英语专业毕业论文-中西文化的称谓语差异

英语专业毕业-中西文化的称谓语差异 江 西 理 工 大 学 本 科 毕 业 论 文 The Differences of Address Forms in English and Chinese and their Culture Connotation 学 院: The Faculty of Foreign Study 专 业:English 班 级:Class 071 学生姓名: 指导教师: 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业(论文) 摘 要 称谓语是发话人用来称呼交际对方的用语，它是一种语言现象，但其功能远不仅如此。称谓语的使用，反应出特定的社会现象和文化内涵。中国拥有五千多年的悠久历史，中国发展至今，保留着大量的称谓语，这些称谓语都反应了一个时代的特征和文化内涵。如今，随着中国的对外开放以及加入WTO，中国与外界的联系也越来越密切、深入、广泛。同时，中国的现代化发展也使中国在国际上的地位日渐提高，影响力逐渐扩大，全世界开始关注中国，并开始研究和学习中国语言。然而英语仍然是世界通用语言，大多数的发达国家都是英语系国家，因此我们很有必要学习其先进的文化、知识和技术。本文通过收集、归纳中英称谓语，研究和学习中英称谓语的差异，分析其反映的文化内涵，从而达到学习双方文化的目的，利于双方文化交流沟通。 关键词:称谓语; 差异; 文化内涵 1 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Abstract Address forms are the languages used by the speakers to call the other people of a conversation. They are the phenomena of language, but they have much more functions. Address forms reflect the particular social phenomenon and culture connotation. China has a long history of more than 5000 years. Till now, there exist a great number of address forms. These address forms all reflect the characteristics of an age and the culture connotation. Nowadays, with the Chinese opening to the outside and joining into WTO, it relates with the outside world more closely, more deeply, more comprehensively, at the mean time, the development of Chinese modernization improves Chinese status gradually over the world, and Chinese influences become wider. All the countries over the world start to pay attention to China, and start to study and learn Chinese language. But English is still the common used language over the world, and the language of the most developed countries is English. So it’s quite necessary for us to learn their advanced cultures, knowledge, technologies. This thesis focus on collecting the address forms of English and Chinese, studying and learning the differences, and analyzing the culture connotation reflected in them. So as to reach the goal of learning the cultures of both sides, and make the exchanging and communications of different cultures more conveniently. Key words: Address forms; Differences; Culture connotation 2 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Chapter I Introduction Language is a carrier of culture, and it also reflects one country’s cultural characteristics. Address form is an element of language and a very important base of communication. Its proper use is the foundation of maintaining people’s convenient communication. With the development of the world and the rising of China, the communications between the cultures of China and western countries become more and more. How to research and study the proper use of address forms will play an important role in the communications between the Chinese culture and western culture. At present, lots of experts and scholars have studied the topic and many books and papers have written the topic, these works are mainly emphasizing on the address forms in Chinese and English, and the differences between two languages. These works are comprehensive and they have achieved great successes. This topic in this thesis are based on predecessors’ works, and the purpose of writing this thesis is to raise my own views and ideas on address forms. Besides the predecessors’ works, this thesis will also raise the generalization and westernization of Chinese forms. The development of society brings people new idea and new mind, and lots of traditional address forms change their original meanings with the time going. Also, with the rapid procceding of Internet and information tech, a lot of new address forms have been created and used in our daily life. Meanwhile, after China’s entry into WTO, cultures of western countries flow into China and affect even impact Chinese culture and people’s mind, people start to adjust their life including address forms to accord with the international standards. So it is quite necessary to analyse the phenomena of generalization and westernization of Chinese address forms, and find out the origin. It will help us to understand our own history and culture, then the world. 3 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Chapter II The definition of address form and the functions 2.1. Definition According to the explanation in Modern Chinese Dictionary, address form refers to the names based on the kinship or other relations among the people and people’s statuses and professions. Address form reflects language, and it also reflects the social cultures. In any languages, address form plays an important role in social intercourses. The theory of sociolinguistics puts that the use of address form should be limited in the frame of ethnic culture. And the address form depends on the relations of similarity or dissimilarity, the relations of ascendance, coherence relations and other relations. It should properly recognize the relations among the roles in particular situations. It should also obey the behavioral norms of speech roles expected by the society. Address form can be parted in two branches: kinship address form and social address form. 2.2. Functions In interpersonal communications, address forms consist of