punctual 7. creeping 8. approximate 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 207 1. As soon as he entered the office, the director asked his secretary if the general manager‘s train was behind schedule 2. Women are excluded from the temple. 3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization is NATO for short. 4. He has a lot in common with his sister Kate. 5. The use of typewriters in offices is dying out. 6. The building where my department is located goes back to the 19th century. 7. By far the most important issue for them is unemployment. 8. Given his poor health, he‘s done a good job. Unit 8 Section A. Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 221 1. The world was amazed by the news at first, then worried about and puzzled over a long list of wild possibilities. 2. One of the situations is that parents want to clone a child who can serve either as a transplant donor or as a substitute for the original. The second is that adults want to clone themselves for a variety of reasons. 3. Because clones are only physically identical while twins share the same environment within the mother and are usually raised in the same family. 4. The only possible major difference is bearing children, as scientists are not sure if Dolly will be able to have lambs. 5. Because cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. 6. If technology was improved, this could be realized. 7. It might be proper to refer to them as ―Most honored sir or madam‖. 8. The creation of a new and disrespected social class: the clones. 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 221 1. implication 2. resembles 3. breed 4. prohibits 5. draft 6. confusion 7. deliberate 8. debate 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p.222 1. within reach of 2. in the wake of 3. in terms of 4. get around 5. regardless of 6. refers to; refers to 7. comparable to 8. in the first place 《读写教程?》:Ex. V, p. 222 1. wonderful 2. great 3. peaceful 4. attractive 5. pleasant 6. unique 7. similar 8. creative 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p.223 1. transposition 2. transatlantic 3. transmigrants 4. transformed 5. transnational 6. transoceanic 7. transshipped 8. transported 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 223 1. non-existent 2. nonstop 3. non-art 4. non-college 5. nonproductive 6. nonprofit 7. nonfiction 8. nonviolent 《读写教程?》:Ex. VIII, p. 224 1. What if I say no 2. What if they don‘t know 3. What if we can‘t finish it on time 4. What if this happened to us someday 5. What if he has lied to us 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 224 1. The Bosnian peace-talks are resuming in Geneva today with the new proposals at the top of the agenda. 2. All of Southern Africa is suffering from a severe drought with Mozambique and Zimbabwe among the worse-hit countries. 3. The Europe Summit in Paris is drawing to an end with USA in danger of being completely isolated. 4. With the King in prison, the chief commander came to power and ruled the country. 5. With democracy itself under threat, the reforms deserve all the support they canget. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 225 1. In some western countries there are parents who are ready to clone children with nonfatal transplants in mind. 2. The book on cloning she asked for was not within my reach, so I referred her to the school library. 3. For Mary‘s sake, I can lend you my car to get around your transport problem. 4. In the first place the couple didn‘t want to clone a child, and in the second place they couldn‘t afford to. 5. In theory it‘s possible to clone a child to harvest organs, but in practice it would be psychologically harmful to the child. 6. He published an article under the name of ―Braver‖ which stresses the idea that the process of cloning animals would work for humans as well. 7. As the author of this article warns us, human cloning might be something that makes men sadder than happier. 8. To some people, the question to clone or not to clone, in a sense, could be comparable to the question to be or not to be. Section B. Who Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning XVI. Read the following statements carefully, and decide whether they are true (T) or false (F) according to the text. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4.F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 《读写教程?》:Ex. XVII,p. 236 1. resigned 2. consent 3. resumed 4. panic 5. prefaced 6. constituting 7. reflection 8. queue 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 236 1. She came up with a new idea for increasing sales. 2. It makes sense to buy the most up-to-date version. 3. If the day turns out wet, we may have to change our plans. 4. She decided on reflection to accept his offer after all. 5. For the sake of the exhibition we should try our best to collect more famous paintings. 6. We reserved two tickets in the name of Brown. 7. We had to resign ourselves to making a loss on the sale. 8. They disposed of the dictator during the revolution Unit 9 Section A. Premarital Agreements 《读写教程?》:Ex. II, p. 249 1( First, a future husband wanted to be sure that he could keep his treasured ice-cream collection if his marriage failed. Second, a woman wanted to make clear who would walk the dog.Third, one man wanted to be entitled to a divorce if his future wife gained more than 15 pounds once she married him. 2( A prenuptial agreement, or prenup, negotiated by lawyers and signed before a marriage, is mainly designed to deal with financial problems when divorce is insisted on by one party. 3( Because more and more states began passing laws based either on ―splitting evenly‖ or on ―whatever a judge thinks is ?fair‘‖. 4( First, a wealthy man who has been stung once may want to avoid such future problems. Second, protecting children from a previous marriage is a strong reason. Third, when one future partner is extremely rich while the other is poor. 5( First, any language mistakes in a prenup, even a misplaced preposition, can be disastrous. Second, a prenuptial agreement signed under pressure can cause problems. Third, there can be a dispute over premarital accords if a couple decides to divorce while living abroad, or when they have different passports. 6( Prenuptial agreements are almost ignored by British courts because English law says that circumstances of a marriage aren‘t static, and therefore a judge should decide how financial assets will be divided. 7( For one thing, divorce rate in the US is very high, which is often accompanied by money problems. For another, laying bare all one‘s finances can sometimes save a couple from a terrible marriage. 8( Because many people just put the prenup in a drawer and never look at it again after signing it. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 249 1(verified 2(justification 3(sting 4(enforced 5( cite 6( awkward 7( headline 8( dispute 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 250 1. She has certainly gained in confidence over the last couple of years. 2. The actor made the headlines when he was accused of eating a pet dog. 3. Greg‘s parents are worried about his exposure to the kind of people they don‘t approve of while he‘s at college. 4. The opposition parties are calling for the minister‘s resignation over the scandal. 5. I‘ve drawn up a list of candidates that I‘d like to interview. 6. She‘ll end up penniless if she carries on spending as much as that. 7. She lays bare her three unhappy marriages in her autobiography. 8. Hoping that he might be able to shed light on the problem, I asked Mario to look at the engine. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 250 1. present 2. anniversary 3. service 4. band 5. album 6. dress 7. photos 8. celebration 《读写教程 ?》: Ex. VI, p. 251 1. a tradition perfected by the Elizabethans 2. an exhibition of fine Victorian furniture 3. dance music with African roots 4. lots of shops run by Asians 5. make the British feel more European 6. watch Italian football very often 7. produce some Hollywoodian films 8. write some novels of Jamesian style 《读写教程?》: Ex. VII, p. 251 1. Premarital 2. premature 3. pre-game 4. preplanned 5. pre-school 6. preexist 7. presuppose 8. prehistoric 《读写教程?》: Ex. VIII, p. 252 1. He always listens to the radio while driving to work. 2. He works in an American company while giving lectures on economics in a college in the evening. 3. In some societies women are treated as professional equals on the job while being treated as servants at home. 4. We should be pupils while serving as teachers. 5. The two professors will exchange their views while in Paris attending a meeting. 《读写教程?》: Ex. IX, p. 252 1. Not even once did this thought come to her mind. 2. No sooner were they released by order of the court than they were rearrested by the police. 3. Least of all did he understand the weakness of his own. 4. Seldom did the couple go to the theatre together during their stay in the USA. 5. Not unless we understand the person who has the disease can we understand a disease. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 253 1. It has made the headlines that the president‘s wife threatened her husband with public exposure. 2. The wealthy lady‘s repeated demand on a premarital agreement greatly stung her future husband‘s pride and ended up in his refusal to get married. 3. He got the money dishonestly, by forging his brother‘s signature on a check, which was exposed by the media. 4. He cited a classic example to show that the police officer shot the man with justification because the man had shot at him first. 5. Make no mistake about it, some women would insist on the right to get a divorce if their husbands did not work and save money as much as they did. 6. The casual discovery of the fingerprint shed some light on the murder he had been sent to look into. 7. Unwilling to lay bare her private thoughts to a stranger, Mary only gave him an awkward smile. 8. What matters is not whether the engaged couple have faith in each other, but to view the marriage as it is, which has no bearing on romantic love. 《读写教程?》: Ex. XI, p. 253 1. 自20世纪80年代初以来，婚前协议在美国被越来越多的人 接受，因为当时越来越多的州开始通过关于离婚财产分配的 法律。 2. 名人的婚前协议总是头条新闻: 杰奎琳?肯尼迪?奥纳西斯的 律师在亚里士多德?奥纳西斯死后拿出两人的婚前协议对簿公 堂，据说后来在庭外和解中赢得了2,600万美元。 3. 典型的欲签订婚前协议的人是那些积存了大量财富的男性， 他们曾吃过苦头，因而想减少自己日后的麻烦。 4. 保护自己的资产，使之能传到儿子和孙子手中，这种努力使 婚前契约在已退休并丧偶、又准备再婚的六七十岁的老人当 中更为常见。 5. 另一种要求签立婚前协议的情形是，未来的丈夫或妻子已经 或即将继承巨额遗产或家庭产业，尤其是在未来伴侣家资不 多或一贫如洗的情况下。 6. 律师们援引的一个经典例子是: ―婚礼那天，某人——通常 是?她‘——面前突然出现了一份协议，于是，她看都没看一眼 就签了字。‖ 7. 有一位律师回想起一件尴尬事:男女双方还在修改协议，争 论哪些该保留，哪些该删除，此刻却有150名宾客陆陆续续 来参加婚礼。 8. 伦敦一家法律公司的一名律师经常为分处英美两国的夫妇处 理离婚事宜。他注意到，在英国，法院―几乎忽视‖婚前协议。 Section B. Is the Traditional Family Structure at Risk? XV.Please read the following multiple-choice questions to decide what types of questions they belong to. Take care that you are not required to make your choice now. 1. specific detail question 2. inference question 3. logic structure question 4. specific detail question 5. specific detail question 6. inference question 7. guessing unknown word question 8. inference question XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 《读写教程?》: Ex. XVII p. 267 1. undergo 2. dissolved 3. adequate 4. overtaking 5. maintain 6. contribute 7. vary 8. burden 《读写教程?》:Ex. XVIII, p. 267 1. on 2. about 3. to 4. to 5. between 6. away/off 7. in 8. to Unit 10 Section A. The Bermuda Triangle Phenomenon 《读写教程 III》: Ex. II, p.281 1. They took off on a routine training mission over the Atlantic Ocean. The weather was fine. 2. They all disappeared without trace. 3. They describe it as ―the Graveyard of the Atlantic‖. 4. He noted curious glowing streaks of ―white water‖. 5. He installed a new crew to sail it. 6. It vanished together with the new crew in the end. 7. Because it believes that ―the majority of disappearances in the triangle can be attributed to the unique features of the area‘s environment‖ . 