语言学名词解释

prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances). Sapir-whorf hypothesis: Sapir and Whorf believed that language filters people’s perc eption and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-whorf hypothesis (SWH) Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second la nguage learning, it’s necessary for the learner to understand input language which con tains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the le arner’s present linguistic competen ce. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without bein g taught directly Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping arti culations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticu lation and perseverative coarticulation. Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Vowel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs. category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc. endocentric construction:one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition, such as buy; sell, lend, borrow, above, below, etc. semantic component:a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, e.g. <+human> conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns. lexical word: word having lexical meanings, that is ,those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content. reference: the use of language to express a propostion, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. constative:an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false. locutionary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. Theory of the context of situation [ J. R. Firth (1890-1960) ]情景语境 ①The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.② The relevant objects.③The effects of the verbal action. Speech community :a speech community is a group of people who form a communit y and share the same language or a particular variety of a language