three aspects: address forms for both sides of communication, address forms for speakers own, and address forms for others. Joshua Fishman raised the theory of register in the research of sociolinguistics. He put the use of address forms into five registers: family register, friend register, religion register, education register, work register. Fishman considers that people can choose the address forms in different situations based on the five registers. The author thinks that the functions of address forms are to maintain the coherence of speeches and clearance of meanings and to make the propagations of information between communicative sides more fluently and conveniently. The features are as following: (1) Address forms help to build new human relations, express the will to get close, or just be used as an address forms, or express the will to be away. For example, on the calling of names, two strangers meet with each other for the first time, and one gets to know the other one’s name is ZhangXiaojun, when he calls XiaoJun, it will let the other one feels familiar. It reflects he wants to get close to the other one and use a proper strategy. (2) Address forms adjust the old human relation; it can make the original relations closer or remoter or keep them still. From the following conversation, we can see that different uses of address forms reflect both sides’ mental activities ingeniously, and imply their willings to adjust the original relation. E.g. A gentleman says to a lady: “Darling, forgive me this time, ok?” The lady answers: “No way! Chen Zhongqing, I won’t be fool again!” In the conversation, the two people choose different address forms, and reflect their different aims to adjust the original relation. The husband use Darling a very familiar address form. His aim is quite clear, he tries to get close to his wife, and pray for the forgiveness, while the wife choose the full name to call the husband in order to 4 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) keep distance, even make the original relation remoter, and shows her mental activity of non-cooperation and refuse to accept her husband’s apology. Chapter III The differences of kinship address forms in English and Chinese and their culture connotation 3.1. The definition of kinship address forms Kinship address forms refer to the names that define the kin members and principle’s relations centered on the principle. Kinship address forms are the names or callings among relatives based on consanguinity and affinity. Kinship address forms are the marks centered on the principle to define the relations among relatives and principle. According to the consanguinity and affinity relations, the author collects and classifies the kinship address forms usually used in our daily life. Consanguinity: Chinese English 丈夫 husband 妻子 wife 父亲 father 母亲 mother 儿子 son daughter 女儿 哥哥、弟弟 brother 姐姐、妹妹 sister 祖父、外祖父 grandfather 祖母、外祖母 grandmother 孙子、外孙 grandson 孙女、外孙女 granddaughter 伯父、叔父、舅舅、姑父、姨父 uncle 侄子、外甥 nephew 伯母、婶母、舅母、姑母、姨母 aunt 侄女、外甥女 niece 堂兄弟姐妹、兄弟姐妹 cousin Affinity: Chinese English 公公、岳父 father-in-law 婆婆、岳母 mother-in-law 女婿 son-in-law 儿媳 daughter-in-law 大伯、小叔、内兄、内弟、姐夫、妹夫 brother-in-law 大姑、小姑、大姨、小姨、嫂子、弟媳妇 sister-in-law 5 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) 3.2. Kinship address forms in Chinese are more complex than those in English Why Chinese kinship address forms are more complex. First, it is the etiquette tradition of Chinese culture. The Chinese nation was reputed as a civilized nation and a state of ceremonies in the world. The system of etiquette has formed and highly developed many thousand years ago, and it combined with the Confucian ideals later. Its affluences and bonding forces became more comprehensive and wider. So in such a etiquette society, the culture of etiquette become so mature. There must be complex address forms to comply with them. Second, it is because our nation had been in the feudal society for a long history, and the unit of social community is family or clan. So the power of clan is very strong. In the clan, the close and distant relations are classified by levels strictly, and the distinctions of internal and external relatives are very clear. So lots of interrelated address forms appeared and were classified in detail. Meanwhile, the address forms in English are quite simple. A few words can cover lots of them. British etiquette culture formed many thousand years later than Chinese, and after the Renaissance, some books of etiquette appeared in the western countries, but the they only focused on teaching people how to have a refined way of speaking and good manners and to be gentle. These etiquette principles are just some decorations and embellishes for the super class society. They are not like what the Chinese ancient ancestors recognized the etiquette as the foundation to run the country well and give the people peace and security. So the etiquette principles are not so comprehensive, systematic, detailed as Chinese ones. Even though the western countries also went through the feudal society, and there were serfdom and the feudal Patrilineal clan system, but after the Renaissance and the industry revolution, western legal system stepped into a new period. The idea of freedom, equality and fraternity spread everywhere, and under the affluences of legal system, the address forms of consanguinity and affinity in English are simpler than those quite common for us to see in Chinese. So address forms in Chinese are more complex. 