论《卡斯特桥市长》主人公的悲剧命运---毕业论文

论《卡斯特桥市长》主人公的悲剧命运---毕业论文 【标题】论《卡斯特桥市长》主人公的悲剧命运 【作者】梁 洁 峰 【关键词】悲剧命运;亨查尔;性格;外因;偶然因素 【指导老师】李 雷 【专业】英语 【正文】 ?. Introduction A. Introduction to the Author Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy, last and one of the greatest of Victorian novelists, is born in Dorset on June 2, 1840, in the centre of the Wessex country which later plays an important role in his works. Both his mother and his father, who was a builder, come from Dorset stock, and Thomas early learns to love the country ways and speech around him. At sixteen he is apprenticed to a local architect. In 1862 he leaves for London to continue his work as an architect, an occupation he practiced until his marriage. In the meantime, he has found that poetry is his main love of the rest of his life. He tries unsuccessfully to publish his poems, but even after they are rejected, he continues writing them. In 1867, poor health forces him to return to Dorset, where his work as an architect supports him so that he could write in his leisure. Hopping that it would sell better than poetry, he turns his hand to write fiction, and after his return to Dorset he begins his first novel, The Poor man and the Lady. After that, Hardy‘s works become more and more popular with people. The impression of his early youth-the people, the events, and the surrounding countryside become a part of the subject matter of his “Wessex” novel and stories. The town of Casterbridge itself for example, is just Dorchest Hardy always cherishes his experience in a rural community, participating in its seasonal occupations and festivals, and listens to the tale-telling and music which are made by parents, relatives, and friends in his early years. He studies Greek, classic literature and architecture. On every page of Hardy’s Wessex novels is displayed the influence of Hardy’s upbringing, regional background and architectural studies. Hardy is at the height of his powers when he begins to work on The Mayor of Casterbridge at the age of forty-four. He has written ten novels up to then, but only one, The return of the Native, written seven years before, is a masterpiece. Since that time, he has produced some inferior books. But by 1884, he could afford to have a house built in Dorchester, the town he called Casterbridge, and most of the novels are written there, as are The Woodlanders, Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. B. Introduction to The Mayor of Casterbridge It seems to have had a good effect on his work. The Mayor of Casterbridge is a magnificent novel, although Hardy himself was not entirely happy about it. The Mayor of Casterbridge is, from beginning to end, the story of Michael Henchard, a skilled farm laborer who, in a drunken rage, sells his young wife, along with their infant child, to a passing sailor. Most of the novel takes place eighteen to twenty years after this event. When the sailor is reported lost at sea, the wife and now-grown daughter set out to find Henchard, who has become an affluent businessman and the mayor of Casterbridge. Henchard’s success is temporary, though, as circumstances and his own weaknesses of character combine to bring about his downfall. He finally dies with loneliness. As far as the tragic fate of the mayor is concerned, critics quite disagree with one another. One kind of view tends to be overwhelming. That is: “most critics emphasize that Henchard’s tragedy is determined by his character.”1 These critics must without exclusion are influenced by the writer’s title page “The Story of a Man of character,” Also, Hardy’s quotation “Character is fate” when commenting on Donald Farfrae’s success must be of influence. No doubt this tends to steer the critics’ attention to the study of Henchard’s character. And some reviewers claim that the opening scene is “impossible”2 to believe. William Dean Howells proves this completely wrong and says: “Henchard’s sale of his wife is not without possibility or even precedent”.3 But many praises come after publication of the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge. Charles K.Hofling acclaims: “Henchard is far and away the most developed male character in all of Hardy’s writings, as well as the character, who most fully dominates the novel in which his actions are recorded.”4 Douglas Brown more fully acclaims “It (The Mayor) remains one of the peaks of English fiction”.5 Critics of this genre believe Henchard's tragic ending as a kind of retribution for his sin of wife-sale. Thus they consider Newson (the sailor) and the furmity woman as unsecured past and they believe that the inhuman sin of wife-sale leads to a series of consequences and pursues him to death. ?.The Internal Factors of Henchard’s Tragic Fate Every one, in his efforts to reach the final goal and to realize his ambition, has to face many difficulties. The result is the conflicts between man and the society, man and man, and man and his own self. Internal and external factors, and the immanent coincidence combine together to contribute to Henchard’s tragedy. These factors will be expounded roughly from four aspects:Henchard in the transitional