8. Only two: The Devil’s Triangle by Richard Winer and The Bermuda Triangle by Charles Berlitz. 9. To explain the mysterious disappearances of the planes and ships, Richard Winer believes that the disappearances are due to men‘s mistake, mechanical problems, strange weather, or unusual magnetic phenomenon, while Charles Berlitz offers the theory that a giant solar crystal that lies on the ocean floor causes the disappearances. 10. Yes, they will find the answers, but this is a very challenging cruise which demands time, money and unusual courage. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 281 1. Installation 2. trace 3. stain 4. visible 5. investigation 6. hunt 7. vanish 8. submerge 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 282 1. off 2. on 3. from; to 4. up 5. on 6. as 7. to 8. on 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 282 1. program 2. view 3. bleeding 4. erosion 5. damage 6. system 7. knowledge 8. contacts 《读写教程?》:Ex. ?, p. 283 1. subordinate 2. subheadings 3. submerging 4. subdivided 5. subcontinent 6. submarine 7. subhuman 8. subway 《读写教程?》:Ex. VII, p. 283 1. e 2. h 3. b 4. c 5. g 6. d 7. f 8. a 《读写教程?》:Ex. VIII, p. 284 1. Having too many people on the team slows our work down rather than speeding it up. 2. Mrs. Kester made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. 3. He preferred to sit quietly in class rather than risking giving an answer that might be wrong. 4. He wanted to make his living as a teacher rather than as a businessman. 5. In most modern societies women are treated as professional equals rather than (as) servants. 6. ―Body language‖ refers to communication through the way you move rather than speech. 7. Andrew is convinced that love rather than money is the key to happiness. 8. Many people nowadays communicate by e-mail rather than (by) phones and faxes. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 285 1. — There‘s someone at the door. — Whoever it is, I don‘t want to see them. 2. Come and see me whenever you‘re in Shanghai. 3. Wherever you go, you can always find Coca-Cola. 4. However rich people are, they always want more. 5. Whoever you‘ll marry, make sure he can cook. 6. Whichever day you come, we‘ll be pleased to see you. 7. They found the people friendly wherever they went. 8. However you travel, it‘ll take you at least two days. 《读写教程?》: Ex. ?, p. 286 1. On the fine morning of May 26 a Navy aircraft took off from a military base on a mission to search for the enemy aircraft carrier. 2. The most extensive search effort in history, which involved 150 planes and dozens of ships, failed to turn up any sign of the missing aircraft. 3. I wouldn‘t go so far as to say, as the author does in the book, that it‘s the only explanation that covers all the facts. 4. Whatever you do, don‘t look for a pay increase when you know the company is going through some difficulty. 5. The theory that I‘m going to expand on in this book is that words do not stand for things and therefore cannot reflect the reality. 6. The Bermuda Triangle, known to soldiers as ―the Graveyard of the Atlantic‖, is not recognized by the U.S. Navy as a danger zone. 7. To date none of the books which have been published has offered convincing answers to the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. 8. The argument that beings from outer space have established a highly advanced civilization in the unexplored depths of the Atlantic inside the triangle sets off a dispute among scientists. 《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 286 1. 1945年12月5日下午两点，天气非常适合飞行，五架海军飞 机从佛罗里达州东南部的一个海军飞行基地起飞，在大西洋 上空作一次例行飞行训练。 2. 这仅是众多有关―百慕大三角‖的恐怖故事之一。―百慕大三 角‖是大西洋的一处神秘地带，大致范围从百慕大朝西南沿佛 罗里达海岸至波多黎各。 3. 有些科学家和通俗作家居然猜测此三角地带是外星人为他们 的 ―动物园‖捕捉人类作标本之地。 4. 调查发现没有恶劣天气的迹象，没有求救信号，没有船只残 骸，也没有船上309人的踪迹。 5. 美国海军官方并不承认此三角为危险地带，他们相信―(三角地 带的)大多数失踪事件都应归咎于该地区独特的环境特征‖。 6. ―那儿的怪事、奇事层出不穷，‖《魔鬼三角》的作者理查德?文 纳说。他这本书从三个月前出版以来，已经售出了50万册。 7. 伯利茨对传说中消失的岛屿亚特兰蒂斯很感兴趣，他扩展了 这一学说，即曾是亚特兰蒂斯发电机的巨型太阳能水晶现在 就在海底。 8. 按照他的理论，过往的船只或飞机时不时会触动那块水晶， 于是它会干扰它们的仪器，把它们吸入海底。 Section B. The Ride of My Life Reading Skills XV 2. Denotation: fight against Connotation: could not help but make. It‘s implied that the mechanic was fond of making jokes and that the mechanic and the ―I‖ enjoyed a good relationship. 3. Denotation: give a loud continuing sound Connotation:started to work suddenly and with full energy. The engine is compared to a person who is brought suddenly to an active state from an inactive one. 4. Denotation:a trip on horseback, in a vehicle, or on any other thing that carries Connotation: a pleasant, longed-for journey. Here the difficult flight is compared to a journey full of excitement and pleasure. 5. Denotation: break up by explosions Connotation:rise into the air like a rocket that leaves the ground. The word gives you a sense of quickness and forcefulness, for the plane is compared to a rocket leaving the ground or, as you read in the next part of the sentence, to a bullet shot out of a rifle. 6. Denotation: enlargement Connotation: sth. making the pilot more capable. The controls are a great help to the pilot, thus enhancing his performance. 7, Denotation: the sea Connotation: a vast expanse. It gives you a sense of being great in space. 8. Denotation: beating Connotation: violently rocking me from side to side and making me uncomfortable. It gives one a sense of uneasiness and uncomfortableness. XVI. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. D 《读写教程?》: Ex. XVII p. 301 1. mechanic 2. strap 3. resist 4. wakened 5. fancy 6. steep 7. concentration 8. dial p. 301 《读写教程?》: Ex. X? 1. hang on 2. popped out 3. in an emergency 4. in seconds 5. had trouble making 6. loaded with 7. went unnoticed 8. it helps 第二版新视野大学英语读写教程4第四册课后答案 Unit One III. 1. idle 2. justify 3. discount 4. distinct 5. minute 6.accused 7. object 8. contaminate 9. sustain 10. worship IV. 1. accusing... of 2. end up 3. came upon 4. at her worst 5. pay for 6. run a risk of 7. participate in 8. other than 9. object to/objected 10. at best V 1. K 2. G 3. C 4. E 5. N 6.O 7.I 8. L 9. A 10. D Collocation VI. 1. delay 2. pain 3. hardship 4. suffering 5. fever 6. defeat 7. poverty 8. treatment 9. noise 10. agony Word building VII. 1. justify 2. glorify 3. exemplifies 4. classified 5. purified 6. intensify 7. identify 8. terrified VIII. 1. bravery 2. jewelry 3. delivery 4. machinery 5. robbery 6. nursery 7. scenery 8. discovery Sentence Structure IX. 1. other than for funerals and weddings 2. other than to live an independent life 3. other than that they appealed to his eye . . ` 4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything . 5. other than that it's somewhere in the town center X. 1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night 2. would have; told him the answer 3. they needn't have gone at all 4. must have had too much work to do 5. might have been injured seriously Translation XI. - 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. XII. l.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时，如果你带有宠物，一定要了 解有关宠物的规定。 2一些女性完全可以不待在家里，而是去工作，挣一份不错的工 资。但是为了家庭，她们放弃 了工作。 3.你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护,你将会为此付出沉重的代价， 因为他们己经以低毁名誉的罪 名起诉你了。 4.批评有其重要作用;我们可能当时不喜欢它，但是它能激励我 们去做更伟大的事情。 5.他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对，这使得他陷人了精神上崩 溃、经济上破产的境地。 6(即使你失败了，也不要被失败伤害，更不要被失败左右。记 住:失败是学习过程中必要的一 步;它不是学习、的结束，而是学习的开始。 Cloze XIII. 1 (B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5. B 6.A 7.B 8.A 9. C 10.A II(D 12.C 13. D 14.A 15. C 16.D 17.B 18.C I9. A 20.D Section B Reading Skills. I. 1. I was a black and was looked down on because of the ugly shadow of racism in 1976. 2. It means that the man was different from others for he was honest and paid debts. 3. The farmer's attitude toward me changed when he learned that I was the son of an honest man who was different from other blacks. 4. Because American social morality has changed for the worse. 5. Because people believe in honesty and this helps me in my life. Comprehension o f the Text II. 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T Vocabulary 1 . melted 2. restore 3. initiative 4. obligation, 5. induce 6. lest 7. relief 8. furnish 9. enquire 10. meanwhile Exercises on Web course only: 11. deposit 12: intent 13. behave 14.amused 15. glue IV 1. kept his word 2: shrugged off 3. melted away 4. enquire into 5. cool off 6. pave the way for 7. hold up 8. fall apart 9. wipe away 10. on credit unit 2 Section A Comprehension o f the text 1. He lived a poor and miserable life during his childhood. 2. Because no one in Britain appeared to appreciate his talent for comedy. His comic figures did not conform to British standards. 3. Because his dress and behavior didn't seem that English. 4. It was the first movie in which Chaplin spoke. 5. He used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along without a prepared script. 6. His transformation of lifeless objects into other kinds of objects, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again. 7. She brought stability and happiness to him and became a center of calm in his family. 8. Comic. Vocabulary III. 1. coarse 2. betrayed 3. incident 4. postponed 5. execute 6. surrounding 7. applause 8. extraordinary 9. clumsy 10. sparked IV. 1. for 2. against 3. up 4. about 5. up 6. to 7. down 8. down 9. in 10. on V. l. I 2.J 3.B 4.D 5.E 6.G 7.F 8.L 9.N 10.A Collocation
VI. 1. service 2. help/hand 3. influence 4. guarantee 5. visit 6. span . 7. welcome 8. spirit 9. duties 10. buildings Word Building VII. 1. artist 2. terrorist 3. novelist 4. activists 5. biologists 6. idealist 7. capitalists 8. tourist VIII. 1. terrorism 2. industrialism 3. realism 4. idealism 5. criticism 6. heroism 7. racism 8. Modernism sentence structure IX 1. If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. 2. If he had tried to leave the country, he would have been stopped at the border. 3. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. 4. If I had caught that plane, I would have been killed in the air crash. 5. If he had been in good health, he could have written many books. X. 1. it is a wonder to find 2. It is a surprise for us to find 3. it is a waste of time to argue with him 4. It's a comfort to know 5. It is a relief for us to learn XI 1. If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3. I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4. As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 5. She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6. No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. XII 1 (If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous， it would have attracted a larger audience(‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 (I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international market，their brand is gaining in popularity. 5 (She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone，but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6 (No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him( XII. 1.如果没有查理?卓别林，世界电影史就会不一样了。 2.令人感到宽慰的是，他的努力最终给予了他长期渴望的结果— 他成功地发现了这种疾病的原因。 3.查理?卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱的电影明星之一。从《流 浪汉》到《摩登时代》，他拍 摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎的电影。他最出名的是他 扮演的一个人物—年轻可 爱的小流浪汉。 4.卓别林是一个才能非凡的人:自他1914年第一次在电影中出 现，两年时间内他就成了这个国 家最有名的人物之一。 5.查理?卓别林对20世纪初期每个人的生活都产生了影响。与 有史以来的任何人相比，他让更 多的人欢笑，改变了人们看待这个世界的方式。 6. 1977年，查理?卓别林在圣诞节那天去世了，身后留下了悲 伤的家人和朋友，以及全世界数 以百万计的影迷。 