3.3. Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the position while those in English do not Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the position and elders and juniors are each in their places. Kinship address forms should recognize the exact position of one among the brothers and sisters, this comply with the ideas of elders gain the respects in etiquette. The family should obey the Patrilineal clan system order of elders and juniors are each in their places and elders gain the respects from the juniors. Age and position are important and strict basis to distinguish, because in the feudal society where gain respects or not based on age, even one hour, one day earlier, the former one gets the position as elder, and has the rights to gain respects and obedience from the later ones, and the duties attach with the rights, such as recognizing the elder brother as the father and in the ancient time the emperor passed the position to the eldest son. So the kinship address forms in Chinese distinguish the elder and junior ones clearly. But the kinship address forms in English do not emphasize the difference of ages. The 6 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) males in the same generation call each other brother, and the females call sister, and the western people usually use the name or nickname as address forms in the same generation. Jesus advocated all the members in a family are equal and he called his mother’s name directly, and he considered sons and daughters could debate with parents, even could be enemies. So there’s no difference of whose position’s high or low, and in the same generation, the members could call the names directly no matter who are elder or junior, to show familiar and friendly. So the people in Chinese can not call the elders’ names directly, but those in the western countries can. And in the western countries, the centre family has the dominant position, the relations among the family members are quite simple. All members do not pay much attention to the kinship of each other, for the members do not stay with each other in the same house or place. So it’s not necessary to distinguish each other’s position. 3.4. Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the internal and external relations while those in English do not In Chinese Culture and Translation of Chinese and English, professor LuHongmei puts that in the Chinese address forms culture, people firstly emphasize the differences of paternal line and maternal line, followed with the differences of branch growth and marriage relations. Such as 祖父、外祖父，伯叔、舅舅，姑母、姨母, these are different address forms based on different branches of the family and clan, though the members are in the same generation and have the same gender. Moreover, there are eight address forms such as 表兄弟、表姐们、堂兄弟、堂姐妹 in the kinship address forms in Chinese, these address forms tied tightly with the traditional ideas of great differences among internal and external ones which passed from the ancient time. Chinese “表” means external in English, 表亲refers the external relatives, they are not the members in the same family, but 堂兄弟 refers to the internal relatives, they are the members of the family. And there’s also a traditional idea that when the daughter grows up and marries with a man, she becomes a member of other family, not an internal member. So the assets of the family and other skills passed from the ancestors will be passed to the males and internal ones but not the females and external ones. Therefore the kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the internal and external relations. In the kinship address forms in English, there are not so many differences of paternal lines and maternal lines, and people only use cousin instead of 表兄弟、表姐们、堂兄弟、堂姐 in Chinese, all these reflect that kinship address forms in English do not emphasize 妹 the differences of internal and external relations as those in Chinese. 7 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Chapter IV The differences of social address forms in English and Chinese and their culture connotation 4.1. The definition of social address forms Social address forms refer to the address forms besides kinship address forms. They reflect the culture of social life and mutual relations, the social relations between the two sides of communication, and the social roles and the respected levels and so on. Social address forms can be apart into non-kinship address forms and situation address forms. Non-kinship address forms, refer to the address forms beside kinship ones, such as boy, girl, guy, they are common used in the society. They reflect that the communicative two people do not have the relationship of kin. Situation address forms refer to the particular address forms used in particular situation, they reflect the people’s classes, status, and also the relations between supply and demand. Here is a conversation between a black doctor and a white policeman: “What’s your name, boy?” the policeman asked “Dr. Poussaint, I’m a physician.” “What’s your first name, boy?” “Alvin.” In this conversation, the white policeman should call the black man “Doctor”, but he uses “boy” to address the doctor, then the black man tells the policeman his title and position, but the white policeman still ignores that and uses “boy” to address the black man. It reflects that at that period, black people were in a low class and did not gain respects from the white people. 