social background, the arrival of Farfrae and Henchard’s defective character, and two immanent coincidences. The full title of The Mayor of Casterbridge is The life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge: A story of a Man of Character, which suggests the close interrelationship between the character and fate of the mayor. Reading through the novel, Henchard’s impulsive and proud character is to a large extent responsible for his own tragic fate. A. Impulsive Character The novel opens dramatically with the splendid scene in which Henchard decides to sell his wife and child to the sailor. He makes decisions on the spur of the moment. This is a typical example of his impulsive character. Henchard sells his wife when he is drunk, just because his wife stops him from drinking too much. What he has done in public to sell them has a great effect on his later life. And this also leads to lose his daughter finally, which is an important reason that makes him a tragedy fate. After selling them for five guineas to a stranger Newson, Henchard tries to owe the full responsibility to his act by blaming it on his evening’s drunkenness. He even blames his lost wife ‘simplicity’ for allowing him to go through with the act: “Seize her, why didn’t she know better than bring me into this disgrace”6 Then, almost immediately he blames himself these contradictory impulses are typical of his whole personality. Chapter Five describes him as: a man about forty years of age;of heavy frame, large features, and commanding voice, his general build being rather coarse than compact(He had a rich complexion, which verged on swarthiness, a flashing black eye, and dark bushy brows and hair. When he indulged in all occasional loud laugh at some remark among the guests his large mouth parted so far back as to show to the rays of the chandelier a full score or more of the two-and-thirty sound white teeth that he obviously still could boast of7 We can see that Henchard in the prime of life，is very strong and coarse. He is exaggerated in characters, and from his appearance, he gives us an impression that he is still liable to impulsiveness. When meeting Donald Farfrae, the man Henchard just knows for only one day, he tells him everything that he never told anyone before. This makes us aware of the possibility that Henehard’s impulsiveness can mean inconvenience to himself. Alternately cloudy and warm to Farfrae, he fires Farfrae in jealousy of his popularity, and regrets his own haste when it is too late. This impulsive decision brings him danger. He drives Farfrae to run a same business in the town, who becomes his competent rival. Henehard is doomed to fail in this struggle. With a nature of “volcanic fire,” he forces choir to sing the 109th Psalm to curse Farfrae for his “rags to riches”. Ironically, the curses have influence on Henchard instead of on Farfrae. When at last Elizabeth Jane becomes his only emotional tie，his impulsive lie to Newson knocks it down. “Amazed at what he had done the impulse of a moment speak mad lies like a child”8. Afterwards, with a feeling that “everybody has left me”9, and that “nothing to come, nothing to wait for”10, Henchard commits suicide. Henchard’s impulsive character leads him to a series of unnecessary mistakes. He never considers the serious consequence before he takes actions. And often regrets only when it is too late. His impulsive character brings harm to others initially but finally results in his own self-destruction. Reading through the whole novel, one can easily realize that his impulsiveness is responsible for his tragic fate. B. Proud Character At the beginning of this novel, we can see Henchard and Susan walking side by side: Henchard speaks to her hardly at all, because of “his cursed pride, and mortification at being poor”11 (Henchard confesses this twenty-five years later in chapter XLIV). After selling his wife, Chapter Two states that in searching for her, Henchard’s pride does not let him reveal the shame of selling his wife to others, even though such a revelation would certainly help in his quest further more, he feels relief that he does not speak his name during the transaction. So his pride also plays all important parts in his retribution. If not because of “his cursed pride”, he may not look down upon Susan so much as to sell her for five guineas, and he may not be afraid of losing face to reveal the truth just in order to find her. Eighteen years later, when he remarries Susan. Since marrying Susan is lowering his dignity, Henchard has no respect for her. He breaks her restriction concerning when to read her letter. Here Henchard begins to receive the first emotional blow in his downward turn—Elizabeth Jane is not his but Newson’s daughter “Had he obeyed the wise directions outside her letter this pain would have been spared him for long—possibly for ever”12 or if as advised by Farfrae he had told Elizabeth-Jane the truth about his past upon her arrival in Casterbridge, she might forgive him and stay with him. But his pride prevented him then, just as his pride prevents him now from telling her that she is Newson’s