Cloze XIII. 1 (C 2. B 3(C 4.B 5(A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. C 11 (D 12. A 13(A 14.C 15(B 16. D 17(A 18(C 19. B 20. A Structured Writing XV. Charlie Chaplin is a great comic for his native land Britain, but even more so for the world. On the stage he often wore tiny moustaches, huge pants and tailcoats that were perhaps more characteristic of Europeans and may be not much of the British. Since more than half of the roles Chaplin played were in silent films, people throughout the world had no difficulty understanding his films. With sound movies, Chaplin created a nonsense language that sounded like no known nationality and was accepted and appreciated by people all over the world. For most of his lifetime he did not stay in his mother country; he traveled throughout the world to appear on stage for people of different nationalities. SECTION B I. 1. F. It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: a most revolutionary thing Words representing facts: six months ago; ran for mayor of Embu, Kenya, and won 2. F? It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: even more surprising Words representing facts: was voted in by her colleagues on the District Council, all men 3. O. It is basically an opinion though the sentence contains some words for facts. Words representing opinions: suddenly became a symbol of the increasingly powerful political force Words representing facts: thousands of women in this farming area two hours northeast of Nairobi 4. F. It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: many women had not been taught the basics of political participation Words representing facts: One veteran female political activist said What the veteran female political activist said was a fact. So the sentence is basically factual. 5. O. It is basically an opinion though the sentence contains some words for facts. Words representing opinions: not a new phenomenon Words representing facts: political activity among Kenyan women Comprehension of the 5-ext II. 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. fierce 2. launched 3. colleagues 4. illegal 5. funded 6. jealous 7. refresh 8. substantial 9. sow 10. ridiculous IV. 1. Could we take a walk? I feel like a little exercise. 2. Ms. Mbogo had made a bold decision: to run for mayor of Embu, Kenya. 3. Some leaders in Kenya were afraid of losing their power, so they tried everything to shut' Kenyan women out of politics. 4. She decided long ago that she would study the subject in earnest as soon as she left school. 5. He was arrested because he was paid to spy on our air bases. 6. After almost four hours of fierce negotiation, the President had the upper hand. 7. Victims of traffic accidents make up almost a quarter of the hospital's patients. 8. Ms. Mbogo's victory was important because all her male colleagues voted her in. 9. Two young men were originally hired to watch over the house as it was being built. 10. It is reported that government troops tried to break up the protest by firing their guns in the air. style="miter"> unit 3 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. raw 2. convicted 3. compensation 4. notify 5. provisions 6. receipt 7. paste 8. altered 9. thrive 10. certify Exercises on Web course only: 11. donation 12. roast 13. rent 14. champion 15. temptation IV 1. up 2. to 3. down 4. of 5. out 6. into 7. for 8. on 9. through 10. of V. 1. M 2. E 3. G 4. A 5. H 6. C 7.1 8. K 9.0 10. D Collocation VI. 1. respect 2. degree 3. money 4. living 5. praise 6. place 7. success 8. scholarship 9. job 10. reputation Word Building VII. 1. longish 2. animal-like 3. selfish 4. honey-like 5. ball-like 6. boyish 7. yellowish 8. bookish VIII. 1. politicians 2. technician 3. comedian 4. musicians 5. physicians 6. electricians 7. beautician 8. magician sentence structure IX. 1. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York. 2. Many people are said to be homeless after the floods. 3. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion. 4. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall. 5. Four people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident. X. 1. He tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect. 2. I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if I upset her. 3. The window was broken because I forgot to close it when I left. 4. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of stock. 5. He welcomed the new student and then went on to explain the college regulations. Translation XI. 1. Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person. 2. These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 3. You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods. 4. Their car broke down halfway for no reason. As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned. 5. The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later. 6. The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving. XII 1.据报道这个男子曾在私下说:“许多救济对象在欺骗我们，因 此，作为补偿，我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。 2.我们考虑了你的背景与经历，很遗憾地告诉你，我们目前没有 适合你的工作机会。 3.我没能按奥斯卡的暗示去做，相反，我反驳了那个妇女，结果 她竟然是我们的新经理。 4.需要有人来充当穷人权利的捍卫者，因为这一体制太容易被滥 用。 5.我的车子在高速公路上抛锚后，我打电话向警察求助，20分 钟后他们赶来帮我。 6.他热爱艺术，却经受了巨大的痛苦—贫穷与误解。 close XIII. 1 (B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5(B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B 11 (D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15(D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19:D 20.B structured Writing XV It is difficult to get a welfare client’s wheelchair repaired(Once my wheelchair needed repairing， and I notified my caseworker. She gave me a lecture that I hadn’t taken good care of my wheelchair. Then she told me that I must have the patience to wait until she had the time to report my wheelchair conditions to my medical worker. Then the medical worker called the wheelchair repair companies to get the cheapest bid and informed the main welfare office at the state capital(It took them another several days to consider the matter. When they finally got my wheelchair repaired，I had been confined to bed for more than half a month( Section B Reading Skills I. 1. "The stacks of paper" is being personified as someone who can bear witness to something. 2. "Western ears" symbolize people from Western countries. 3. "A gallery of human faces" symbolizes a gathering of people of different origins. 4. As we know a portrait does not have life. It is in a figurative way to say "a living portrait". 5. The word "like" tells us that this part is a simile, comparing hats to small crowns. 6. "Two tiny birds" are clearly a metaphor for the girl's two small hands, showing that it was with loving care that the blind man held the girl's hands. Comprehension of the Text II. 1. The stacks of paper bore witness to a huge amount of work waiting to be done, even though I had been working seven days a week. 2. I remember feeling annoyed at this dense collection of humanity. 3. Then the truth struck me. He was blind. 4. As we waited for our drinks, the blind man said, "The music seems out of tune to our Western ears, but it has charm." 5. They are motionless, waiting for the performance to start. 6. The first performance ended just as we finished dessert, and I excused myself and went to talk to the theater manager. 7. A few minutes later he was standing next to one of the dancers, her little crowned head hardly reaching his chest. 8. About a week after our trip, the chairman told me the Chinese executive had called to express great satisfaction with the trip. Vocubulary III. 1. skimmed 2. steer 3. chartered 4. angle 5. veil 6. magic 7. realm 8. annoy 9. dense 10. highlighted IV. 1. Many of these poems bear witness to his years spent in India, England, and China. 2. The other players in the team are better than me, but I'm slowly catching up. 3. 1 was loaded with many parcels, unable to walk any faster. 4. The place was deserted and there was no sign of human beings living there. 5. These instruments should be switched on and checked before we start our work. 6. My friend was dressed in a black coat whereas I was in jeans. 7. All those connected with the mission were in prayer for her, but her life was not spared. 8. May I excuse myself for a while, Mr. Davis? 9. Have you ever noticed that at yesterday's concert one of the violinists was out of tune? 10. All too soon it was over and we left feeling we had just skimmed the surface of this fascinating topic. unit 4 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. investment 2. disposal 3. condensed 4. strategic 5. revenue 6. scratch 7. utilities 8. invested 9. nowhere 10. transmission IV. 1. is lagging far behind 2. are stuck with 3. going for 4. remain in contact 5. keep pace with 6. at your disposal 7. dates from 8. scratched the surface of 9. stuck in 10. choose between V. 1.L 2.N 3.D 4.E 5.H 6.1 7.F 8.0 9.1 10.B Collocation VI. 1. exchange 2. growth 3. opportunities 4. understanding 5. benefits 6. peace 7. development 8. career 9. will 10. status Word Building VII. 1. superpower 2. superabundant 3. supermarket 4. super-speed 5. supercomputer 6. superman 7. superstar 8. super-efficient VIII. 1. auto-timer 2. auto-focus 3. autograph 4. auto-reverse 5. autobiography 6. automakers 7. autoloading 8. autocriticism sentence structure IX 1. Concentrate on indoor delights rather than outdoor fights and you'll be much better appreciated. 2. As a result of the development of computer technology many people may eventually be able to work at home rather than go to the office. 3. Some people say that the pupils' achievements this term will be measured by a formal test rather than their teacher's assessment. 4. They argued that their products should be developed on the basis of need rather than profit. 5. During weekends the businessmen may spend time establishing friendship and mutual trust rather than discussing any particular item of business. X. 1. Petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. 2. Theirs is about three times as big as ours. 3. Latin American customers talk two to four times as long on the phone as people in North America. 4. the fee for cell phones is typically twice as much as for calls made over fixed lines 5. can transmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire Translation XI. 1. Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house. 2. Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past. 3. In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace. 4. Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job. 5. For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal. 6. We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts. XII. 1，发展中国家认为信息技术是促进经济发展的途径，但一些国 家在估算成本与选择技术方面缺乏经验。 2.据说地球拥有的地下水量大约是其拥有的河流和湖泊水量的 三千倍，而且地下水要干净得多。 3.任何人都能照出好照片—问题只是你是否在合适的时间和地 点。 4.通过在他们的学校和图书馆安装计算机，这些社区的领导们表 明他们决心不在技术上落后。 5.当他开始创办这家公司时，他想他将能在市场上与那些顶级公 司并驾齐驱，可是他现在失望 了，因为他没有成功。 6.佛罗里达的一对夫妇在建造一座他们称之为未来之家的房子， 它既能抵御咫风，又与周围环 境十分协调。 Cloze XIII. 1 (C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D 11(A 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.C Structured Writing XV. Compare the new welfare system with the old one and you would find a world of difference between the two. Under the new welfare system, the law encourages welfare clients to work on their own for a gradual shift away from welfare, and this is not the case in the past. Welfare clients now can develop their talents to make money. In the past, they often cheated to bleed the system for a few extra dollars. Now caseworkers will gladly help their clients find appropriate jobs rather than act like detectives to try to seek out any unreported properties. Today many welfare clients have made a choice to live a life of complete honesty and they tell the truth to caseworkers and declare any extra income they make. In cases like this, caseworkers will feel greatly relieved because they don't need to search for any cheating as in the past. Section B Readinq Skills I. 1. Your home computer or TV can provide whatever you need whenever you like. 2. You can learn language easily via computer over distance. 3. Poor people must also have access to high technology as it is essential for their education, work and daily lives. 4. Some companies provide the technology of information highway to the rich first as that is business. 5. Advocates of universal access have already launched a number of projects of their own for the poor. Comprehension o f the text II. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. transmit 2. insure 3. crucial 4. feedback 5. correspondence 6. specialized 7. tutor 8. hence 9. portion 10. files Exercises on Web course only: 11. format/file 12. dose 13. terminal 14. correspondent IV. 1. differ on 2. refer to 3. Compared to 4. specialize in 5. make routine 6. come up with 7. has access to 8. Some steps should be taken 9. signed up for 10. in the hands of unit 5 Section A Comprehension o f the text I. 1. Because 22 million people live alone, which suggests that it is an overwhelming phenomenon in the United States. 2. Because they can find inspiration in solitude. 3. The more positive one is toward oneself, the less the need for staying with others. 4. It depends. If they live with their friends, the friends' temporary leaving will be received as a welcome change. However, if they live alone, the temporary absence of friends may leave them with a feeling of emptiness. 5. Because the need to talk is the most basic need of a solitary person. 6. They may call friends to tell them important things, or talk to themselves, their pets, the television, or even to strangers. 7. To stay rational, settle down in a comfortable way and find pleasure from the current life,. wait for anything happy that may happen. 8. The writer thinks that as ordinary people's solitary life differs from that of great minds (like poets and philosophers), they should cherish the thought that "since we are here, we may as well accept it and make the best of it". Vocabulary III. 1. humble 2. slippery 3. tame 4. inspiration 5. crept 6. apology 7. observation 8. dictate 9. inadequate 10. solitary Exercises on Web course only: 1l. choked 12. waterproof 13. poetry 14. commodity IV 1. cast out 2. all by himself 3. stay up late 4. was fond of 5. at one sitting 6. filled up with 7. speaks highly of 8. set forth 9. at length 10. for the time being V. 1.K 2.H 3.M 4.B 5.A 6.0 7.J 8.D 9.F 10.1 Collocation VI. 1. efficiency 2. status 3. performance 4. standard 5. coordination 6. sense 7. career 8. quality 9. supply 10. accuracy Word Cjuifdin8 VIl. 1. underestimated 2. underpaid 3. overslept 4. Underdeveloped 5. overestimated 6. overcharged 7. underweight 8. overloaded VIll. 1. simplified 2. electrician 3. recovery 4. childlike 5. autobiography 6. underline 7. terrorist 8. overreact sentence structure IX. 1. The distance between them is not so great as to be unbridgeable. 2. The unity of the masses with the party is never so strong as it is now. 3. The punishment was harsh because Maggie would lose her position, but it was not so bad as losing her pay. 4. I've heard the terrible noise once or twice before, but never so loud as this one. 5. Men are never so peaceful, so graceful with each other as they are now. X. 1. You might as well go there to see whether there is the information you need. 2. We might as well call it freedom. 3.You might as well ring and tell them you're going to visit them. 4. We might as well walk home. 5. We might as well find an easier one to read. Translation XI. 1. This little man is not so innocent as he appears. 2. There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help. 3. Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered. 4. On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily accepted. On the other hand, it will "encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions". 5. His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television. 6. After all, money is not everything. The richest people are not necessarily the happiest. XII 1.新的机制并不像他们预期的那样有效，因为数月过去了，但管 理效率并没有明显改进。 2.我不想不必要地吓唬你，可你最好还是面对事实，看看一些数 字吧。 3.孤独的特点是一种与世隔绝感，而独居则是独自一人却不感到 寂寞的状态，它能引发自我 意识。 4.孤独是一种消极的状态，你会感到失去了某种东西。你可能与 别人在一起仍然感到孤独— 这也许是孤独最痛苦的形式。 5.独居是一种与自我相约的积极的状态。独居是值得向往的，是 独自一人、享受自我愉快而又 充实的陪伴的一种状态。 6.梭罗说，一个人即使身处同伴之中，如果不对他们敞开心扉， 仍会感到孤独。 Cloze XIII. 1 (B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5(C 6.C 7(D 8(D 9. B 10. A 11 (C 12. B 13(A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.C Structured Writing XV. Some people prefer to live alone whereas some others have to live alone for one reason or another. Those people believing in inspirational solitude argue that no companion is more companionable than solitude. Literary giants such as William Wordsworth, John Milton and Henry Thoreau enjoyed living alone on purpose. Hunters or explorers enjoy themselves as they venture out to tame the great wild areas. On the other hand, there are some other people who have to live alone due to various reasons: being divorced, widowed or never married. Many of them feel bitter to live in solitude. They have no one to talk to and as a result they talk at length to themselves and to their pets and to the television. Section B Reading skills 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C Comprehension o f the text II.1.F 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F Vocabulary III. 1. abstract 2. holy 3. Nevertheless 4. odds 5. complicate 6. tolerate 7. depression 8. resorting 9. exclaimed 10. disorder Exercises on Web course only: 11. chew 12. vibrate 13. stale 14. jury IV 1. When he received the admission notice from the university, he knew it was time he struck out on his own. 2. I had to keep the video camera readily accessible in case I saw something that needed to be filmed. 3. Every time she tried to argue with her identical twin Katie, she would end up crying her eyes out. 4. Serious violence has sprung from the conflict over insignificant, irritating differences. 5. There are many people who believe sincerely that you can train children for life without resorting to punishment. 6. Alan signed a dorm contract with his roommate to head off possible conflicts. 7. He was required to fill in a form before the job interview. 8. Her major concern is how she will make sure the people on the teams get along with one another. 9. Against all the odds, it has worked, and this is a measure of just how strong they both were as individuals when they came to the marriage ten years ago. 10. What I'd like to do is to help them to see that they don't need to give up on the computer, that they can actually be the master of it. Unit Six Section A vocabulary III. 1. Substantial 2. concerning 3. negotiation 4. exaggerate 5. withdrawn 6. commissions 7. financed 8. secure 9. impose 10. donation IV 1. by 2. in 3. of 4. to 5. up 6. on/upon 7. with 8. in 9. in 10. between V 1.O 2.E 3.G 4.1 5.J 6.B 7.K 8.N 9.M 10.D Collocation
VI. 1. approaches 2. reward 3. protection 4. honor 5. advice 6. access 7. advantages 8. help 9. sympathy 10. understanding Word Building VII. 1. foresight 2. forewarned 3. foreground 4. postgraduate 5. post-race 6. foresaw 7. post-Christmas 8. post-election VIII. 1. e-shopper 2. e-merchant 3. e-journal 4. e-classroom 5. e-commerce 6. e-mail 7. e-dictionaries 8. e-cash sentence structure IX. 1. It's pointless to go there next Monday-there's a public holiday. 2. It is easy to talk about having high moral standards, but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? 3. It is interesting to see different cultures and ways of life. 4. It is really astonishing that she refuses to talk to you. 5. It is important that she come straight to me when she arrives. X. 1. Suppose you object to carrying out a particular managem_ent order and you are afraid of the manager, what would you do? 2. Suppose you have just got married and you are about to work abroad for three years, how would you explain it to your newly-married wife? 3. Suppose someone couldn't understand why you didn't arrest Harry, would you explain to remove the doubts? 4. Suppose your tenant fails to pay the rent in time, would you throw him out? 5. Suppose you are a very heavy smoker and are anxious to break the habit, where could you get help? Translation XI. 1. Suppose you found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it? 2. We've given up on him because he is so stubborn. It is pointless to argue with him. 3. He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment, but opinions differed among members of the group on it. 4. Today I'm able to square my profession with my interest, which I wasn't able to do before. 5. The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is essential to becoming a driver. 6. The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other. XII. 1.假设有人向你行贿，要换取一种承诺，你会怎么做,是接受呢， 还是坚持自己的原则, 2.现在人们不会忍受那些糟糕的境况，可是在那些日子里却只能 接受那样的现实。 3.大学校园里形形色色的作弊现象越来越多，我已不记得这学期 有多少学生因作弊而被捉住孔 4.当艾奇先生被披露曾受贿时，他不得不退出州长职位的竞争。 5.虽然他原先完全支持改革政策，可后来却开始抨击这场改革运 动了。 6.这位教授肯定不会同意翻译基本是在词典里查生词的观点。 Cloze XIII. 1 (A 2. D 3(C 4.B 5(B 6. D 7(A 8.C 9.C 10.A 11 (B 12.D 13.B 14.A 15(C 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B XV Typically there are two kinds of people who choose to live alone on purpose. The first group of people is artists. They believe in the inspiration in solitude. One of my friends is a writer. He enjoys the time when he is alone because he can stay up late to read and, above all, concentrate on his writing without fear of being interrupted by others. On his wall he posts a quotation from Thoreau: "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude." The second group consists of people who are disappointed with their marriage or family life. A woman I know has been living alone since her husband left her five years ago. She is not waiting for his return but she is just disappointed with life. SECTION B Reading Skills I. 1. They act out various types of situations to bring the people in the training camp into some real life situations. 2. Because the journalists are inexperienced in deciding whom to shoot, whether or not to shoot and when to shoot. As a result, they "killed" innocent people because of mistakes of judgment. 3. They probably don't want to take on more responsibilities. 4. They want armed officers to ensure social security instead of protecting themselves by carrying guns. 5. The policeman has been so much occupied with some extra duties that they wouldn't have time even for answering questions. Comprehension o f the text II. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. tackle 2. imitating 3. dimmed 4. fake 5. impressive 6. encountered 7. ccluivalent 8. widespread 9. priority 10. residents Exercises on Web court only: 11. temporary 12. apparently 13. innocent 14. prosperous IV. 1. up 2. away 3. up 4. up 5. up 6. out 7. to 8. on 9. up 10. from Exercises on Web course only: 11. of 12. of 13. in 14. to unit 7 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. discounted 2. biased 3. variation 4. potential 5. Confronted 6. migrate 7. descended 8. distinct 9. superficial 10. extensive IV 1. to date 2. in effect 3. nothing less than 4. As of 5. in combination with 6. In addition to 7. shed new light on 8. is... confined to 9. serve as 10. adapt to V. 1.K 2.0 3.C 4.F 5.J 6.1 7.G 8.A 9.M 10.E Collocation