4.2. The differences of social address forms in English and Chinese and their culture connotation Being polite and modest is a traditional virtue of our Chinese nation. It is also existed in western culture, but there are great differences of each cultural backgrounds. The practical uses of address forms are quite different. This point is especially reflected on the title address forms. People in China use the position title to call the officers to show respect, such as Teacher Zhang, Professor Li, Principal Wang and so on. Though lots of people advocate using Comrade instead, the old habit can not be corrected easily. Even more, someone wants to show the respect as much as possible, so he or she ignore the word vice of the position title. But in the western countries, the use of title address forms are limited for the royals, super class of government, the members in the areas of religions, military, and legislation. Owen Trollope, American social linguist, summarized the rules of social address forms in American English as following: Cardinal Your excellency U.S President Mr. President 8 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Priest Father(+LN) (LN= Last name) Nun Sister(+religious name) Physician Doctor(+LN) Ph.D. Doctor(+LN) Ed.D. etc Doctor(+LN) Professor Professor(+LN) This is just a common rule of social address forms. The practical uses of address forms are much more complex. On the matter of address forms, Chinese culture believes the junior ones should respect the elder ones. This relates to our traditional morals. When we call the elder ones, we often call Old Wang, Wang Old, Old Grandpa, Old Grandma and so on. Because in China, the word “old” refers to one who is full of knowledge, wisdom and skills. But in the western countries, except in the very formal situations people call Mr, Lady, Mrs. People who are familiar with each other usually call their names, the same for the seniors and juniors, elders and juniors, teachers and students. They think that reflects their close friendships. Especially when you call the aged with an address form attached to old, they usually become very angry for they think that intimates they are weak, poor in health, and lack of vigor. They expect you to call their names directly. Meanwhile in this situation you will be considered not being brought up well. In addition, there are lots of words with the meaning of respect in Chinese. The most popular ones were comrade, master and so on in the early time. No matter what gender you are, these address forms were in common use. Recently, with the development of Reform and Opening of China, Mr, Lady, Miss and so on are often used. The International address forms are used more and more comprehensively. This also reflects the impacts and affluences of internationalization on Chinese traditional sense of value. In the western culture, the address forms of showing respect are usually Mr., Mrs., Miss, Sir, Madam etc. Just like we put forward above, the former three address forms can be attached to family name or full name. But when you use Mr., Mrs., Sir, Madam, you should know the followings: even though Mr., Mrs. can be attached to family name or full name, they can not be attached to the religious name, and they are usually used for the persons with no title or unknown title, or they are very formal, and do not show the close relation. Mr. can be attached to the title of government officer, for example, Mr. President. It can be attached to the names of places, sports or jobs, such as Mr. American (The champion of muscular development match in America), Mr. Baseball (The baseball player who performs very well in the baseball game). Mrs. is an address form refers to the woman married, it can be attached to the family name of the husband or the name after marriage, it likes Mr., can be attached to the names of places, sports, jobs, such as Mrs. American (The champion of Beauty match in America and married). Sir, Madam usually can not be attached to the family names. They do not show the close relations of people. Sir is used to call the seniors, elders, chancellors, police, teachers(for students), male guests(for the staffs of shop). And when the strangers meet with each other, some will use Sir to call the others. Madam is an address form to call the females unfamiliar. It is usually used by the staffs to call the female guests. Madam could be attached to the 9 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) religious name in the