MPA练习及答案解析(英语 逻辑)

【MPA练习:英语】 1. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on July4, 1826, the fiftieth _______ of American Independence. A.ceremony B.occasion C.occurrence D.anniversary 2. The_______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it. A.convention B. confinement C.principle D.discipline 3. The test results are beyond_______; they have been repeated in labs all over the world. A. negotiation B.conflict C.bargain D.dispute 4. Deserts and high mountains have always been a ______ to the movement of people from place to place. A.barrier B.fence C.prevention D.jam 5. It was the first time that such a ______ had to be taken at a British nuclear power station. A. presentation B.precaution C.preparation D.prediction 1. 是D。意是:托马斯.杰斐逊和约翰.亚当斯死于1826年7月4日,也就是美国独立50_____. Ceremony意思为“典礼,仪式”,指按礼仪或是习俗而举行的正式行为;occasion 意思为“场合,时机”;occurrence意思为“发生,出现”;anniversary意思为“周年纪念,周年纪念日”,指为纪念历史、国家或个人的重要日期而进行的纪念活动。American Independence 修饰所填之词,所以选D。 2. 答案是D。题意是:军事学院的_____如此严格,以至于学生们几乎不能忍受。Convention 意为“习俗,惯例”,指对某种惯常做法或态度的一致同意或接受认可;confinement意为“禁闭,限制”,指对...行动的限制;principle意为“原则,法则”,指基本的真理或论断;discipline 意为“纪律,风纪”,指由履行命令、依从而形成的克制。At the military academy 修饰所填之词,所以选D。 3. 答案是D。题意是:测试结果无可_____;这些结果已经在世界各国的实验室得到重复测试。Negotiation意为“谈判,商议”,指为达成协议跟其他人协商;conflict意为“冲突,斗争”,指不相容或持不同见解的人思想或兴趣之间的矛盾;bargain意为“讨价还价,交易”;dispute 意为“争论,怀疑”,指对...的真实性或有效性进行争论。根据后面的they have been repeated in labs all over the world 可知,选D。 4. 答案是A。题意:对于人们从一个地方迁移到另外一个地方,沙漠和高山始终是一个____.Barrier意为“障碍,阻碍”;fence意为“栅栏,围墙”;prevention意为“预防,防止”,指防止...的发生;jam意为“拥挤,堵塞”。句子的主语是deserts and high mountains,所以选A。 5. 答案是B。题意是:英国的核电站不得不采取这样的______, 这还是第一次。Presentation 意为“介绍,陈述”;precaution意为“预防措施,防范”,指预先采取动作以预防可能发生的危险或失败,通常与take搭配使用;preparation意思为“准备,预备”,通常构成make preparations for 短语;prediction意思为“预言,预报”.所填之词与take搭配,应选B。 War may be nature expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Nature impulses of anger, hostility and territoriality(守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate(天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But , on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal society the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments. 11. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that _. A) it threatens the existing social system B) it is influenced by society C) it has roots in religious conflicts D) it is directed against institutions of low 12. The function of legal systems, according to the passage is _. A) to control violence within a society B) to protect the world from chaos C) to free society from the idea of revenge D) to give the government absolute power 13. What does the author mean by saying “in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized an diffused” (lines 5, Para. 2)? A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence. B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis. C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge. D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved. 14. The word “allegiance” (line 5, para.3) is closest in meaning to _. A) loyalty B) objective C) survival D) motive 15. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war. B) In times of war governments may extend their power accorss national borders. C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people. D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times war. 11. 选B。推理题。题干的大意是:为什么有迹象表明人类的暴力是通过后天习得的。可在文章的第一段定位,即“But,on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior.” 这是作者的观点,而后作者接着说就人类进攻的情况而言,暴力不能简单归结为本能。人类暴力的很多表现都是由产生攻击性行为的一些人类社会传统所决定的。因此我们可以推断出原因是受社会的影响。因此答案选B。 12.选A。细节题。题干的大意是:法律制度的功能是什么。可在文章的第二段定位,即“But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence.”由此可知,法律制度的功能是对社会中的暴力进行控制,因此答案选A。 13.选D。推理题。题干的大意是:对某个特定句的理解。在文章的第二段定位,“Th e society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.”由此可以推出,在法律的制度下,对暴力的惩罚不是由个人进行的,而是由社会完成的。