daughter. So trapped by his proud character, Henchard cannot be relieved from his pain. He has to face the evils of his past only when it is too late to remedy it. Another typical example is that humble and simple people in Casterbridge, he harbors no respect, understanding, sympathy or pity but indifference and sometimes even contempt. Henchard violates human bonds by his ignorance of the need to respect human rights. Instead, though flourishing as a church warden, mayor and greatest corn-factor now, Henchard often tramples on human dignity. This already shows in his rude treatment of Abel Whittle, one of his workers, who easily oversleeps because of health reasons, yet his work is a key link and will not allow laterness. After warning him twice, Henchard roars out an ultimatum “I will mortify thy flesh for thee.”13 However, poor Whittle pleads him. Unfortunately, Whittle oversleeps again. This time, Henchard was true to his words and orders Abel not to wear his breeches. So Whittle is exposed to public humiliation. Such a disgrace is not what a man can endure or should endure. Even people of lowest social status have their own dignity, which can be exposed clearly by Abel’s words: He said he’d mortify my flesh if so be I didn’t get sooner, and now he’s a doing on’t. Ye see it can’t be helped, Mr. Farfrae; things do happen queer sometimes. Yes-I’ll go to Blackmoor Vale half-naked as I be, since he do commend it; but I shall kill myself afterwards; I can’t outlive the disgrace; for the women-folk will be looking out of their winders at my mortification all the way along, and laughing me to scorn as a man’ ithout breeches.14 Henchard tries to acquire Elizabeth-Jane like a piece of property just as he chases his wife. So his attitude towards her is possessive and overbearing. After Susan’s death, Henchard desperately persuades her to change Newson’s name to his own. In great surprise, Elizabeth-Jane gently accepts it but without willingness. At the crucial moment, the truth comes out that Elizabeth-Jane is Newson’s daughter not his. But he conceals the truth, and suddenly treats Elizabeth-Jane ruthlessly, just true to his words “when I do not care for a person. I am the distant fellow.”15 Yet before the discovery, When Henchard pleads Elizabeth-Jane to accept him as father, promises “I’ll be kinder to you than he was～I’ll do anything, if you will only look upon me as your father.”16 However, he fails to realize that human relationships are more than legal or business transaction. Henchard’s arrogance stops him from facing his own shameful act and taking some effective measures to put it right. He is finally punished by that. His pride makes him lose the opportunity of recovery in his downward course. He is eventually ruined by his pride. C. Ambitious Character In the opening of the novel, we can see a man extremely obsessed with ambitions. Henchard is a skilled countryman. Yet his is not a common one, he claims he is a good experienced hand in hay-trussing. Moreover he is confident in his capability in the fodder business and dares to “change England to beat him”17 “If not married, he believes that he would be worthy 100 pounds”18 Having experiences failure in finding a job, he is full of resentment over the disproportion between his capability and poverty and attributes all these to his marriage. Henchard also regards his wife as evil influence that causes what he regards as his miserable plight. Driven by fierce ambition, he carries out indifferent and inhuman act of selling his wife. Before the sale, he has already begun to resent her not because he wants another wife, but because she and his child are holding him back from getting on in the world. He wishes to get rid of wife and child in order to assert his ambition. The ruthless materialist Henchard sacrifices his closest human ties between husband and wife to his ambition. Henchard’s ambition reaches its top as selling his wife though under the pretext of addiction to drinking. Earlier Susan has been aware of the consequences of her husband’s drinking and has tried to urge her husband to avoid it. Yet he will not listen. Description of the increasing effect of the drinking on Henchard clearly shows that drinking to some extent helps push him to the act of the wife-sale. What is more, it makes Henchard reveal his true self, as is indicated by “At the fourth, the qualities are signified by the shape of his face, the occasional clench of his mouth, and fiery spark of his dark eye began to tell in his conduct.”19 In spite of the drunken appearance Henchard is not actually drunk: he is “fairly sober”20. His ambition let him sell his wife and child to clean up them, because his wife and child are his obstacles. For a drunken man would not have shown such insistence on selling his wife, the fact that is he calls for the highest bid and never gives in. Nor would a drunkard have been so careful of his money and careful of his steps like one conscious of his “alcoholic load.”21 It is not on an impulse as some critics say that Henchard sells his wife, though he is a man well known for his quick temper. During competing