early time, but now it is usually used with family names and positions, such as Madam Smith, Madam President, Madam Ambassador. Sir can be attached to full names or religious names, but can not be attached to family names. When it is used with full names, it does not refer to the general meaning of sir. It means the nobility of a people, such as Sir John White or Sir John. 10 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Chapter V The generalization and westernization of Chinese address forms 5.1. The generalization of Chinese kinship address forms The generalization of Chinese kinship address forms means that people use the kinship address forms to call the non-kinship people. It’s the main part of generalization of address forms, and it enriches the meanings and directions of kinship address forms. Children call the aged people Grandpa. They call the elder male people “brother” in the street, even though they do not have the relations of consanguinity. What they do conforms the principles of love in the communications of human in Chinese culture. They want to express their concerning and modesty. 5.2. The generalization of Chinese social address forms The generalization of Chinese social address forms refers to the using of the address forms which have particular social relation characteristics to the ones who do not have the characteristics. For example, in the address forms of position, people ignore the vice of one’s position. They call director instead of vice-director, call professor instead of vice-professor. These intimate the respect and glorification, and people achieve their requires based on these address forms. In the common address forms, some address forms have particular directions, but after the generalization, they have much more directions, such as comrade, master, Miss and so on. We can study from the sociolinguistics angle, that is, different generalizations of address forms of different languages reflect different choices of the nations in the communications. These choices are the sediments of languages and the phenomenon based languages in the national cultures. 5.3. The westernization of Chinese address forms With the development of China, our communications with the outside world become more and more. Different cultures merge with each other. Lots of Chinese traditional cultures and customs are fading away. Because of the impacts and influences of western ideas and cultures, lots of westernization phenomena appear in the Chinese address forms. 5.3.1. From Community spirit to Personal spirit 11 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Nowadays, with the opening to the outside, lots of intellectuals are affected by the western personal spirit, especially the so called “new human beings”—the children born in 1980s. They become mature gradually, have strong sense of independence, like to do something new and strange, and be willing to adventure. They do not like to follow the main stream of society. In such environment, some intellectuals start to cultivate their children’s independence spirit, so they will allow the children to call the parents’ names directly, so as to respect the children’s developments of personalities. 5.3.2. From the Concept of Class to the Sense of Equality In the current society, the sense of equality is gradually changing Chinese traditional sense of class, especially in the aspect of social address forms. People become equal, They called each other comrade and master in the early time, but later, such as sir, lady, Miss became popular. Great changes happened in the aspect of equality of male and female. Now the society recognizes that “Women can brace half of the sky”, and in the address forms among the couples, such as honey, darling, sweetheart are very common now, in addition, there are also all kinds of nicknames. 5.3.3. From Emphasizing the Face to Emphasizing the Practical Use and Abilities With the development of society and the fierce competitions, Chinese people become more practical and pay more attention to the abilities and disbursements. It reflects a great trend of pragmaticism, such as Ph.D. Liu, Engineer Zhang. These two address forms emphasize that the degree of Ph.D. and the position of engineer are gained by great efforts and disbursements. 12 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Chapter VI Conclusion Language is the carrier of culture, while culture is the connotation of language. Language reflects the sense of value and social culture contents of a nation, and it also reflects the traditional special connotation of national culture. Address form which is an important part of language, is very close to the culture. In Chinese culture, address form reflects two moral concepts of moral rules: Elders and juniors are in each place and great differences of internal and external relations. Juniors should respect the elders, the elders occupy the upper position in the system. The system emphasizes the orders, rules, positions, classes and powers, not people’s abilities and creativities. In China, especially in the ancient China, the degress was very important, and sometimes an old man would address an