A项过度引申了原文的意思,文章并没有提到这样会大幅度减少暴力侵犯;B项的意思是人身侵犯不是从个人角度来判断的,显然是错误选项。C项在文中没有明确的阐述。因此答案为D。 14.选A。推理题。可在第三段定位,从本段可以看出,作者从两方面阐述了法制社会,即保障个体免受暴力侵犯;要求个体为了国家利益而牺牲。只有A项符合原文的内容。 15.选D。推理题。题干大意是:从最后一段可以得出什么结论。纵观全文,我们可以知道国家可能在战争时期为了国家的利益而牺牲个人的利益。A项与作者意思不符;原文并没有说能超越本国的领土范围,只是说在战争期间,国家在领土范围内对个人拥有绝对权力,B 项错误;文章最后一句的意思是战争时期可以考验一个社会宗教和道德方面的最高忠诚度,并没有说国家对人民强加了很高的宗教和道德标准,C项错误。因此答案为D。 With the rise of the women's movement in the late 1960s,the political significance of dress became increasingly explicit.Rejecting orthodox sex roles,blue jeans were a woman's weapon against uncomfortable popular fashions and the view that women should be passive .This was the cloth of action;the cloth of labor became the badge of freedom. If blue jeans were for rebels in the 1960s and early 1970s,by the 1980s they had become a foundation of fashion—available in a variety of colors,textures,fabrics,and fit. On television ,in magazine advertising,on the sides of buildings and buses,jeans call out to us.Their humble past is obscured;practical roots are incorporated into a new aesthetic.Jeans are now the universal symbol of the individual and Western democracy.They are the costume of liberated women,with a fit tight enough to restrict like the harness of old—but with the look of freedom and motion. In blue jeans ,fashion reveals itself as a complex world of history and change. 答案: 随着20世纪60年代妇女运动的兴起,服装的政治意义变得越来越来明显。为了抵制传统的性别角色,蓝色牛仔裤成为妇女的武器,她们用它对抗穿着不舒服的流行时装,反对妇女应该顺从的观念。牛仔裤成为行动的制服;劳动服成为自由的象征。 如果说蓝色牛仔裤在20世纪六七十年代曾代表叛逆,那么到了20世纪80年代,它们已经成为时装的基础,而且有了各种颜色、质地、布料和尺码。 在电视里、在杂志广告中、在建筑物和公交车的侧面,牛仔裤在向我们发出呼唤。它们卑微的过去已经被淡忘;实用的渊源被融入新的审美理念。现在,牛仔裤成为个人和西方民主的普遍象征。它们是解放了妇女的服装,穿着束身,恰是旧时的束腰,但是看上去却使人觉得穿着随意,行动自如。 透过蓝色牛仔裤,时装展示了自身的复杂历史变化。 Writing Changing the Market or Adapting to It In face of a market environment full of uncertain factors, should an enterprise change it, or to adapt to it ?This is a question which has confronted business managers in making their development strategies for long. Actually , these two strategies represent different forms in practice.Unlike those who try to change the market , adaptors always regard the market structure and competitive behavior as a given external enviromneent . Whether an enterprise should take the strategy of changing the market environment or adapting to it depends largely on the environmental uncertainty and its nature . It is wrong to believe that the adaptive strategy is an easy job. 【MPA练习:逻辑】 Hastings挛缩是一种病,其症状是一只手或两只手的连接组织是的失调,它通常会导致行动能力的丧失。一项对几千份医疗保险索赔的调查表明,一只手进行过Hastings挛缩手术的人中有30%在三年内会对该种失调进行第二次手术。因此,显而易见,对Hastings挛缩进行一次性手术治疗通常对于长期矫正这种失调是无效的。 下列哪一项,如果正确,最能削弱上诉论断? A.医疗保险索赔并没有说明手术是针对患者的左手还是右手进行的。 B.针对Hastings挛缩采取的手术技术与那些成功地用于处理某种手部工伤的手术技术相同。 C.一项独立的调查发现,动过Hastings挛缩手术的患者中有90%在手术后一个月内手部的活动能力上升了。 D.调查中,所有的患者都被其保险公司要求在动手术前向一位有资质的医生寻求不同意见。 E.许多患有Hastings挛缩的人选择忍受该失调的影响,而不去冒动手术的风险。 答案:选A。这样说明可能是另一只动了手术,而不是手术不成功。 服装业是劳动密集型产业,生产服装需要雇佣一大批人。汽车业是资金密集型产业,大量资本投入到由相对少的人操纵的复杂设备上,如果不考虑附加收入的话,一个普通的美国服装工人在1979年的工资是一个普通汽车工人的46%。 下面哪项如果正确,可能是造成汽车工人和服装工人工资差异的因素之一? A.通常,服装工人的工资比汽车工人的工资变化小。 B.汽车工人工资增加对制造商总成本的影响比服装工人工资的增加所产生的影响小。 C.汽车制造者给雇员提供的附加收入比服装工人得到的更丰富。 D.汽车业面临的来自美国以外支付较低工资的公司的竞争要比服装业大。 E.汽车业比服装业雇佣的工人总人数要多。 答案:选B。如果“汽车工人工资的增加对制造商总成本的影响比服装工人工资的增加所产生的影响小”的话,那么可能会造成汽车工人和服装业工人的工资差异。 这次新机种试飞只是一次例行试验,既不能算成功,也不能算不成功。 以下哪项对于题干的最为恰当? A.题干的陈述没有漏洞。 B.题干的陈述有漏洞,这一漏洞也出现在后面的陈述中:这次关于物价问题的社会调查结果,既不能说完全反映了民意,也不能说一点也没有反映民意。 C.题干的陈述有漏洞,这一漏洞也出现在后面的陈述中:这次考前辅导,既不能说完全成功,也不能说彻底失败。 D.题干的陈述有漏洞,这一漏洞也出现在后面的陈述中:人有特异功能,既不是被事实证明的科学结论,也不是纯属欺诈的伪科学结论。 E.题干的陈述有漏洞,这一漏洞也出现在后面的陈述中:在即将举行的大学生辩论赛中,我不认为我校代表队一定能进入前四名,我也不认为我校代表队可能不进入前四名。 答案:选E。题中的论证“还不算成功”和“不能算不成功”是互相矛盾的,因此该论证是存在矛盾的。E选项“我也不认为我校代表队一定进入前4名”,这和“我不认为我校代表队一定能进入前4名”也是存在矛盾的。其余选项的论证并不存在类似的漏洞。 一高中英语教师在最近一次试验中,把一些真正的、通常使用的格言散置于几个他自己编造的、无意义的听起来像格言的句子之中。接着他让学生们对所有列出的句子进行评价。学生们普遍都认为伪造的格言与真正的格言一样地具有哲理和含义。这个老师于是就推论出格言之所以得到了格言的地位,主要是因为它们经常被使用,而不是因为它们具有内在的哲理。下面哪一项,如果正确的话,最能质疑该老师的结论? A.有些格言使用的频率比其他格言的高。 B.在所列出的句子中,真正的格言的数量比伪造的格言的多。 C.格言型的句子与听起来像格言的句子具有不同的风格。