with Farfrae, Henchard wants to destroy him completely. Because he is an ambitious man, he never bears that his business can be passed by anyone. He just wants to keep his fortune, fame and status in Casterbridge. In order to accomplish this aim, his ambition forces him to win Farfrae at expanse of his all business. “The Scotchman who’s taking the town trade so bold into his hands must be cut out. D’ye hear? We two can’t live side by side-that’s clear and certain.”22 From these words, we can see Henchard’s ambition. There just one faith in his heart, which is he can not live happlily if Farfrae lives in the same place. “By such a desperate bid against him for the farmers’ custom as will grind him into the ground-starve him out. I’ve capital, mind ye, and I can do it.”23 Just because he wants to ruin Farfrea, which makes him face to bankrupt. His business fails in a moment, and he pay too much for his ambition. His ambition makes him lose his wealth and gives him a heavy punch on his spirit. ?. The External Factors of Henchard’s Tragic Fate The external factors are another factors attributing to Henchard’s tragedy. There are two main aspects in external factors. A. The Background of Henchard’s Society The town, Casterbridge, is typically such a place completely untouched by “the faintest sprinkle of modernism”24. It is evident that such a primitive town must experience a bitter downfall from prosperity. So will the mayor is a symbol of it. Henchard, for he can never adjust himself to the changed environment. Henchard, the old style factor has foreseen his own stunned incapacity in the contemporary mercantile transaction “His accounts were like a bramble-wood. He used to reckon his sacks by chalk strokes all in a row like garden-palings, measure his ricks by stretching with his arms, weigh his trusses by a lift, judge his hay by a chaw, and settle the price with a curse.”25. Obviously, he lacks the scientific method of management. His rough and ready method can only be useful in doing a small business. When the business is enlarged, he cannot handle it alone, thus when the wheat has grown, he needs a manager. Henchard’s incompetence is exposed here. After eighteen years hard working, Hechard achieves his overall success politically, economically and religiously. Casterbridge, whose unique environment fosters Henchard’s success, Henchard is as inaccessible and conservative as Casterbridge. In such a self-contained town as is entirely shut out from the main stream of development in England, it is just through sheer hard work and energy that Henchard becomes successful. However backward and primitive a place is, sooner or later, it will move forward. As time goes on, the environment leading to Henchard’s success gradually changes. As the advanced outside world produces impacts upon the older world, there appears crisis within. The changes take place in Weydon-priors, which is the same district in Casterbridge, when Susan returns to Weydon-priors 18 years later. There appears “certain mechanical improvement.” The outside impacts can be seen at the old-fashioned fair, “The real business of the fair had considerably dwindled. The new periodical great markets of neighboring towns were beginning to interfere seriously with the trade carried on here for centuries.”26 Evidently, the old social economical order is on the way to disintegrate The nineteenth century old rural life will surely decline. Henchard is ruined in trying to match the ride-of-thumb procedures against the shrewdness and up-to-date business methods. In the struggle between man and social forces, man always proves to be powerless. If he cannot adapt himself to the social change, he will be rejected by it, thus occurs the tragedy of Henchard. His death, like the disintegration of the old society, is inevitable. B. The Epoch-making Arrival of Faffrae Farfrae is a free man who comes from far away. He shows himself to be an appealing and charming young man. The people in the town accept him immediately because he is a man of creative ability as well as charm, and such men are not being found in Casterbridge. Compared with Henchard’s bad temper, Farfrae shows people his kind and modesty. He has a good temper to do everything, and never goes to extremes. He wins the heart of Abel and other workmen who most probably share the same idea as his. Henehard’s moody temper only makes Farfrae increase his popularity. Farfrae is from Scotland, a much more advanced place than Casterbridge. His arrival brings a puff of new fresh air to the self-contained Casterbridge. It is significant that Farfrae gain immediate acceptance and popularity in Casterbridge. To the people in the town, Farfrae appears as “the poet of a new school who takes his contemporaries by storm; who is not really new, but is the first to articulate what all his listeners have felt.”27 He doesn’t strike anyone as the scheming outsider. In fact he is acclaimed by most as their natural leader. Henchard, on the other hand, is not as easily assimilated to contemporary Casterbridge. Henchard is unquestionably the native countryman, but the native country is not