VI. 1. awards 2. challenges 3. component 4. advances 5. changes 6. advantage 7. influence 8. effect 9. objective 10. threat Word Building VII. 1. privacy 2. intimacy 3. frequency 4. fluency 5. secrecy 6. urgency 7. consistency 8. dependency VIII. 1. politics 2. classics 3. electronics 4. economics 5. psychology 6. methodology 7. technology 8. biology sentence structure IX. 1. Being healthy is more than a question of not being ill. 2. I was more than a little upset at not being invited to the wedding. 3. This story is more than interesting; it is educational as well. 4. Hepworth is more than a filmmaker; he had learnt to find stories that would have genuine popular appeal. 5. Compared our achievements today with what we started out to be, it is more than a miracle brought about by years of exceptionally hard work. X. 1. What was needed was nothing less than a new industrial revolution. 2. This is nothing less than a call to restore the vitality of the American Dream. 3. Their dream was nothing less than a revolutionary project to bring computers and ordinary people together. , 4. The experience of sightseeing in the wonderful island is nothing less than exciting and I am moved to tears. 5. He was very concerned that she should not be tired or bored; he wanted to make sure that the holiday would be nothing less than perfect for her. Translation XI. 1. In the process of creating the genetic map, these scientists realized that cooperation was more than an attractive option; it was a responsibility. 2. Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle. As a result of their findings, new light has been shed on the history of human genes. 3. In fact, only hard work in combination with proper methods will give you an advantage over others. 4. The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others. 5. The risk of infection is confined to those who have close contact with the patients. 6. From such an analysis we are in a better position to understand what has happened and what to do about it. X11. 1(作为一个负责的生产厂家，我们不仅仅关注环境;我们还积 极参与环境保护。 2.当然，她最后还是离开，去结婚了，但我敢肯定的是:她对工 作尽职尽责，从不允许自己的 职业重点受到影响。 3.除了学业上的成绩，你迄今为止最大的成就是什么, 4.观察和实验的目的是为了验证或阐明某些理论，只有那些被视 为与任务相关的观察才应该被 记录下来。 5.不管现在身处何地，黑人都是非洲人的后裔，但是数百年来， 由于种种原因，他们的遗传基 因已经变得多样化且非常复杂。 6.实际上，他们都同意这种观点:法律的变化引起了社会本质的 变化以及社会中人与人之间关 系的变化。 Cloze XIII. 1 (A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5(D 6.C 7(B 8(A 9. D 10. C 11，B 12.A 13.A 14.B 15(D 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XV. Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. Once, a young British car sales manager who had just finished courses on business ethics was sent to sell cars to an African country. The negotiations had been going on for months without any real results(He was at his wits' end. Finallyxhe hit upon a solution(One day he bought a popular novel and slipped a check of #20,000 in the book. Then he presented it to the minister in charge of transportation. This minister examined its contents， pretending he didn’t see the check at all(Then he said with a smile:"Young man，I hear London is at its best in May.”The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: "My company in London will be most honored to welcome your visit～”A short time later, the deal was approved in London～ Section B Reading Skills 1. The writer holds a doubtful attitude toward this opinion, calling it a popular myth. We can find the writer's doubtful attitude in Paragraph 1. 2. They are the supportive style and the stimulating style. We can find the information in Paragraph 4. 3. Four groups of children: one with supportive parents, one with stimulating parents, one whose parents combining both qualities and a final group who offered neither. We can find the information in Paragraph 6. 4. Eleven seconds a day in Holland and less than a minute a day in the United States. We can find the information in Paragraph 10. 5. The environmental factors such as better parenting and educational techniques. We can find the information in Paragraph 15, the last paragraph.Comprehension o f the 5ext II. 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.C Vocabulary III. 1. supervising 2. fascinate3. guarantee 4. explore 5.sophisticated 6. identified 7. steer 8. beneficial 9. demonstrate 10. implication IV 1. up 2. out 3. up 4. in 5. over 6. on 7. in5. 8. into 9. from 10. in Unit8 Section A Comprehension o f the text I. 1. They hid behind their curtains and peered at the travelers cautiously. 2. It means that the small town was a stage where the different travelers who passed by were actors revealing themselves to the audience-the villagers. 3. Probably there were different ways of greetings between them, so there might be some misunderstandings or inappropriate responses. 4. Because she wanted to sing and dance so much that she thought the money was given as a discouragement rather than an encouragement. 5. When she left her hometown of Eatonville for Jacksonville at thirteen, she experienced a huge change and she was aware that she was black. 6. It means that she was not emotionally disturbed by the fact that she was a descendent of slaves. She felt good about herself. 7. The writer compared herself to a brown bag of mixed items propped up against a wall with other bags. 8. As is described, the contents revealed are nothing but common objects. It suggests that for ordinary people, no matter whether they are white or black, they share something in common. Vocabulary III. 1. cautiously 2. bribing 3. disapprove(d) 4. tendency 5. permanent 6. depression 7. fragrance 8. guarantee 9. exclusively 10. generously IV. . 1. peering at 2. be broken off 3. disapproved of 4. prop up 5. In the main 6. in company with 7. in that 8. pay the price 9. belong to 10. more or less V 1. L 2.O3. H 4. D 5.1 6. E 7. N 8. K 9. G 10. B Collocation
VI. 1 (plans 2. lifestyle 3. fact 4. policies 5. rules 6. concentration 7. world 8. voice 9. inheritance 10. content Word Building VII. 1. dued 2. demobilized 3. deregulated 4. decentralized 5. destabilizing 6. depersonalized 7. de-emphasize 8. decoded VIII. 1. retirees 2. interviewees 3. trainee 4. employees 5. escapees 6. addressee 7. devotee 8. divorcee sentence structure IX 1. I know she isn't really interested in window-shopping, but she doesn't mind waiting while I have a look. 2. If people don't mind my not having a degree, I could give a few music lessons! 3. People don't mind paying a lot more for good software because they can see the benefits of using it. 4.1 don't mind if people perceive me as arrogant. You need certain degree of it to succeed. 5. We don't mind if it takes time for people to express their hopes, goals, fears, and needs in their lives. X. 1. No friends came to see her; she shut herself off, in the old familiar world of bedroom and drawing room. 2. No cigarette end could give us any clue to or sign of anyone having ever been there. 3. No gas, no water and no electricity in the hospital! How could you expect the children to survive this? 4. No other information is given about the book itself, although there is a brief biographical, note about the writer. 5. No effort has been made to investigate the "disappearances" that have occurred over the past three years. Translation XI. 1. 1 don't mind his staying out so late as long as he behaves himself. 2. 1 prefer his plan to others in that I think no plan is more practical than his. 3. They broke off business relations with that company as it suffered huge losses in the last fiscal year and went bankrupt. 4. Now that you don't like him, why did you invite him to your birthday party in the first place? 5. Though we knew our chances to win were slim, we were more or less depressed when we lost in the game. 6. Perhaps this was the price that has to be paid for progress-who knows? XII. 1.我不在乎他们否定我的计划，但在内心深处我仍渴望得到他们 的支持。 2.彼得宣布他不想与她们中任何一个女孩一起唱歌或跳舞，他没 给任何理由。 3.我们尊敬的是那些奉献时间、友谊和才能的人，而不是那些一 心只为自己谋求私利的人。 4.看来我生意遭到一了巨大损失，这是我不听父母忠告所付出的 代价。 5.他们只是顺便又提到了这一点:在我去那个国家旅行时，会有 一位翻译一直在我身边。 6.即使当父母强烈反对子女的行为方式时，他们拒绝接受的是那 种行为方式而不是子女本人， 澄清这一点十分重要。 Cloze XIII. 1 (B 2.C 3(B 4. D 5(A 6. D 7(A 8.B 9.B 10.C 11 (A 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.D 19.D 20.A Structured Writing XV Small in size and light in weight, electronic dictionaries are convenient to use(They are easy to carry and students can take them anywhere they go. Whenever they come across a new word in reading, they can find out its meaning wi the help of an electronic dictionary. An electronic dictionary usually contains the information of several paper dictionaries(When students have one such dictionary, they actually have more than one dictionary in hand(Meanwhile， electronic dictionaries are time-saving. They save students from turning pages over to find the word(Instead, they only need to key in the word and the meaning will appear on the screen. Considering all the above factors，no wonder more and more students are using electronic dictionaries nowadays 课文翻译 艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。 成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。 对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢～”他们的担心不无道理。 追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。 尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。 享受成功的无上光荣，这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。 成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。 为了能迅速走红，代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。 他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。 尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。 若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。 公众的热情消磨以后，就会去追捧下一个走红的人。 有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。 公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。 知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来，如田纳西?威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特?海明威的情节安排、罗伯特?弗罗斯特或 T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。 同样，像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家，希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。 他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革，这让他们名利双收， 但也让他们付出了代价，那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。 名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。骗局很快会被揭穿，过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。 它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你，而不是真实的你或是可能的你。 艺人，就像政客一样，必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。 一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井，因此一个艺术家若能保持真我，会格外让人惊叹。 你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协，却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。 一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡?王尔德，他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对，却依然故我，他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。 在一次宴会上，他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面，指责他在性方面影响了她的儿子。 他听了她的话以后大为光火，起诉了这个年轻人的母亲，声称她毁了自己的“好”名声。 但是，他真该请一个更好的律师。 结果是，法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名声损失费的请求，反而对他本人进行了罚款。 他由于拒交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。更糟糕的是，他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。 在最糟糕的时候，他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。 为保持真我，他付出的代价是，在最需要崇拜者时，谁也不理他。 奇怪的是，收获最大的恰恰是失败者。他们收获了自由～ 他们可以自由地表达，独辟蹊径，不落窠臼，不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。 失败的艺术家寻求安慰时，可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年以后才成名，或是他们没有出卖自己。 他们也可以为自己的失败辩解:自己的才华实在过于高深，不是当代听众或观众所理解得了的。 那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道，某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇，直至成功。 美国小说家托马斯?伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧，安琪儿》被拒39次后，才最终得以出版。 贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见，成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。 19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功，直到他想到去教小孩子，并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。 托马斯?爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校，因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。 但不幸的是，对大多数人而言，失败是奋斗的结束，而不是开始。 对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒，我要说:祝你们好运。 但是，遗憾的是，你会发现这不是你想得到的。 狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。 获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。 所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴，而不是拼命去获得成功。 做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。 可能在有生之年你默默无闻，但你可能创作了更好的艺术。 夏日的一天，父亲让我去买些铁丝网和栅栏，用来围畜棚，把牛圈起来。 那时我16岁，最喜欢开上货车，沿着老磨坊路到城里去。 研磨机轮子上的水花在阳光下喷洒，在河道上空形成一道彩虹。我常在半路上把车停下来，在河里洗个澡，凉快一会，享受一下天然空调。 太阳火辣辣的，不用毛巾擦，等我爬上岸边的土坡，穿过路边的壕沟，到达货车时，身上已经都干了。 快进城时，有一段沿着海滩的路，我会在那儿拣贝壳，拣海藻，头顶就是正从轮船上卸货的巨大的起重机。 但是，这次却有所不同。 父亲告诉我，我得向店里要求赊账。 那是1976年，种族主义的丑陋阴影仍然是生活的现实。 我曾目睹我的朋友要求赊账，然后就低着头站在那里，等着店主查询他“配不配赊账”。 许多店员只要一看见年轻的黑人走进商店，就盯着他们，疑心他们是小偷。 我们家人诚实正派， 有债必还。 但在庄稼收割之前，所有的钱都已经花光了。 银行里也没有新的存款， 现金不够。 在戴维斯兄弟杂货店，巴克?戴维斯站在收银机后面，正和一个中年农夫说着话。 巴克个子高高的，穿着一件红色的狩猎衬衫，显得饱经风霜。我冲他点了点头，经过他的身边，向五金柜台走去，拿了一盒钉子，一卷用于捆扎的铁丝网和栅栏。 我把要买的东西拖到柜台前，把钉子放进秤盘，小心翼翼地说道:“我要赊账。” 一边抬起胳膊去擦额头上紧张的汗珠。 那个农夫像寻开心般怀疑地看着我，但是巴克的脸色却没有变。 他随和地说道:“当然可以，你老爹总能有借有还，”一边伸手去拿记账的账本。 我舒了一口气。 他转过头，对那个农夫说: “这是詹姆士?威廉的儿子。 像詹姆士?威廉这样讲信用的人是很少的。” 那个农夫友善地点了点头。 