obviously there. Casterbridge is no longer the country to which Henchard naturally belongs. Farfrare brings much advancer mechanical technology, which have great influence on the Casterbridge, especially the business. The combat that Henchard fights with Farfrae, the outsider. Henchard will inevitably lose and the winner can only be Farfrae. Henchard and Farfrae as representative men, each is the agent of different way of life. Farfrae is indeed a new man of commerce; He doesn’t carry out the old orders. In these conflicts everything reverses. Henchard goes bankrupt and all his property has been put on auction. Donald thoroughly replaces him. The young man not only marries Lucetta, buys over his house furniture and all his workers but also becomes Henchard’s master. Henchard loses his property, his woman, position of the mayor as well. He is reduced to his starting point, a poor and low hay-trusser. Henchard’s tragedy has been fully established. Farfrae’s arrival to Casterbridge speeds up the Henchard’s tragedy. ?. The Immanent Coincidence of Henchard’s Tragic Fate The Mayor of Casterbridge is a novel which has the immanent coincidence factor. Immanent coincidence is a typical feature in Hardy’s novel, which is a way the author states his philosophy idea. He regards the immanent coincidence as supernatural power. Although it can not conquer perseverance of human being, man can not beat the immanent coincidence. It just is cosmic will which can only submit, but not against. In this novel, this kind of power controls Henchard’s fate. A. the Old Woman’s Revelation of the Secret of Buying His Wife At beginning of the novel, Henchard sells his wife and child in the furmity-booth after he is drunk. And this deal takes place when the old woman witnesses the whole procedure. “Why shouldn’t get rid of’em by auction to men who are in need of such articles? Hey? Why, begad, I’d sell mine this minute, if anybody would buy”28. When he drinks too much, he begins to do this deal. “Five guineas,”29 said the auctioneer, “or she’ll be withdrawn. Does anybody give it?”30 In fact, Henchard sells his wife and child with five guineas. And all this has been memorized by the old woman, the owner of the furmity-booth. Eighteen years later, Susan (Henchard’s wife) and her child come the furmity-booth again. In order to get some message about Henchard, Susan recognizes the old woman, and asks if she knows something. “She was here at that time,”31 resumed Mrs. Newson, making a step as if to draw near. Susan with her child comes here again. ‘“the sale of a wife by her husband in your tent eighteen years ago to-day”. The furmity woman half shook her head again. “ And yet,” she said “I do. At any rate I can mind a man dong something o’the sort„”’32 Susan’s words remind of her memory, and this meeting between Susan and the old woman has a great influence on Henchard. Susan finds Henchard in Casterbridge, and hears that he is the mayor of this town. Henchard marries Susan again for what he has done before eighteen years ago. However, Henchard happens to meet the furmity woman in Town- hall. When she sees Henchard in the fist sight, she realizes him immediately. She leaks the secret that Henchard has concealed for eighteen years. “A man and a woman with a little child came into my tent„ and then he had more, and more; till at last he quarreled with his wife and offered to sell her to the highest bidder. A sailor came in, and bid five guineas, and paid the money, and led her away„”33 She just tells the truth of selling his wife. In this immanent meeting, her words speed up Henchard’s death. The old woman’s reveation of his buying wife gives Henchard a heavy hammer because he faces to bankrupt at that time. This secret makes him loses his face, fame and status in Casterbridge. And his life becomes much harder than before. The fumaity woman plays a special role in Henchard’s life. She symbolizes something evil, like the witches in Macbeth, working against Henchard. B. His Finding out his Daughter’s Secret Immanent coincidence has great influence on Henchard’s life which from the top to foot. After Susan, his wife’s death, Henchard can’t wait to persuade Elizabeth to change her last name “Newson” into “Henchard”. Because Elizabeth is his only relative tie in this world after Susan died. ‘“One word more, Elizabeth,” he said, “You’ll take my surname now-hey? You mother was against it; but it will be much more pleasant to me„”’34 However, only when he wants to change her name into his own surname, he happens to find a letter that written by his wife, Susan. ‘She had directed it in these words: “Mr. Michale Henchard. Not to be opened till Elizabeth-Jane’s wedding-day”35. Also in an immanent moment, Henchard wants to find some files to improve Elizabeth-Jane is his natural daughter. And these files are in the drawer with the letter which includes Elizabeth’s secret. When Henchard searches for the files, he happens to find this letter. He opens the letter without paying much attention to his wife’s words “Not to be opened till Elizabeth-Jane’s wedding-day”. After he finishes the letter, he realizes that