我的心里顿时充满了自豪。 “詹姆士?威廉的儿子” ， 这句话打开了通往成年人的尊敬和信任的大门。 当我把沉重的货物拉进货车车厢时，觉得轻而易举，感到比早上离开农庄时更有劲了。 我发现，一个好名声所带来的友好是一笔无价之宝。 人人都知道，威廉家的人是什么样的:是诚实守信的体面人，自尊自重，不干坏事。 我的曾祖父也许曾被作为奴隶拍卖，但这不能成为伤害他人的理由。 相反，我父亲相信，赢得尊敬的唯一就是努力工作、尊敬他人。 我们这些孩子??八个男孩和两个女孩??可以坐享这个好名声，除非或直到我们做错什么事情而失去它。 我们要对自己的行为负责，我们也要为相互的行为负责，否则就会毁掉父亲建立起来的好名声。 我们的好名声曾经是，现在仍是把我们家紧紧联系在一起的纽带。 我不愿意辜负父亲的好名声，这激励我成为了家里第一个上大学的人。 我靠在一家四星级酒店当行李工挣钱读完了大学。最终，好名声促使我在华盛顿特区开办了我个人的公共关系公司。 美国需要在社区里重新树立羞耻感。 吸毒、在酒馆把钱挥霍一空、偷盗、让年轻女子怀孕却又不想和她结婚，这些事本应让人感到无地自容， 但事实并非如此。 在美国，近三分之一的婴儿是单身母亲所生的。这些孩子在成长过程中大多会缺乏安全感和指导，而这正是成为社会的好公民所需要的。 一旦社会纽带和家人相互间的责任瓦解了，社区也就分崩离析。 自从1960年以来，美国的人口虽然只增长了40%，但暴力犯罪却陡增了55%，而我们对此却已司空见惯。青少年吸毒人数也在上升。 在北卡罗来纳的一个县，警察从12所中学逮捕了73名交易毒品的学生，而有些交易就发生在教室里。 与此同时，支撑着文明、体现于细微之处的礼貌和敬意，却正从学校、商店和街头消失。 由于受到电视和音乐中的脏话的影响，像“是的，女士”、“不，先生”、“谢谢”和“请”这样的话，只会让今天的孩子哈欠连天。 他们对好名声的作用满不在乎。 从父亲那传下来的，由我的兄弟姐妹和我保持的好名声，在现在仍和过去一样地珍贵。 甚至直到今天，当我走进巴克?戴维斯的商店，或去老家的理发店理发时，人们仍然称呼我是詹姆士?威廉的儿子。 我们家的好名声确实为我铺平了道路。 他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。 他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。 他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。 狄更斯或许能创作出查理?卓别林的童年故事， 但只有查理?卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。 就卓别林而言，其他国家，如法国、意大利、西班牙，甚至日本，都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。 在1913年，卓别林永久地离开了英国，与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里，他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克?塞纳特的旗下工作。 令人遗憾的是，20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。 中产阶级当然这样认为。劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子，或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。 尽管如此，卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人，甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。 英国流浪者并不留小胡子，也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。 另外，“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗，被英国观众认为不太正派??只有外国人才那样，不是吗, 而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中，银幕上的他是不出声的，也就无从证明他是英国人。 事实上，当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影，不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时，他确实很头疼。 他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在 1936 的《摩登时代》里，他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。在片中，他扮演一名侍者，满口胡言乱语，听起来不像任何国家的语言。 后来他说，他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育，但已经没落的绅士。 但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了， 而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的，但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。 他是一个才能非凡的人，他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。 他的巨大名声为他带来了自由，更重要的是带来了财富，他因此得以成为自己的主人。 在事业发展之初，他就感到一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露的天才。 当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪汉”时，他说:“这不可能是我。那可能吗,瞧这角色多么与众不同啊～” 这种震惊唤起了他的想象。 卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。 没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。 他将这些物体想象成其他东西。 因此，在《当铺老板》中，一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”;在《淘金记》中，靴子被放在锅里煮，靴底被蘸着盐和胡椒吃掉，就像上好的鱼片一样(鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔除)。 这种对事物的转化，以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧，正是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘所在。 他也深切地渴望被爱，同时也害怕遭到背叛。 这两者很难结合在一起，有时这种冲突导致了灾难，就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。 然而即使是这种以沉重代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。 “流浪汉”始终没有失去对卖花女的信心，相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中;而卓别林的另一面使他的凡尔杜先生，一个杀了妻子的法国人，成为了仇恨女人的象征。 令人宽慰的是，生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。 他找到了沃娜?奥尼尔?卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差别太大，以致当1942年他们要结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘:“那个年轻人在哪儿,”??当时已经54岁的卓别林小心翼翼在外面等候着。 由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭，她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备，因为当时关于他俩有很多毫无根据的流言。后来在他那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中，卓别林有时会引发争吵，而她则成了安宁的中心。 卓别林死于1977年圣诞节。 几个月后，几个近乎可笑的盗尸者从他的家庭墓室盗走了他的尸体以借此诈钱。 警方追回了他的尸体，其效率比麦克?塞纳特拍摄的启斯东喜剧片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人们不禁会感到，卓别林一定会把这一奇怪的事件看作是对他的十分恰当的纪念??他以这种方式给这个自己曾为之带去这么多笑声的世界留下最后的笑声。 24岁的阿加莎?墨丹妮?姆波戈，为人谦虚，谈吐温柔，算不上是个革命者的形象。 然而就在6个月前，她做了一件极富革命性的事情:她参加了肯尼亚恩布市的市长竞选，并且当选。 更令人感到意外的是，姆波戈女士是由区议会的同事们投票选出的，而那些人全是男性。 在肯尼亚乃至整个非洲，妇女的政治力量日益壮大。恩布市是一个位于内罗毕东北部的农业地区，距内罗毕两个小时的车程。对于生活在此地的数千妇女来说，姆波戈成了这种力量的标志。 1992年，姆波戈女士开始追寻她的从政梦想，她竞选了恩布市议员。像其他打算从政的非洲妇女一样，她面对着很多阻碍: 她缺钱， 没有政治经验， 要回答许多关于她个人生活的荒唐问题。 她说:“我的对手一口咬定我要与外市的人结婚并搬走。” 姆波戈还要面对本市妇女的诸多误解，她们中间有许多人起初并不愿意为她投票。 她成为捍卫妇女政治权利的使者，向妇女团体发表演说或者挎着手提包挨家挨户去做，并给他们讲解政体，一讲就是数小时。 “她胜出我很高兴，因为是男人们选举了她，”恩布市的一位农民政治活动家利迪亚?基曼尼如是说。 “这正是我期望的结果，因为它似乎战胜了‘女人当不了领导者’这种观念。” 非洲妇女的教育已经成为政治活动家们着重考虑的问题。 有个机构已经在肯尼亚农村举办了十几次研讨会，目的是帮助妇女理解国家宪法以及民主政治制度的程序及理论。 一位资深的女政治活动家说，许多妇女连参政的最基本知识都没学过。 她说，有人教她们，在竞选运动中谁 “给你半公斤面粉、200克食盐或一条面包”，就投票选谁。 妇女政治活动家们说她们正在与根深蒂固的文化传统作斗争。 这些传统要非洲妇女做饭、打扫屋子、照管孩子、种庄稼、收庄稼、支持丈夫。 她们通常不能继承土地，不能与丈夫离婚，不能理财，也不能从政。 然而，肯尼亚妇女从事政治活动并不是什么新现象。 在20世纪50年代争取独立的斗争中，肯尼亚妇女就经常秘密地为部队提供武器并监视殖民军的阵地。 但是独立之后，领导者们惟恐失去自己的权力，将妇女排斥在政界之外。这种现象在非洲大陆随处可见。 今天，男性仍占有优势。 肯尼亚妇女占选民人数的60%，但在国民大会中的席位仅有3%。 从来没有一位肯尼亚妇女担任过内阁职务。 在这种背景下，阿加莎?姆波戈开始了她的政治生涯。 在赢得议会席位之后，她拒绝了被同事称为“女人委员会”的教育及社会服务委员会的职位， 而加入了城市规划委员会。这是个更显眼的工作。 接着，在去年，她决定挑战恩布市市长，一位资深政客。 姆波戈女士说，为肯尼亚乡村地区提供大量捐助的团体 “不愿意到这里来”，为此她感到很失望。 “我们没看到有人为社区办过什么事，”她说。 “这是一件丑闻，捐资者的钱似乎落入了个人腰包。” 经过一场激烈的竞选，她以7比6的选票当选。 她说恩布市的妇女为此兴高采烈， 而男人们则很不解，有些甚至心怀敌意。 她回忆说，男人们不解:那些男人怎么会选一个女人, 但姆波戈女士并没有像其他女政治家那样受到攻击。 有些女政治家曾说她们的支持者有时在集会后会受到棍棒袭击。 去年6月，肯尼亚警方企图驱散在内罗毕西北部举行的一次妇女政治集会，坚持说它是非法的，可能引发骚乱。 目击者报告说，当时有100名妇女，包括一名国民大会委员。她们拒绝离开，于是警官扯下她们的标语，并对她们棒打拳击。 与此相反，姆波戈女士通常受到恩布市男士们的热烈欢迎，许多人说现在很高兴议会选择了她。 如今，捐助团体正式给恩布市的若干项目提供了资金。 在市中心建起了一个新市场。 医院新增添了有200个床位的产房。 为几十个流浪街头、无家可归的孩子建起了集体宿舍。 姆波戈女士对这个市场和医院感到特别自豪，因为“它们对妇女有很大的影响”。 在现在的市场上，数以百计的人在遮阳伞下摆卖果蔬。一个卖柠檬的妇女说她喜欢新市长。 “我感觉如果碰到问题，我可以到她的办公室去找她，”她说。 “以前的市长呼来喝去，好像是个皇帝，他并不想听我的问题。” 旁边，有个男人说他发觉姆波戈女士带来了一种清新的变化。 “我厌倦了男人，”看着自己那一大堆洋葱，他说。 “他们只会许诺，但没有实际的东西。只要她能不断带来我们所需的东西，她就行。” 人人都觉得福利救济对象是在骗人。 当我认识的许多坐轮椅的人面临与宠物猫分吃生猫食的窘境时，都会向福利机构多骗取几美元。为了能领到一点额外的福利款， 他们告诉政府说他们实际上少拿了200美元的养老金， 或告诉社会工作者，说房东又将房租涨了100 美元。 我选择了过一种完全诚实的生活， 因此我不会那样做，而是四处找活，揽些画漫画的活。 我甚至还告诉福利机构我赚了多少钱～ 哦，私下里领一笔钱当然对我挺有吸引力， 但即使我挡不住这种诱惑，我投稿的那些大杂志也不会去给自己惹麻烦。 他们会保留我的记录，而这些记录会直接进入政府的电脑。 真是态度鲜明，毫不含糊。 作为一名福利救济对象，我必须在社会工作者面前卑躬屈膝。 社会工作者心里知道，许多救济对象在欺骗他们，因此他们觉得，作为补偿，他们有权让救济对象向他们点头哈腰。我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。 大多数社会工作者刚开始时都是些大学毕业生，有理想，而且思想开明。 可是，在这个实际上是要人撒谎的体制里干了几年后，他们就变得与那个叫“苏珊娜”的人一样了??一个穿运动短裤的侦探。 去年圣诞节过后不久，苏珊娜到我家来了解情况，看到墙上贴着新的宣传画， 便想知道:“你从哪儿弄到钱来买这些,” “从朋友和家人那儿。” “那么，你最好要张收据，真的，你接受任何捐献或礼物都要报告。” 她这是在暗示我:得哀求她了。 但是我却将她顶了回去。 “那天在马路上有人给我一根烟，我也得报告吗,” “对不起，卡拉汉先生，可是规定不是我制订的。” 苏珊娜试图就修理轮椅的问题训斥我。由于福利部门不愿意花钱好好地修理，所以它总是坏。 “您是知道的，卡拉汉先生，我听说您的那辆轮椅比一般人用得多得多。” 我当然用得多， 我是个工作很积极的人，又不是植物人。 我住在闹市区附近，可以坐着轮椅到处走走。 我真想知道如果她突然摔坏臀部，不得不爬着去上班时，会是什么感受。 政府削减福利开支已经导致许多人挨饿受苦，我只是其中之一。 但它对脊柱伤残的人的影响更为突出:政府已经不管我们的轮椅了。 每次我的轮椅出问题，掉了螺丝，需要换个新轴承，或刹车不灵时，我都打电话给苏珊娜，但每次都要挨训。 她最后总会说:“好吧，如果今天我能抽出时间的话，我会找医务人员的。” 她该通知医务人员，由医务人员来确认问题确实存在， 然后打电话给各家轮椅维修公司，拿到最低的报价。 接着医务人员就通知州政府的福利总部， 他们再花几天时间考虑这件事。而这期间我只能躺在床上，动弹不得。 最后，如果我幸运的话，他们会给我回电话，同意维修。 当福利部门获悉我画漫画赚钱时，苏珊娜就开始每两个星期“拜访”我一次，而不再是每两个月一次了。 她寻遍每个角落，想找出我未上报的电器，或者是女仆、烤炉里的烤猪、停在房后新买的直升飞机什么的。 她从来都是一无所获，但最后我总要填厚厚的一叠表格，说明每一分钱的来历。 如何逐渐脱离福利照顾，这在法律条款中没有明确规定。 我是一个独立的生意人，正在慢慢建立起自己的市场。 要脱离福利救济，一下子每月挣2, 000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己负担部分生活费用，不必在每次需要为轮椅买点配件时都去尴尬地求人。 真需要有一位律师来捍卫福利救济对象的权利，因为这一福利体制不仅容易使福利提供者滥用权力，也很容易使救济对象滥用权力。 前几天，由于药剂师说我使用的医疗用品超出常量，于是福利部门派苏珊娜到我的住所调查。 我确实多用了，因为外科手术中切的排尿孔的大小改变了，尿袋的连接处发生渗漏。 她正做着记录，我家的电话铃响了。 苏珊娜接听了电话，是一位州议员打来的，这使她慌了一下。 数以千计像我这样的福利救济对象，如果允许的话，可以慢慢地负担自己的一部分甚至全部生活费用，对此，我要不要在州政府的委员会里尝试着做点儿什么呢, 还用说吗,我当然要～ 总有一天，像我这样的福利救济对象将在一种新的福利制度下过上好日子，这种制度不会千方百计证明福利救济对象在欺骗，而是要鼓励他们自立。 他们将能自由地、毫无愧疚、毫不担忧地发挥他们的才干，或拥有一份稳定的好工作。 已经是下午很晚了，我们驻曼谷公司的主席分配给我一个任务:要我在第二天陪一位重要的中国客商去泰国北部的旅游点。 我眼睛瞪着桌子，心里直冒火。 桌上成堆的文件足以证明，尽管我一周七天都在工作，可还有大量的工作等着我去做。 我真不知道如何才能把这些活儿赶出来。 第二天早晨，坐了一个小时飞机后，我们与其他数百名游客一起游览了一些景点。他们大多数都带着相机，满载着小礼物。 我仍记得那天挤在密集的人群中，心里很恼火。 当天晚上我和这位中国伙伴一起坐上了旅游包车去吃晚饭、看表演。那场表演我以前看过很多次了。 他跟其他游客聊着天，我则在黑暗中跟一位坐在我前面的男士说些应酬的话。他是位比利时人，讲一口流利的英语。 我开始感到奇怪，为什么他的头一动不动地保持着一个古怪的角度，好像在祷告一样。 后来我才恍然大悟， 他是位盲人。 我身后有人打开了灯，我看到了他浓密的银发，还有方正有力的下巴。 他的双眼里似乎有一层白膜。 “我吃饭时能坐在您的旁边吗,”他问道。 “我很想您能把看到的向我略作介绍。” “我很乐意，”我回答说。 我的客人与几位新交的朋友径直走进了餐馆， 我和这位盲人跟了进去。 我用手搀着他的肘部给他领路，但他昂首挺胸地前行，没有丝毫的犹豫或佝偻，好像是他在给我带路。 我们找了一张靠近舞台的桌子， 他要了半升啤酒，我则要了一杯葡萄汽水。 我们等着上饮料时，这位盲人说:“我们西方人听起来这首乐曲似乎变调了，但还是挺有魅力的，您能描述一下奏乐的人吗,” 我并没注意到舞台那头的五个人，他们在奏着演出的开场乐曲。 “他们盘着腿坐在小地毯上，身着宽松的白色棉布衬衫和肥大的黑裤，腰系染成鲜红色的布带。 他们中三个是年轻小伙子，还有一位中年乐手和一位老年乐手。 他们中一个击鼓，另一个奏着木制的弦乐器，另外三个用琴弓拉着一种类似小提琴但要小一些的乐器。” 光线暗下来，盲人问:“那些游客们都长什么模样,” “他们来自不同国家，肤色、体形、个头也都不同，简直就是一个不同种族人的大聚会，”我低声说。 我把声音压得更低，凑近他的耳朵说话，他也热切地把头靠过来。 从来没有人如此强烈地想听我讲话。 “离我们很近的是一位日本老妇人，”我说。 “她旁边有一个黄头发的斯堪的纳维亚男孩，大约五岁，身体往前倾，他的脸刚好在老妇人的脸下面。 他们一动不动，等着演出开始。 这真是一幅生动完美的画像，有老人也有儿童，有欧洲也有亚洲。” “是的，是的，我看到他们了，”盲人微笑着轻声说。 舞台后部的帷幕拉开了， 出来六位年轻女孩子。我向他描述她们身着紫罗兰色丝裙，白色外衣，头戴形似小皇冠的金色帽子，帽上的饰物随着舞蹈节奏有弹性地跳动着。 “她们的手指上有金色的指甲，有八厘米长吧，”我告诉盲人。 “长指甲使手部的每一个动作都更显得十分优美，真好看。” 他微笑着点点头: “太美妙了，我真想摸一下那些金色的指甲。” 第一个节目结束时，我们刚好吃完甜食，我找了个借口过去与戏院经理搭话。 我一回来就告诉我的伙伴:“有人请你到后台去。” 几分钟后他站到了其中一位舞蹈演员的身旁，她戴着小皇冠，但还不及他胸部那么高。 她害羞地将两只手伸向他，黄铜指甲在头顶射下的灯光下闪闪发光。 他慢慢地伸出双手，那双手足有女孩手的四倍大，他握住了那双小手，就好像捧起两只小鸟一样。 他抚摸着那些光滑、呈弧形弯曲的金属尖指甲时，女孩静静地站着，惊奇地注视着他的脸。 我不禁哽咽了。 乘出租车回酒店后，我的中国客人仍然与别人在一起。盲人拍拍我的肩膀，把我拉向他，紧紧地拥抱着我。 “你帮我看到的一切太美了，”他低声说， “真不知道怎么感谢你。” 后来我想，是我该谢谢他。 其实盲的人是我，我看事物只是在表面一掠而过。 在这忙碌的世界里，一层快速形成的面纱遮住了我们的双眼，是他帮我揭开了这层面纱，见到了一个以前从未欣赏到的崭新世界。 此行之后的一周，主席告诉我，那位中国经理来电话说他对旅程非常满意。 “干得好，”主席笑着说， “我就知道你会有神奇的表现。” 我无法告诉他，是别人的神奇改变了我。 一个将会大大提高发展中国家生活水准的转变正方兴未艾。 一些不久前还是信息闭塞的地方正在迅速获得最新的通信技术，这将促进他们吸纳国内外投资。 亚洲、拉丁美洲和东欧的许多国家也许需要10年时间来改善其交通、电力供应和其他公用设施。 但是只一根直径小于半毫米的光纤电缆就可以比由铜丝制成的粗电缆承载更多的信息。 由于安装了光纤电缆、数字转换器和最新的无线传输系统，从北京到布达佩斯的一系列城区和工业区正在直接步入信息时代。 一个蛛网般的数字和无线通信网络已经发展到亚洲的大部分地区和东欧的部分地区。 所有这些发展中地区都把先进的通信技术看作一种跨越经济发展诸阶段的途径。 例如，信息技术的广泛应用有望缩短劳动密集型的组装工业转向涉及工程、营销和设计的那些产业所需的时间。 现代通信技术“将使中国、越南这样的国家比那些困于旧技术的国家拥有巨大的优势”。 这些国家应以多快的速度向前发展是人们争论的一个问题。 许多专家认为，越南在目前急需电话的情况下，却要求所有的移动电话都必须是昂贵的数字型电话，这种做法太超前了。 一位专家说:“这些国家缺乏成本估算和选择技术的经验。” 然而毋庸争辩，通信技术将是区分输赢的关键因素。 看一看俄罗斯的情况吧。 由于其坚实的数学和科学教育基础，它应该在信息时代有繁荣的发展。 问题是，它的国内电话系统是一堆生锈的20世纪30年代的老古董。 为了解决这一问题，俄罗斯已经开始铺设光纤电缆，并制定了投入400亿美元建设多项通信工程的战略计划。 但是由于其经济陷于低迷，几乎没有资金来着手解决最基本的问题。 与俄罗斯相比，在未来10年中，中国大陆计划对通信设备投入1,000亿美元。 从某种意义上说，中国的落后成了一种有利因素，因为这一发展正好发生在新技术比铜线电缆系统更便宜的时候。 到1995年底，中国除了拉萨以外的省会都将有数字转换器和高容量的光纤网， 这意味着其主要城市正在具备必需的基础设施，成为信息高速公路的主要部分，使人们能够进入系统，获得最先进的服务。 电信工程也是上海实现其成为一流的金融中心这一梦想的关键。 为了能给国际投资者提供其所期望的电子数据和无纸化交易方面的出色服务，上海计划建设与曼哈顿同样强大的电信网络。 与此同时，匈牙利也希望跃入现代世界。 目前，有70万匈牙利人等着装电话。 为了部分地解决资金问题，加速引进西方技术，匈牙利将国有电话公司30%的股份出售给了两家西方公司。 为进一步减少电话待装户，匈牙利已将权利出租给一家荷兰,斯堪的纳维亚企业集团，来建造并经营一个据说位居世界先进行列的数字移动电话系统。 事实上，无线方式是在发展中国家快速建设电话系统的最受欢迎的方式之一。 建造无线电发射塔要比翻山越岭架设线路更便宜。而且，急切盼望可靠服务的企业乐于花费可观的高价来换取无线电话服务??其资费通常是固定线路电话资费的二至四倍。 整个拉丁美洲对无线通信的需求和使用已急速增长。 对于无线电话服务商来说，没有任何地方的业务比拉丁美洲更好了??在那里有一个营运点就好像有一堆无穷无尽供你使用的钞票。 在四个无线电话市场有营运点的贝尔南方电话公司估计，来自于其每个客户的平均年收入均为2,000美元，而在美国仅为860美元。 产生这种情况的部分原因是拉丁美洲客户的通话时间是北美洲客户的二至四倍。 泰国也在求助于无线通信方式，以便让泰国人在发生交通堵塞时更好地利用时间。 而且在泰国，从办公室往外打电话或发传真并不那么容易:待装电话的名单上有一二百万个名字。 因此移动电话在商务人士中成为时尚，他们在交通堵塞时也能与外界保持联系。 越南正在做一个最大胆的跳跃。 尽管越南人均年收入只有220美元，它计划每年增加的30万条线路将全部为有数字转换功能的光纤电缆，而不是那些以铜线传送电子信号的廉价系统。 由于现在就选用了下一代的技术，越南负责通信的官员说他们能够在数十年中与亚洲的任何一个国家保持同步。 对于那些长期落后的国家来说，一跃而名列前茅的诱惑难以抵御。 而且，尽管他们会犯错误，他们仍会坚持不懈??总有一天，他们将能在信息高速公路上与美国和西欧并驾齐驱。 你是否太累了，不想去录像店却又想在家看《美女与野兽》, 是不是想听听你最喜欢的吉他演奏家最新的爵士乐磁带, 或需要一些新的阅读材料，比如杂志或书, 没问题。 只要坐在家中的电脑或电视机前，在一个含有上千条目的电子目录中输入你想要的东西和需要的时间就行了。 在暑假去日本之前你想学日语，可学校又没有日语老师。 不用担心， 你可以报名上另一地区或城市的学校的日语课，让他们将这门课程最新的教材传送到你的电脑上，然后通过看录像学习。 如果你在翻译作业或发音上还需额外帮助，辅导教师可通过电脑给你反馈。 欢迎来到信息高速公路。 尽管几乎人人都听说过信息高速公路，可即使专家们也对这一名称的确切含义以及它所预示的未来存在分歧。 但广义地说，信息高速公路是指由今天的广播、电视、录像、电话、电脑、半导体等产业组合而成的一个互相关联的大产业。 是技术进步在引导着这一大联合。这些技术进步已使存储信息以及向家庭和办公室快速传输信息变得更为容易。 例如，由细如发丝的玻璃纤维制成的光纤电缆是一种极为高效的信息载体。 射过玻璃纤维的激光可以传送的数据是标准电话线的25万倍，或者说，它每秒可传送几万段像这样的文字。 这些技术使得数据传送的容量和速度大大提高。这种情况可以与高速公路相比，相比双车道，多车道能使更多的车以更快的速度行驶??信息高速公路由此得名。 今天，与信息高速公路最接近的就是互联网，这是一个由电脑连接而成的网络系统，它能使135个国家多达2,500万人进行信息交换。 但是，互联网主要是传送文字，而信息高速公路不久将使其他形式的电子数据传送(如声音文件和图像的传送)成为普遍现象。 举个例子，这将意味着欧洲的一位医道高明的医生通过电脑看了病历就能给美洲的病人治病，决定病人用药的剂量，甚至还可以遥控一个操手术刀的机器人施行手术。 一位专门从事科技报道的记者预言道:“把录像邮件的片段传送到大楼的其他地方或国内其他地方要比在键盘上打出文字来更为容易。” 美国前副总统阿尔?戈尔说，我们这个世界正处于“新时代的前夜”。他是克林顿政府中推行高科技的主要人物。 戈尔希望联邦政府在决定信息高速公路的发展方面发挥领导作用。 然而，在一个预算拨款相对较少的时期，美国政府不可能拿得出今后20年里建设信息高速公路所需的资金。 这就使得私人企业??电脑公司、电话公司、有线电视公司??得以填补由于政府无法顾及所留下的空缺。 尽管这些企业在最令人振奋的新技术上领先，一些批评者担心追逐利润的企业会只开发面向富人的服务项目。 华盛顿大众媒介教育中心主任杰弗里?切斯特担心地说:“如果数据高速公路控制在私人企业手中，它可能只会成为富人的虚拟世界。” 另一位专家说，必须让穷人也用得上高科技。 他说:“这种权利对于获得高质量的教育、找到好工作都将至关重要。 那么多的交易、交流??银行业务、购物、通信、信息交流??都将通过这一媒介进行，因此那些只能靠邮递员发送邮件的人实在是有落伍的危险了。” 今年年初，当图表显示正在建设信息高速公路设施的四家地区性电话公司只接通了富人社区时，一些专家对此不无担忧。 这几家公司否认自己避开穷人，但也承认有钱人会成为首批受益者。 其中一家公司的发言人说:“我们总要先从某些地区开始，即我们认为会有顾客购买这些服务的地区。做生意就是这样。” 维护穷人权益的人士希望这些正在建设数据高速公路的公司能够将其利润的一部分用于此项技术的普及。 提倡技术普及的人士已启动了他们自己的几个项目。 在加利福尼亚的伯克利，“社区存储器项目”已在公共建筑物和地铁站里安装了电脑终端，花25美分就可发送信息。 在加州的圣莫尼卡，所有公共图书馆里的打字机都被换成了电脑;任何人，不仅仅是图书馆管理员，都可通过电脑发信件。 随着我们日益临近信息高速公路的实现，我们也面临着许多挑战。 为了使信息高速公路对大多数人有价值，人们应该了解哪些是可能做到的，以及连通后如何能从中受益。 信息高速公路带来的可能性不胜枚举，但要使其成为现实，还必须采取具体的措施来开展这一工作。 事实如此，我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计，共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活，有些却不喜欢。 有些离了婚，有些鳏寡无伴，也有些从未结过婚。 孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，我们羞于承认它，甚于其他任何罪恶。 而另一方面，故意选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃，却是美国式英雄的一个特点。 孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险，征服广袤的荒野时，并不需要有人陪伴。 梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏离了城市生活。现在，这成了你的个性。 独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。 他们都赞成独处， 都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。 就拿多萝西?华兹华斯来说吧，她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣，为他找到笔记本和铅笔，向他挥手告别，目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。 他写道:“独处多么优雅，惬意。” 毫无疑问，如果自愿独处，感觉要好得多。 看看弥尔顿的女儿们:她们为他准备好垫子和毯子，然后蹑手蹑脚地走开，以便他能创作诗歌。 然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来，而是唤回女儿们，向她们口述，由她们记下来。 也许你已经注意到，这些艺术家类型的人，大多是到户外独处， 而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶，等着他们回家。 美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。 我们钦佩他，并非因为他能自力更生，而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活，他喜欢这样??独居在湖畔的树林中。 实际上，他最近的邻居离他只有一英里，走路也就20分钟;铁路离他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300码。 整天都有人进出他的小屋，请教他何以能够如此高洁。 显然，他的高洁之处主要在于:他既没有妻子也没有仆人，自己动手用斧头砍柴，自己洗杯洗碟。 我不知道谁为他洗衣服，他没说，但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。 听听他是怎么说的:“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。” 梭罗以自尊自重为伴。 也许这里的启示是:自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围。 我们越是感觉谦卑，就越受孤独的折磨，感到仅与自己相处远远不够。 若与别人同住，他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。 孤独将会于星期四结束。 如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词，那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。 其他人不在的时候，你可以放飞自己的灵魂，让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由，随意来去而无需道歉。你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的节奏行动。 暂别的人会回来。 他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里，狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。 但如果你单独居住，那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚，也许他们永远也不会回来了。 孤独的感觉时起时落，但我们却永远需要与人交谈。 这比需要倾听更重要。 噢，我们都有朋友，可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打电话对朋友说我们丢了工作，或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了，跌断了胳膊。 每日不断的琐碎抱怨，对各种事情的看法和意见，积在那儿，塞满了我们的心。 我们不会真打电话给一位朋友，说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹，或者说现在天黑得比较早，或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官。 科学调查表明，独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。 我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装， 问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。 我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起。 这没什么不妥， 也对我们有好处，而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬:在超市付款处，排在前面的女人告诉收银员，她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力，所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉，虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。 重要的是保持理性。 重要的是不再等待，而是安顿下来，使自己过得舒服，至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣，不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人，而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主，耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。 毕竟，事已至此， 这或许不是我们所期望的局面，但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。 不管怎么说，没有什么地方比家更好。 同卵双胞胎卡蒂和萨拉?莫纳汉去年来到宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡大学，决心闯出一条独立之路。 虽然这对18岁的姐妹曾要求住在不同的宿舍楼，但宿管处还是把她们安排在了同一栋楼的第8层，中间只隔一条过道。 卡蒂与室友相处融洽，但萨拉却十分不快。 她因许多事情与室友暗地里不和，诸如什么时候熄灯、家具应如何摆放等等。 最后她们将房间一分为二，彼此不再说话，主要通过写便条进行交流。 这段时间里，萨拉不断跑到过道对面卡蒂那儿寻求慰藉。 不久两人又想住在一起了， 而萨拉的室友最终也同意搬出。 “从重新住在一起的第一晚开始，我就感到很舒服，”萨拉说， “就好像回到家里一样。” 萨拉以和同卵双生姐妹同住的办法走出了她的困境，这种办法很少见，但她所遇到的冲突却并不罕见。 尽管许多学校已做了许多努力来为学生安排合适的室友，但结果常常不尽如人意。 一位室友总感觉冷，而另一位却总是不想调高暖气温度，尽管气温计显示室外温度已达零下5度。 一个喜欢安静，而另一个却每天练习两个小时的小号，或将音响开得很大，响得连整个房间都在振动。 一个只吃有机蔬菜产品，认为所有生物都是神圣的，即使是蚂蚁、蚊子也如此，而另一位却爱穿皮草，喜欢在生物课上将青蛙开膛破肚。 彼此性格不合时，离家上大学的那种兴奋感就会立刻变得索然无味。 而且，室友会互相影响对方的心理健康。 根据最近的研究，大学生室友的忧郁症往往会从一个人传给另一个人。 学会容忍陌生人的习惯可使大学生学会灵活应变和妥协的艺术，但这往往是一个十分痛苦的过程。 21岁的朱莉?诺埃尔是大四学生。她回忆说，她一年级时与室友无法沟通，彼此整整一年都很不自在。 “我曾从早到晚用CD机播放同一张碟，就是为了试试她，因为她太羞怯了，”诺埃尔说， “直到那天晚饭时，她才终于改变了她的羞怯。” 虽然她们没有将房间一分为二，但是到了年末，她们还是大吵一场分开了。“回想起来，我真希望当时能跟她谈谈我的感受，”诺埃尔说。 大多数室友间冲突的起因都是小小的令人不快的分歧，而不是抽象的哲学原则上的重大争执。 “都是具体的事情弄得室友不和，”俄亥俄州一所大学的宿舍管理处主任助理说。 在极端的情况下，室友间的冲突可能引发严重的暴力事件。去年春天哈佛大学就发生了这种情况:一位学生将她的室友杀害后自杀。 许多学校都已经启动了化解冲突的项目，以缓和紧张形势，要不然它们就会像火山一样蓄势待发，最终导致暴力行为。 有些大学采用了“室友”的做法:所有新生在参加有关室友关系的讨论会之后，都要填写签署该合同。 学生们订下详细的宿舍行为准则，包括可以共同接受的学习时间、睡眠时间，动用彼此物品的原则，以及如何处理留言。 虽然合同不具有法律约束力，也永远不会诉诸法庭，但合同副本都被送到所在楼层的宿舍指导员处，以防日后发生冲突。 宿舍管理处主任说:“合同允许我们处理一些同学们没有想到或不愿谈及的问题。” 有些学校试图通过电脑配对安排住宿，以期防止争吵发生。不过这种做法更像推测游戏，并不科学。 它根据学生对住宿表格上一系列问题的回答将他们组合在一起。这些问题包括是否容忍抽烟，选择什么样的作息时间，以及对个人习惯是整洁还是凌乱的自我描述。 有时家长会拿走表格，就他们孩子的习惯填入不真实的、一厢情愿的数据，特别是在吸烟问题上，这就削弱了这种做法的效果。 此外，宿舍管理人员中关于大学生活特色的理论之争也使这一安排过程复杂化。这一争论围绕的主题是:“到底是让相似的人住在一起，还是让不同的人住在一起，让他们取长补短呢,” 一幅漫画道出了许多学生对这一做法的感受:面对一大堆资料，宿舍工作人员随便拿出两张待选的表格，叫道:“这位喜欢象棋，那位爱好足球，他们住在一起是最理想的了～” 一位二年级学生艾伦?萨斯曼回忆道:“我觉得他们肯定了解我们的性格，然后就选性格相反的(搭配)。” 萨斯曼喜欢整洁，学习认真，而他的室友却邋里邋遢，而且喜欢通宵聚会直至凌晨。 “我一进房间，就看见他在我的桌子上到处乱翻，想找邮票去寄信。 还有一次，我回来就看到他在吃我的最后一块巧克力曲奇饼，那是我妈妈带给我的。 宿舍楼里的人都在打赌我们什么时候打起来，”他说。 但是出乎人们的意料，他们却最终成了朋友。 萨斯曼说:“我们彼此从对方身上学到了许多东西??但我也决不想再有这样的经历了。” 商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。 他们通常没意识到在很多国家，形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。 假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中，贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂，那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多，还可能避免他所说的“程序上的延误”。 现在的问题是:你是被迫掏钱呢，还是坚持原则, 高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢, 早些时候，一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿，并进行其他一些可疑运作，如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。 这家汽车公司否认了这些指控，后来指控也被撤销了。 然而，当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说:“瞧，我们这一行竞争激烈， 每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。 如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴，谁会有损失呢, 我们不这样干，别人也会这样干的。” 很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。 的确，这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。 仅举一例:美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露，它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。 这一事实的披露，使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样，向美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出，像贿赂、额外打折等。 为方便讨论起见，我们可将这些支出分为三大类。 第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。 比如，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。 后来发现，这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。 这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的顾问所付出的大笔款项。 在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中，一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某“洽谈人”100万英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。 据闻其他国家也是如此，向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。 第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。 关于这一点有个有趣的例子:有个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。 后来，他想到了办法。 了解到建工部长收藏珍本书，他买了一本书的珍藏版，在书里夹了两万美元，将其送给部长。 部长看了书的内容后说:“我知道这书有两卷本的。” 机敏的销售经理答道:“先生，我们公司买不起两卷本，不过可以给你弄一本带‘前言’的～” 不久，这笔生意获准了。 第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。 中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。 是否有可能制订一套公司法规，防止各种类型的贿赂呢, 国际商会(ICC)赞成用一套行为准则来制止行贿索贿。 这一准则试图区分哪些是真正为服务所付的佣金，哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。 已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。 可惜的是，国际商会委员们就如何实行这一法规的意见不一。 英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司行事。 而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。 像国际商会这样的商业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错，而非强制实行什么。 在一家知名英国报纸上，最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网”，人人都“贪赃枉法”。 这一说法可能有些夸张。 然而，如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既确保自己的商业利益，又无愧于道德良心。 每年夏天，总有大约十几名记者聚集在伦敦北部的一个旧军训 营，用一整天的时间来观看伦敦特警部队的训练。 特警通常要对付日益增多的携带枪支的犯罪分子。 记者们也有机会在练习场射击。射击似乎并不难，我们的子弹几乎都打到靶上了。 然后我们进入训练的下一步:模拟在街道上实际会出现的一些问题。 场上的灯光暗了下去，我们面对一块大屏幕站着， 手中仍有枪，但子弹是假的。屏幕上演员们在扮演着各种场面。 那个抓着一名妇女挡在身前的人真拿着枪吗, 那个看似要投降的人是否真会投降，还是会举枪射击, 我们必须判断是否该开枪，该何时开枪，就像警察真实地面对此情此景时必须做出判断一样。 记者们在这一阶段的表现不太出色。 恐怕我们打死了不少无辜的人，他们手中最致命的东西只不过是一根棍子而已。 多年来，对于是否该给更多的英国警员配枪，人们一直争论不休。 目前的做法是给英国所有的43个警局都配备少数特警，他们定期接受强化训练来保持达标。 但是随着警察遭遇的暴力事件逐渐增多，人们对这一做法是否明智提出了疑问。 通常，遭殃的是在街上巡逻的普通警察，而不是姗姗来迟的武装特警。 为了了解英国警方面临的局面，可以看一下诺森布里亚郡警局的情况。该局负责英格兰东北部5,000平方公里区域内的治安。 所辖的乡村和几个城区内居住着150万人口。 那里的3,600名警察要应付英国20世纪90年代常见的各类事件。 该警局负责人约翰?史蒂文斯最近发表了他对过去几年工作的述评。 例如，1994年，共有61名警员(男性54人，女性7人)由于履行职责时遭受攻击而不得不提早退休。 在因健康原因获准退休前，他们共请病假12,000天，相当于50名警员休假一年。 史蒂文斯这样评论道:“警务的人力成本从未如此之高， 离职的警员中严重伤残的达三分之一，他们因打击犯罪而将在余生中承受痛苦。” 警察的这种遭遇也发生在英国其他地方。不过警局本身仍反对扩大为警员配备武器的范围。 去年进行的最新调查表明，赞成者只占46%。 但是普通老百姓赞成这一做法，他们中的67%赞成扩大配发枪支的范围。 但他们自己当然不想带枪，更不会想用枪。 回想一下我自己在练习场射击的经历，我肯定也不想负这个责任。 人人都清楚警察需要更多的保护，以防刀枪。 他们现在所携的警棍较以前的要长， 也有了防利器的上衣和手套。 下一步可能的做法是政府同意试验胡椒喷雾剂，一种从胡椒中提取的有机物质。如果喷在脸上，它能使袭击者丧失行动能力。 运用得当的话，所产生的不适就只是暂时的，尽管很强烈。 只要用水冲洗，几个小时内应可彻底恢复。 这当然是难受的，但比挨子弹要好。 很多英国人不反对警察携带加长的警棍或胡椒喷雾剂。 他们只是想见到警察。 不知多少次，当我们在街上拍摄警察镜头时，总有当地居民过来告诉我们，这是几周以来他们在此地第一次看到警察。 实际上，对传统警察形象和职责构成最大威胁的并不是枪支和武装犯罪，而是我们要求警察做的日益增多的工作。 新的法令和重点警务工作占去了大量时间，结果使得很多警队派不出警员上街巡逻。 官员们要求民众留意街区治安。 在一些繁华地区，居民们雇请私人保安公司。 很多警员认为正是这些额外工作改变了他们的职责，而非担心被枪击。 今后，如果你想知道时间，去问警察恐怕会没有用。 要么你连见都见不到他，要么他没有时间回答。 《人类基因的历史与地理分布》尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书，却是一本汇集了50多年人类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。 它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查， 得出了明确的结论:如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因，不同的“种族”在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。 个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上，那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。 然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。 这一项目的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡?卡瓦里-斯福尔扎，与同事一起经过16年的努力，绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。 此书的一大特点是提供了500多幅图，显示了相同的遗传基因所处的区域，这很像其他地图上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。 通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系，作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研究结果相当于一份全球家谱。 他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息:不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。 作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据，汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数据图。 为了确保种群的“纯正”，这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起，即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些 群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。 收集血样，特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样，并非总是易事。 潜在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的担心。 有一次在非洲农村，正当卡瓦里?斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时，一个愤怒的村民手执斧头出现在他面前。 这位科学家回忆道:“我记得他说，‘如果你从孩子们身上抽血，我就要放你的血。’那个人是担心我们可能用这些血来施魔法。” 尽管有困难，科学家们还是取得了一些引人注目的发现。 其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上:人类基因变异彩图表明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。 因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以被普遍认为有密切的亲缘关系。 但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。 在所有人种中，澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远，而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。 我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所产生的。 结合对远古人骨的研究，这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地，因而也是人类迁徙的始发地。 这些发现，再加上现代非洲人与非非洲人之间的巨大基因差异，说明了从非洲种群开始的分支是人类家谱上最早的分支。 这一基因分布图谱对长期以来困绕着科学家的人种起源问题也做出了新的解释。 南部非洲的科伊桑人就是一个例子。 很多科学家认为科伊桑人是一个独立的非常古老的人种。 他们语言中那种独特的短促而清脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人类祖先的直系后裔。 然而他们的基因却表明情况并非如此。 