Elizabeth-Jane is not his own daughter. She is the daughter of Susan and Newson. “Elizabeth-Jane is not your Elizabeth-Jane, the child who was in my arms when you sold me. No: she died three months after that, and this living one is my other husband’s„”36 Henchard’s only hope, his daughter, also breaks, which let him become lonely in the later life. And this matter also attributes his tragic fate. The immanent coincidence changes people’s fate from one and another, which makes people think that during immanent accidents, their fate should be inevitable. When Henchard leaves Casterbridge he says “I-Cain-go alone as I deserve-an outcast and a vagabond. But my punishment is not greater than I can bear～”37 Henchard admits that the existing of moral principles and he should accept the punishment of fate. Hardy wants to tell us that immanent incidences lead to tragedy inevitably through describing many immanent coincidences in his novel. ?. Conclusion Hardy is an important figure in the history of English literature. He has contributed to the development of genre of tragic novel. In his life time the tragic drama passes its bloom and the novel flourishes. But the creation of a new style in combing the two has not been seriously treated. It is through Hardy that the tragic novel occupies a position in fiction. Hardy opens a way for the development of tragic novel. In his exploration of human tragedy, he shows sympathy for the wretched state of man and a respect of greatness of them. He is, as Woolf observes “the greatest tragic writer among English novelists.” In The Mayor of Casterbridge, Hardy not only describes hero’s tragic fate is inevitable in the beginning of industrial revolution, but also expresses his opinion toward life. Henchard condemns some mysterious fate or malignant influence which he believes to be working against him, never recognizing that his downfall and his misery derive directly from his own actions, or that these proceed in turn from his whole personality. If he had not sold his wife in a fit of drunken self-pity, the painful events would not have ensued. If he had not over speculated in order to ruin Farfrea, it would not have mattered. If it rained, or snowed, or hailed. Chance is the cause of both his good and bad fortune, and he is more frequently its victim than most men because he lacks patience, humor, or humility to accept its working. In fact his failure in business cannot totally beat him. If he were humble before the truth of his past he is still given a chance to hold his future in his hands. But his pride forbids him to do such a thing. At last Elizabeth-Jane's refusal to forgive Henchard for keeping her identity from Newson sends him into exile and to his lonely death. In The Mayor of Casterbridge, as in his other novels, he excites sympathy with good and hatred of evil. After reading the novel, we have a deep understanding of people and life. We are compelled to clear our minds of hypocrisy. Narrow prejudices of right and wrong, begin to withdraw and disappear, and their place is taken by great principles of good and evil,which is not differentiated by surface name but by fundamental nature. The Mayor of Casterbridge can broaden our sympathies, widen our experiences, and make us feel with someone who may be totally antipathetic. It demonstrates to us a huge, “volcanic” and uncompromising figure by comparison, our sympathy is involved with him, however reluctant we maybe. The novel explores varieties of modes of being, making discoveries about ways of feeling and behaving, to extend our awareness and our acceptance of human diversity. Notes 1 曹路漫，“悲惨的故事，鲜活的形象——评《卡斯特桥市长》的悲剧精神，”南阳师范学院学报2006(2)，第84页。 2 John Holmstrom, Thomas Hardy and His Readers. (Toronto:The Boldley Head Hordord Sydney,19 68),49 . 3 Harold Bloonn, Introduction Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge. (New York: New Heaven Philadelphia, 1988), 3. 4 William Dean Howells, the Technique of Thomas Hardy. (Chicago: T he University of Chicago Press, 1922), 134. 5 兰晓玫，“崇高的毁灭——论哈代《卡斯特桥市长》的悲剧根源，”兰州石化职业技术学院学报2003(3)，第63页。 6 Thomas Hardy, The Mayor of Casterbridge (BeiJing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 1994), 19. 7 Ibid., 34. 8 Ibid., 125. 9 Ibid., 257. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid., 319. 12 Ibid., 128 13 Ibid., 98. 14 Ibid., 99. 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid., 123. 18 Ibid., 19 Ibid., 11 20 Ibid., 12. 21 Ibid., 15. 22 Ibid., 183. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid., 29. 25 Ibid., 38. 26 Ibid., 22. 27 Ibid., 84. 28 Ibid., 11. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid., 23. 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid., 201. 34 Ibid., 124. 35 Ibid., 119. 36 Ibid., 125 37 Ibid., 356 Bibliography Florence Emily Hardy. The life of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan Press LTD., 1962. (P120) Gibison,James.Thomas Hardy A Literature Life(The United States of America: ST. MARTIN’s Press，1981.6 Hardy, Thomas. The Mayor of Casterbridge. Beijing: Foreign LanguagTeaching and Research Press, 1994. 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