基因研究表明科伊桑人可能是古代西亚人与非洲黑人的混血。 图谱上显示的遗传轨迹表明这一混血人种的发源地可能在埃塞俄比亚或中东地区。 法国和西班牙的巴斯克人是人类家谱图上欧洲人分支的最特殊的成员。 他们有几组少见的基因类型，包括一种罕见血型的发生率在巴斯克人中也是最高的。 他们的语言起源不明，也无法被归入任何标准的类别。 他们居住的地区紧挨着发现早期欧洲人壁画的几个著名的洞穴这一事实使卡瓦里?斯福尔扎得出这样的结论:“在欧洲最早的近代人中，巴斯克人极有可能与克罗马努人关系最直接。” 人们认为所有的欧洲人都是混合人种，有65%的亚洲人基因，35%的非洲人基因。 除了揭示人种的起源以外，基因信息对医学界来说也是最新资料。医学界希望能用人类脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)制成特别的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可能具有某种抗病药物的价值。 保护土著人权益的活动家们担心科学家可能会利用土著人:从当地人血样中提取的基因物质可被用于商业目的，而DNA 提供者却不会获得足够的报酬。 卡瓦里?斯福尔扎强调，他的工作不仅有科学意义，而且也有社会意义。 他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。 他希望这一目的会得到一直为同样目的进行抗争的土著民族的接受。 有一种流行的说法，世界上的伟大天才??爱因斯坦们、毕加索们、莫扎特们，似乎都是造物主神功使然，不知从什么地方冒出来的。 卡尔?弗里德里希?高斯就是一个典型，据说他出身在一个体力劳动者家庭，后来却成了现代数学之父。 一位研究早期学习的教授驳斥了这一说法，称他研究高斯的童年时发现在其两岁时，他母亲就教给他数字。 他的父亲是个体力工种的监工，本人并不是工人，还常和高斯玩计算游戏。 而且高斯还有个受过教育的叔叔，他在高斯很小的时候就教他复杂的数学。 其他天才们的情况也是一样。 爱因斯坦的父亲是位电气工程师，他所演示的实用物理知识令儿子很着迷。 毕加索的父亲是位美术教师，他让小帕布罗在8岁时画一碗又一碗的水果。 莫扎特的父亲是位受雇于贵族宫廷的音乐家，他在儿子还不会走路时就教他唱歌、弹奏乐器。 “在每一个例子里，仔细研究一下天才的成长背景，都可以发现父母或教师进行早期激励这种模式，”这位教授说。 但是父母应该给予怎样一种激励呢, 大量证据表明，家长的压力常会导致孩子疲劳厌倦而不是成为天才。 有一项研究认为有两种家庭教育的风格:支持型和激励型。 支持型的家长会尽全力帮助孩子发展兴趣爱好，赞扬其获得的成就，不管它多么微小。 一般来说，这样的家长会营造一个有规矩的、令人愉快的家庭环境。 激励型的家长会更主动地参与到孩子们的活动中去，在某些领域里带领他们前行，推动他们努力，通常起着导师的作用。 这一研究跟踪了四组儿童:一组儿童的家长是支持型的，一组是激励型的，一组是支持激励相结合的，最后一组儿童的家长既不支持也不激励。 孩子们领到了一些电子装置。当发出声响时，他们就要记下自己在干什么，并评估自己从中所感受到的快乐和反应的敏捷程度。 结果并不太出人意外。支持型父母的孩子所感到的快乐程度高于平均水平，但学习或做事时精力却不是那么高度集中。 表现最好的孩子的父母结合了支持和激励型的教育。 这些孩子显示了相当不错的快乐感，在学习过程中反应也很敏捷。 给予激励但缺乏支持的父母，他们的孩子很可能会疲劳厌倦。 这些孩子确实能长时间努力，但他们在学习过程中的敏捷程度和快乐感大大低于生活在能兼顾激励和支持的家庭环境中的孩子。 另一关键因素是父母需要与孩子进行适当的交谈。 通过与成人交流，孩子学会的不仅是语言技巧，而且还有成人的习惯与思维方式。 像毕加索、爱因斯坦这样的神童之所以能在生活中率先起跑的一个原因就是他们的父母在他们很小的时候就教给他们如何思考像艺术或物理这样的科目。 在荷兰进行的一项调查表明，父亲们一般每天用于与孩子交谈的时间只有11秒钟。 新近在美国作的一项研究显示了稍好的结果，但这些父亲每天与孩子的交谈时间仍不到一分钟。 重要的不仅仅是花了多少时间，还有与孩子交谈的方式。 对孩子的问题只做出简单的回应，或是只给出乏味的回答，这样的父母带给孩子们的是一种消极的、狭隘的思维方式。 从另一方面来说，乐意与孩子作一步一步深入的论证，鼓励子女探索各种想法，这样的父母会培养出孩子开放的、创造性的思维方式。 一名研究人员试图通过实验论证这一观点。在他的研究中，几组家长学着与自己幼小的子女做有益的交谈。他说这些孩子在语言能力、智力，甚至社交领导才能上都比同龄孩子要强。 尽管这一研究尚未结束，这些孩子已表现出具备了长期的优势。 那么，对那些模范家长，那些同时给予孩子支持和激励，善于教给孩子思考的方法，成功地培养孩子学习上的主动性的家长，前景如何呢, 能否确保他们的孩子成为天才, 人们普遍认为，个体之间存在着生理差异，要成为天才必须幸运地既拥有天才的基因，又拥有能造就天才的父母。 最重要的启示似乎是:尽管大多数人都有条件很好地去发挥他们的生理潜能??除非童年时得了严重疾病，或饮食太差??但是，他们能否成长在一个能开发其能力的环境中则很不确定。 因此，虽然了解天才人物的生理特征十分有趣，但对良好的家庭教养和教育技巧的研究才具有长远的意义。 我清楚地记得我成为黑人的那一天。 13岁之前我一直住在佛罗里达州的一个黑人小镇伊顿维尔。 小镇的居民全是黑人。 我所认识的白人都是来自佛罗里达的奥兰多或是去往奥兰多的过路人。 本地的白人骑着风尘仆仆的马匹，而北方来的旅游者则驾着汽车沿着乡下的沙土路一路驶来。 小镇的人见惯了南方人，因此他们经过时小镇的人照旧大嚼甘蔗。 但是看到北方人则是另一回事。 胆怯的人躲在窗帘后小心翼翼地偷看他们， 胆大的则会走到屋外看着他们经过，感到很有趣，就像这些旅游者看到这村庄也感到很有趣一样。 门前平台可能是镇上其他人不敢去的地方，但对我来说，那儿就像前排座位一样。 我最爱坐在门柱上。 我喜欢在那儿看人们来来往往，也不在乎让那些人知道我喜欢看他们， 通常还与他们搭几句话。 我向他们挥手，如果他们也向我挥手，我还会与他们打招呼。 骑马或驾车的人通常会停下来，我们不可思议地互打招呼之后，我可能会随着他们“颠儿几步”，这是我们佛罗里达最南边的说法，意思是跟着他们走上一小段路。 如果正巧赶上家里人来到房前看见我，他们就会毫不客气地打断我们的交谈。 那段日子里，在我看来，白人和黑人的区别只不过是他们路过小镇，但从不住在这里。 他们喜欢听我“说几句”，喜欢听我唱歌，看我跳舞，并为此大方地给我小银币这倒使我感到意外，因为我太愿意跟他们“说上几句”，太愿意为他们唱歌跳舞了，他们给我钱时我才会停下来。 只是他们不知道这一点。 黑人不会给我钱， 对我表现出的任何一点欢乐的苗头，他们都不赞同。但我仍然是他们的佐拉， 我是属于他们，属于周围的旅馆，属于那个地方，属于每一个人的佐拉。 但我13岁时，家里发生了变故，我被送到杰克逊维尔的学校去了。 离开伊顿维尔时我还是我，佐拉。 可在杰克逊维尔下了船后，原来的佐拉不复存在了。 我似乎发生了巨大的变化， 我再也不是伊顿维尔的佐拉了，我现在成了个小黑妞， 在好些方面都是。 在镜中，在内心深处，我变成了永远不黑不白的棕色人??就像最好的鞋油，抹不掉，不褪色。 身边总有人提醒我自己是奴隶的后代， 但这并没有使我沮丧。 奴隶制是60年前的事了。 解放黑奴的这场手术很成功，病人的情况也不错，谢谢。 这场使我从黑奴变为美国公民的可怕战争喊道“各就位～” 内战后的那段时期说“预备～”我的上一代人则喊“跑～” 就像一场赛跑一样，我飞速起跑，决不可中途停步，伤心回望。 身为黑奴是我为文明生活所付出的代价，而作出这一选择的并不是我。 世界上再没有什么人有过比这更大的争取荣耀的机会了。 想想将要获得的新生活，而且我们不会有任何损失。不管我做什么，都可能得到双倍的嘉奖，或是双份的责难。想想这一点，知道这一点都令人激动不已。 占据国内舞台的中心可真刺激，而台下的观众则不知是喜是忧。 我没有总是感到自己是有色人种。 甚至现在我还常常感觉自己还是伊顿维尔小镇上懵懂无知的佐拉。 比如，我可以在餐馆和一位白人坐在一起。 我们闲谈一些都经历过的平常琐事，白人会安静地坐着，兴味盎然地听我讲。 有时候我不属于任何人种，我就是我自己。 但我大体上还是感觉自己像一只靠墙立着的装满各种杂物的棕色袋子。靠墙立着的还有其他颜色的袋子，白色的，红色的，黄色的。 倒出袋中的物品，可以发现一堆或有用或无用的小杂物: 碎玻璃块，小线头儿，一扇早已朽坏的门上的钥匙，一把锈蚀的刀，一双为某条从来没有、将来也不会有的路而准备的旧鞋，一根弯曲的钉子(它所承受过的重量足以弄折任何钉子)，一两支仍散发出几许花香的干花。 你手中拿的是棕色的袋子， 面前的地上则是袋中所装的那堆东西??与其他袋子中所倒出的东西几乎一模一样，如果把它们混成一大堆，再分装到各自的袋中，也不会有多大的不同。 多少有点有色玻璃片也没有什么关系。 也许当初上帝这个装袋者往我们各自的袋中填塞时正是这么做的，谁知道呢, 我无意中向同事提起我正在研究那种自称可以消除岁月痕迹的护肤霜时，她向我大吐烦恼。 她告诉我， 一个月前，她突然注意到脸上布满皱纹。 她一边用手指抚摸着漂亮但有些细小纹路的面孔，一边解释说 ，尽管她知道这一发现主要是因为那段历时六年的感情关系突然结束给她带来了打击，而不是由于早衰， 但她还是得采取些措施。 在向她说明岁月无情，要改变现实可能性不大之后，我告诉她我认为这些灵丹 妙药的宣传都很荒谬。 但不管我说什么，她仍求我告诉她哪儿能做我所说的那些护理。 只要是关于美容 ，谁还管真相如何, 人们对自己想要信任的东西的信任使得美容业在过去容易生存。 青春有巨大的价 值，这大大刺激了美容业，使其得以从它那些令我们面容、身体显得焕然一新的空洞许诺中赚了数百万元 。 为了使皮肤护理科学、权威，销售美容品的柜台现已从医院诊所盗用了体面的外表。 推销人员穿着白 大褂，在“电脑”上给消费者“诊断”皮肤类型，用修复受损分子和DNA这些技术来蒙蔽消费者。 美容业 还给这一把戏提供“药物”，创造了新的皮肤疗法，还说这种疗法并不是仅停留在表面，实际上还作用于 细胞层。 但这真的只是一个无害的把戏吗, 制造商越来越夸张地宣称其产品的去皱能力，这令医生们 感到担忧。 广告声称那些活性因子能刺激皮肤深层的细胞分裂，从而替换旧细胞，并有效地更新皮肤。 如果真是这样，其效果会有害吗, 如果正常的细胞可以因刺激而分裂，那么非正常的细胞也会加快繁 殖，引起或加速皮肤癌的发生。 抗皱行列的一个新产品声称可以用一种更自然的方法来避免讨厌的皱纹 。 那是一种叫做“伊美婷”的药丸，它不是一种外搽的护肤霜。它由内向外发挥作用，提供皮肤所需的 营养和化学物质，促进人体的自身修复过程。 这一产品最初是在斯堪的纳维亚地区开发的。它含有鱼类 、海洋植物、虾壳等的提取物，构成了一个包括蛋白质、矿物质和维生素在内的配方。根据一份已公开的 研究，使用该疗法两三个月后皮肤肌理可看得出有所改善。 皮肤会更柔软、更光滑，皱纹虽非全部去除 但会减少，斑点和细小的额上纹路也会消失。 一位女士承认自己在试用“伊美婷”之前是有怀疑的。 她认为女性有必要保持体内自然的化学平衡。 她说，小心维护好人体的化学平衡不仅能改善外貌，而且 增加活力，甚至能增强意识和思维能力。 “伊美婷”通过提供皮肤所需的养分而做到了这一点。 但虾壳 等物真能对皱纹产生这样的奇妙效果吗, 一位研究过“伊美婷”的英国外科医生布赖恩?纽曼提出了一 个更为科学的解释。他说随着食物的消化，这种复合物会起到一种特别的作用，防止食物中的基本蛋白质 被破坏，使其能以一种更易为皮肤所用的状态被吸收。 而另一方面，另一位专门从事皮肤研究的医生对 这些数据不以为然，并对这一研究中所用的方法提出了质疑。 而且，发表关于“伊美婷”研究的那份医 学刊物是一份“收费”刊物??任何研究结果只要交费都可发表。 据这位医生说，任何企图玩弄医学研 究规律的做法都是徒劳的。 对这样的争论，布赖恩?纽曼已习以为常了。他用的一种从花中提取的油多 年后才被普遍接受。 他毫不气馁，坚持说要明确的最重要的一点就是“伊美婷”的确是有效的。 但是 ，从根本上说，真正的问题是我们究竟为何那么害怕皱纹。 可悲的是，青春和美貌已成了我们这个社会 的货币，可以买到人心和机会。 年龄和经验的价值被否定了。女性尤其会感受到因衰老而致的外在改变 所带来的威胁。 据一位心理学专家说，男人通常因花白的头发而增添了魅力，因为对他们而言，年龄意 味着权力、成功、财富及地位。 但由于女性的本领仍在很大程度上被看作与生儿育女密切相关，年龄增 长向世人显示她的衰老，就她的首要作用而言她已无用了。 皱纹就象征着她生育能力的衰退。 除非我 们能够欣赏年龄的真正价值，否则的话，当出现年老的迹象时，除了恐慌以外就很难有其他办法了。 只 要媒体继续将成功的形象表现为各年龄层的男性身边伴着皮肤光滑的年轻女性，妇女们就会继续花钱去买 一瓶又一瓶毫无价值的垃圾。 让我们期待更多成熟的有皱纹的妇女成为有魅力的、成功的、幸福的人， 也让我们期待男士们争先恐后与她们为伴。 米老鼠有胡须吗, 没有。 这是不是说法国人要想在迪斯尼工作就必须剃掉胡子才行, 这得看情况了。 一位劳工问题督察员本周将迪斯尼公司告上了法庭， 他声称迪斯尼公司的着装规定??不准蓄胡须，不准体重超标，不准穿短裙和花哨的袜子??侵犯了个人自由，也违反了法国的劳工法。 迪斯尼公司正准备五个月后在巴黎以东20英里 (32公里) 的地方修建一个主题公园，而这一案例正说明了该公司面临的一些文化方面的棘手问题。 迪斯尼管理层正在组织一支他们称为“演职人员”的12,000人的队伍来管理这一主题公园。管理方说所有的雇员，从刷瓶工到总裁，都得和演员一样，服从关于仪表的规定。 公司发言人说，不管怎样，还没有人把胡子看得比工作还重要。 正如一个新来的“演职人员”所说:“你必须相信你这份工作的意义，不然的话日子不好过。” 然而人们怎样看待欧洲迪斯尼乐园呢, 各处的人们都想知道欧洲人是否会欢迎这种美国式的消遣活动。 尽管对外国文化的入侵感到不安，尽管要保护法语不受英语词汇的污染，法国的社会党政府对将这么大一个美国文化的象征放在首都门口却并不担忧，而是更多地关心其经济效果。 为了将这一主题公园留在这里，而不是建在阳光灿烂的西班牙，法国政府做出了税收和财政方面的一系列重大让步。 主题公园本身只不过是这一巨大综合项目的一部分。综合项目包括住房、办公楼，以及将一直延续到下一世纪、包括影视拍摄设施在内的度假胜地的开发。 作为与迪斯尼公司合作协议的一部分，政府正在铺设新的公路并支付建设款项，它是巴黎地区快速轨道交通的延伸，甚至可直接连接到通往英吉利海峡隧道的高速电气铁路(TGV)。 欧洲迪斯尼乐园的正门前正在建设高速电气铁路火车站，预定于1994年交付使用。 如果欧洲迪斯尼乐园获得成功??迄今为止在法国开设的主题公园都不成功??到本世纪末很可能会再建第二甚至第三个主题公园。 欧洲迪斯尼乐园的第一期工程预计将花费36亿美元，财政专家说欧洲迪斯尼乐园对迪斯尼的总体财富非常重要。迪斯尼在美国已遭遇到了竞争，游客量正在下降。 法国的知识分子们对这个项目并无好感， 然而孩子们却不管这些。 睡美人、白雪公主、彼得?潘和匹诺曹都是欧洲童话故事里的人物，这里的孩子对他们的熟悉程度丝毫不亚于美国的孩子。 在法国孩子眼里，米老鼠是法国人;在意大利孩子眼里，米老鼠是意大利人。 迪斯尼管理层强调这一传统，显然是对有人暗示迪斯尼管理层在文化传统方面麻木不仁的回应。 尽管主题公园这一概念是以加利福尼亚州的奇妙王国和佛罗里达州的沃尔特?迪斯尼世界为基础，但“欧洲迪斯尼乐园将具有适合于欧洲的独特风格。”迪斯尼公司说。 “主题公园的创新性建设突出地表现了欧洲的传说和童话故事。” 例如，公司的官员指出，睡美人的城堡，这一主题公园的中心建筑，不像一些人所想的那样是根据好莱坞的作品建造的，而是根据欧洲中世纪一本书中的插图而造的。 同样，根据儒勒?凡尔纳所写的冒险故事拍摄的360度环形电影是由著名的欧洲演员主演的。 当被问及还有什么其他措施来使主题公园更欧洲化时，一位发言人提到，公园的指示牌会用英语和法语，一些表演者会以法语、西班牙语和英语表演。 这位发言人说:“难的是要将人们已熟知的事说得让它听起来有所不同。” 而另一方面，主题公园也不会过分欧洲化。 迪斯尼的另一位发言人早些时候说主题公园的目的就是为那些追求美式生活的人带来基本上是美国式的体验。 他说，这样，那些本来考虑去美国度假的人留在大西洋的此岸也可以体验美国度假的快乐了。 迪斯尼公司似乎对须发特别在意。 它称将在欧洲迪斯尼乐园的中心“美国大道”建一个旧时的“和谐理发店”来处理“乱糟糟的头发和胡子拉碴的下巴”，也许还要管管唇上髭须。 这一乐园与加利福尼亚和佛罗里达的乐园的一个不同之处是:这条“美国大道”的部分地区以及景点的等候区将会有遮棚，以对付巴黎的多雨天气。 欧洲迪斯尼乐园距巴黎不远，这肯定颇具吸引力。 任何厌倦了美式或仿欧式文化的人都可登上快速列车，不到一小时就可到达罗浮宫，一瞬间就从米尼老鼠身边来到《蒙娜?丽莎》面前。 在迪斯尼公司决定将其第四个主题公园选址于巴黎附近时，交通因素起了重要作用。 这里距3.2亿欧洲人不超过两小时飞行距离。 东欧的开放对迪斯尼来说又是一大收获，他们认为将有几百万人把迪斯尼乐园列入其首次西欧之旅的首选之地。 欧洲迪斯尼公司承认，其精心建造的主题公园并未如预期般表现出色。该公司星期四称在首个财政年度里公司将蒙受难以预料的净亏损。 主题公园位于巴黎以东32公里(20 英里)处，占地4,800英亩。在它4月份开张时，欧洲迪斯尼行政人员说他们希望在9月30日结束的这个财政年度中能小有盈余。 但那以后，主题公园遇到了一些问题。 “我们已为充分的运作做好了准备，”公司的财务总监约翰?佛斯格伦在电话采访中说。 “运作是相当充分的，但尚未达到我们预期的程度。” “尽管游客数量相当大，”他说，“可我们的成本支出的确需要根据当前的收益状况做出调整。” 它的母公司沃尔特?迪斯尼公司星期四说，欧洲迪斯尼的收入本季度上升了33%， 但它提醒投资者不要期待欧洲迪斯尼会很快赢利，该公司拥有欧洲迪斯尼49%的股份。 欧洲迪斯尼公司说尽管游客量一直相当大，“公司预计在1992年9月30日结束的财政年度里仍会有净亏损。” 还说“亏损的程度将取决于关键的欧洲夏季假期剩余日子里的游客量和宾馆入住率”。 这一宣布等于是说欧洲迪斯尼的情况出现了罕见的逆转。当初它是在一片欢呼声中开张，并被普遍看好会立即获得成功。 4月12日公司开张时，公司的股价为140.90法郎(28.07美元)，今年年初曾高达170法郎。 本周四股价下跌了2.75%，收盘价为97.25法郎。 佛斯格伦先生说，他认为股票市场“对初期消息的反应有点情绪化了”。 他补充道，“从任何客观标准来看，该主题公园都是很成功的。公众对它的长期接受程度相当高，而其他情况只是枝节而已。” 公司说从4月12日至7月22日期间，有360万游客入园，这比其他迪斯尼主题公园在同样的开放初期的情况要强。 但公司也提醒说，考虑到游客量可能有相当大的季节性变化，无法对今后的游客量和收益做出预测。 对此番话，股票市场行家帕里巴斯资本市场集团发布了“出售”欧洲迪斯尼股票的建议，指出这一阶段的游客量比预期的低15%，食品及其他商品销售的利润比预期的低10%。 它预计欧洲迪斯尼公司在本财政年度会损失3亿法郎，并且还将继续亏损两年。 欧洲迪斯尼所面临的主要问题似乎是控制成本，并为它的5,000多间宾馆客房合理定价。 很明显，当初定成本所依据的收益水平并未达到，公司也正开始下调曾被普遍认为过高的宾馆房价。 佛斯格伦先生说员工人数现为17,000 人，“今后两个月内公司员工数量会显著下降，这主要是因为季节工的减少。” 他说，目前的员工中有5,000人是临时雇佣的。 他也承认，度假地的最低房价已从开张时的750法郎降为550法郎(110美元)，一些房间的冬季价已降至400法郎。 分析家们认为，宾馆入住率一直约为全部接待能力的68%，尽管眼下超过了90%。 “关键的问题是成本，”一位财务专家说。 “他们不知道冬季的游客量会达到什么水平，他们正在努力使成本降到恰当的水平。 股价仍然过高，但我认为从长期来看，他们会使其恢复正常的。” 公司计划主题公园在欧洲寒冷的冬季仍然开门迎客，此举是否可行仍有很大的疑问??欧洲其他主题公园从未这样做过。 上个月，公司说现在已难以吸引巴黎地区的游客。 佛斯格伦先生说法国的游客量有所上升，占了360万游客中的100万，而其余的游客大部分来自英国和德国。 只有百分之一的游客是美国人。 6月30日结束的第三季度是主题公园正式运作的第一个季度。公司说这个季度的营业收入达24.7亿法郎(4.92亿美元)。但公司未提及利润或亏损数字。在年底才统计利润或亏损是法国的一贯做法。 在前半年里，公司共赢利7,500万法郎，主要是投资收入和出售公司地盘上的建筑权所得。 员工对公司最有价值的贡献是什么，是知识还是判断力, 我说是判断力。 不管知识面有多宽，如果得不到应用，就毫无用处。 而知识的应用需要判断力，判断力涉及某种第六感觉??思维的高度运用。 这就提出了关于现今企业界人士最佳培训课程的有趣问题。 正如丹尼尔?戈尔曼在他的新书《情感智能》中所说，最新的科研结果似乎表明，在一个适应能力对生存很关键的年代，聪明但缺乏灵活性的人并不具备这种能力。 《时代周刊》最近的封面故事列举了目前关于智能的一些看法，报道说:“新的人脑研究表明，衡量人的智能的真正尺度可能是情感，而不是智商。” 《时代周刊》称之为“情商”的情感智能的根本意义可从企业管理专家卡伦?波尔斯顿的话中窥见一斑:“顾客对企业说‘我可不在乎是否你的每个员工都毕业于哈佛，我只愿意与能理解我、尊重我的企业打交道。’” 如果说市场的进化发展所造成的压力使得情商，而不是智商，成为企业走向成功的通行证，那么，人们可能很希望懂得如何培养情商。 我有个小小的建议:积极进行自我训练，努力提高以下四项适应性技能: 提高意识程度。 我把这看作是思考时有意独辟蹊径。 这是指注意自己感受到什么，在想什么，摆脱过去带给自己的种种限制。 尽可能多地注意思考时的自己，以此来提高意识程度。 要习惯性地注意自己的情感，问问自己是在面对还是在逃避事实。 利用想象。 这是奥运会滑雪赛手在进入起跑门之前所做的。 他们闭上眼，摆动身体，在头脑中先把整个滑雪道过一遍，这能提高他们在实际比赛中的表现。 我们也可以这样做，每天留出时间来带着激情想象一番自己想要获得的成就。 反复考虑各种事件，并对它们做出最富创意的反应。 两千年前的一位希腊哲学家说过，重要的不是事件本身，而是我们对事件的看法，他说的正是此意。 每当发生重要事情时，要尽可能从多方面去看问题，甚至作异乎寻常的理解， 然后照着最有利于自己理想的那种理解去做。 综合考虑他人的看法。 大脑研究表明，人们对外界的看法受到遗传基因及个人经历的局限。 学会吸纳他人有用的观点是一种扩大自己见识的方式。 下次如果有人对某件事与你有不同的看法，比如对某个有争议的政治事件，停下来想想这其实是生活阅历使然，应把它看作一种感知能力的馈赠。 习惯的力量??确切说就是头脑里已建立的思维方式??会妨碍你操练这些技能。 然而要坚持下去，因为它们是以对思维机制的认识为基础的。 人脑的容量在生命开始的最初六个月增长了一倍， 到四岁时又增长一倍，其后大脑的容量迅速发展，直到性成熟为止。 人体有大约1000亿个神经细胞，每一次经历都会激发脑部的反应，而这种反应实际上影响着我们的感知。 我们现在知道，思维活动并不局限在脑部，而是遍布于全身的细胞中。 是的，我们的确是在用心、用脑、用肌肉、用血液和骨骼来思考。 我们的青少年阶段有一个为期三周的关键时期，此时脑部的化学反应活动一分为二。 完成了这一变化，正如国内一位重要的大脑研究人员所说，我们“对外界的看法”就“在生理上定型了”。 他说任何两个人都不可能对外界有完全一样的看法。 个人的体验都是独一无二的，因此人们对外界的理解都不相同。 然而，他说，人们对外界的看法不仅有可能改变，而且实际上比克服药物依赖性还容易。 但是要想做到这一点需要训练。 因此我们推荐了上述做法。 这并不是像MBA那样的课程。 但最新的研究似乎表明，缺乏情感成熟和自我了解这一软件单靠纯学术性的培训这一硬件是没有用的。 luck. 人们发现，通过观察四岁的孩子怎样处理一块糖，科学家可以预测其未来。 研究人员将孩子们一个一个地请进一间普通房间，开始了小小的折磨。 他对孩子们说，你们可以现在就吃这块糖， 但是如果你们等一会儿，等我从外面回来，你们就可以吃两块糖。 说完他就走了。 一些孩子等研究人员一走就一把抓过糖来吃。 另一些孩子等候了几分钟，但还是忍不住吃了糖。 还有一些孩子下决心等下去。 他们或蒙上眼睛，或低头不看，或自己唱歌，或玩游戏，甚至还睡着了。 研究人员回来之后，把这些孩子经过努力赢得的糖果给了他们。 然后等着他们长大，再来看看科学的结论。 到这些孩子上高中时，引人注目的事发生了。 对这些孩子的家长和教师所作的调查发现，那些四岁时就能克制自己，坚持等到第二块糖的孩子长大后通常有较强的适应力，更合群，更富有进取心、自信心，也更可靠。 那些老早就经不住诱惑的孩子更容易变得孤独，容易受挫，缺乏灵活性。 他们受不了压力，逃避挑战。 我们说到出众的才华，就会想到爱因斯坦，那个有生命的、穿着不配对袜子的思考机器。 在我们想象中，取得卓越成就的人一出生就注定会不平凡。 可是你该想想为什么随着时间的推移，天赋在一些人身上显露出来，而在另一些人身上却消退下去。 这就是糖块实验要说明的问题。 看来耐心等待收益的能力是重要的技巧，这说明，逻辑性的思考战胜了不负责任的思考。 简言之，这是情感智能的体现， 而这是在智力测试里表现不出来的。 在本世纪大部分时间，科学家们一直重视大脑这个具体之物和思维这个无形之物，而把情感这一纷乱的力量留给诗人去谈论。 但大脑研究理论就是无法解释我们最想弄清的问题:为什么有些人似乎就是有过上好日子的才能;为什么班里最聪明的孩子很可能最终并不是最富有的;为什么我们几乎仅凭第一眼印象就喜欢 有些人，而对另一些人则信不过;为什么有些人面对困难仍能保持乐观，而另一些人则坚持不住，沉沦下去。 一句话，思维或精神的何种素质决定人的成功, “情感智能”一词是研究人员五年前创造出来的，用以描绘人的一些素质，诸如对自身感觉的了解，对他人感觉的体恤，以及“调节情感以更好地生活”的能力。 由于丹尼尔?戈尔曼的新书《情感智能》，这一概念很快会成为国内谈论的话题，为方便起见简称之为“情商”。 戈尔曼将他花了10年工夫研究的头脑怎样处理情感的结果汇聚成书。 在书的封面上，他说他的目标就是要重新定义聪明到底是什么。 他的理论是:要预测人的成功，智商所衡量的大脑能力实际上远不如曾被看作“性格”的心智的素质重要。 乍一看来，此说并无新意。 它与情感掌控头脑的说法一样并无创见。 人们常说“我气得无法思考”。 “与人交往的技巧”非常有用，此说也并不令人吃惊，这等于说与人为善是对的。 但如果事情就那么简单，这本书就不会引起那么大的关注，它的含义也不会引起那么大的争论了。 这决不是抽象的调查。 戈尔曼在寻找方法恢复“大街上的彬彬有礼，社区生活中的互相关心”。 他认为这处处都用得上，如公司该如何决定聘用什么人，夫妇该如何提高婚姻延续的可能性，父母该如何培养孩子，学校该如何教育孩子等等。 当街头团伙取代了家庭环境，当校园辱骂导致了械斗，当半数以上的婚姻以离婚收场，当这个国家死去的孩子大多死于父母之手，而这样的父母却大都说他们是想规范孩子的行为，要他们不要挡着电视，不要大哭不休，当发生了这些现象时，就意味着需要进行基本的情感教育。 正是在这个问题上人们产生了争论。 尽管在这一较新领域里很多研究人员对情感问题终于得到认真对待而感到高兴，他们也担心像情商这样一个方便的概念会被误用。 “人们的情感是多种多样的，”哈佛大学心理学教授杰罗姆?凯根说， “有些人能很好地处理愤怒，但却对付不了恐惧。 有些人无法承受欢乐。 因此应区别看待每一种情感。” 情商不是智商的对立。 一些人有幸两者都很高，一些人则两者都很低。 研究人员想要弄清的是两者是如何共同起作用的;举例说，一个人应付压力的能力是如何影响他集中精力和运用智力的。 在成功的诸要素中，研究人员现在普遍认为智商约起20%的作用，其余则取决于从社会地位到运气等各种因素。