infant “grandfather”. Meanwhile, the system of English address form has simple classes and vague meanings. People treat each other equally, they do not care about the blood relations very much, and there are no clear boundary of internal and external relations. People are much more pragmatic and they care more about the personal abilities, not the backgrounds. Ability decides the position. Address form relates to sociolinguistics, psychology, anthropology, folklore and so on. It’s affected by social culture and sense of value. The proceeding of modernization and globalization accelerates currency of spirits and material goods, and puts different nations into a common “global village”, and cross culture communications become essential parts of daily life in every nation. So it’s quite necessary to research and study the differences of cultures in the east and west, and puts it into the practical use. This will make great contribution to learn our own cultures better, and then spread the national cultures to the world. It will help to conquer the hinders caused by the differences of cultures in the communications and remove the misunderstandings of each other. It also will promote the exchanging of English and Chinese nations and the cross culture communications. 13 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) References [1]Ren,H.T. & Feng,N.X.[任海棠、冯宁霞]. 称谓语的选用与社会身份关系之表达[J]. 西安文理学院学报(社会科学版), 2005年10月第8卷第5期 [2]Tian,X.Q.& Zhang,C.Y.[田晓晴、张从益].从《红楼梦》的俗语翻译看汉英亲属称谓语的文化制约[J]. 云梦学刊, 2004年1月第25卷第一期 [3]Xie,M.[谢明].从文化视角看汉英称呼语[J].昆明师范高等专科学校学报，1999年9月第21卷第3期 [4]Zhang,S.X.[张淑霞].从英汉称呼的渗透看中国文化的西化现象[J].山东教育学院学报,2005 年第4 期 [5]Sun,W.Q.[孙为群].汉英亲属称谓词的翻译方法思考[J]. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),2001年6月第10卷第2期 [6]Qiu,Y.P.[裘燕萍].汉英亲属称谓系统的对比研究[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2003年5月第19卷第3 期 [7]Tang,Y.H.& Zhao,S.F.[汤云航、赵淑芬].汉语亲属称谓语与传统伦理文化[J].承德民族师专学报, 2001年8月第21卷第3期 [8]Pan,P.[潘攀]论亲属称谓语的泛化[J]. 语言文字应用,1998年第2期 [9]Qian,H.Y.[钱红英].面子理论在英汉称谓用语中的实现[J].惠州学院学报(社会科学版),2005年8月第25卷第4期 [10]Liu,X.L.[刘晓玲].浅论称呼语“先生”、“小姐”的历史发展[J].《语言研究》2002年特刊 [11]Liang,F.J.[梁福江].浅析汉英日常称谓语差异及其社会文化因素[J].涪陵师范学院学报，2004年7月第20卷第4期 [12]Ma,H.J.[马宏基].喜怒哀乐尽含其中--称谓语的感情色彩[J].淄博师专学报,1996年第1期 [13]Jiang,L.H.& Han,L.X.[姜丽蓉、韩丽霞].英汉称呼语中折射出的文化内涵[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003年12月第5卷增刊 [14]Zhang,Y.[张莹].英汉称谓语的文化内涵比较[J].浙江纺织服装职业技术学院学报,2007年12月第4 期 [15]Tan,Y.[谭颖].英汉称谓语与文化之关联[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2002年4月第15卷第2期 [16]Li,C.B.[黎昌抱].英汉亲属称谓词国俗差异研究[J].四川外语学院学报, 2001年3月第17 卷第2期 [17]Gao.N.[高楠].英汉亲属称谓语差异及其文化内涵[J].安徽文学,2008年第11期 14 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Liu Hongying, who offered me very valuable and constructive suggestions and great encouragement when I get into trouble. Without his patient guide, effective enlightenment and constructive suggestions, the paper cannot reach the current level. Second, I am also sincerely grateful to all the writers whose articles or works give me a lot of help because these materials enrich my paper. Moreover, I want to thank my classmates for their company and help in my study in this university. They shared a lot of materials with me and offered me many helpful advices. At last, I thank my parents and friends offering me help. My paper can be finished under their devotion and supporting. In a word, here I offer my thanks to everyone again! 2011/06/18 01:01 110kV肇庆变电站电气部分初步设计 2011/06/18 01:01 468Q发动机缸体双面卧式钻床总体设计及左主轴箱设计 2011/06/18 01:01 ABS防抱死系统设计 2011/07/07 13:35 CA1050汽车驱动桥主减速器设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6110发动机曲轴的加工工艺及夹具设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140拨叉专用夹具设计(831008型号) 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140拨叉零件工艺及工装设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140机床后托架加工工艺及夹具设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140机床法兰盘课程设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床主轴箱体的设计与工艺分析及镗模设计 2011/06/18 12:57 CA6140车床刀架的工艺规程和铣上顶面工装设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床床身加工工艺及夹具设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床手柄座设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床拨叉(831007型号)设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床拨叉机械加工工艺规程及工艺装备设计831007 2011/08/06 19:24 CA6140车床拨叉零件的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计831003 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床法兰盘831004工艺规程设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床法兰盘工艺规程设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床法杠杆的加工工艺设计(φ25mm孔的铣床夹具) 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6140车床进行改造设计 2011/07/07 13:35 CA6140车床齿轮工艺规程与夹具设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CA6150车床横向进给改造的设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CD盒塑料膜毕业设计 2011/06/18 01:01 CK6140进给系统设计 2011/06/18 01:01 DZ038数字频率计的设计 15 江西理工大学2011届本科生毕业设计(论文) 2011/06/18 01:01 NGW-S62-45行星减速器设计 2011/07/07 13:34 POM水龙头壳体注塑模设计与制造设计 2011/06/18 01:01 QY-A型液压支架设计 2011/06/18 01:01 Santana2000轿车制动系统设计 2011/06/18 01:01 T350搅拌机工艺工装设计 2011/06/18 01:01 U型管式换热器设计 2011/06/18 01:01 YMT-50液压马达试验台的设计 2011/06/18 01:01 一级圆锥齿轮减速器设计 2011/07/07 13:35 三坐标数控磨床设计 2011/06/18 01:01 两级圆柱齿轮减速器课程设计 2011/06/18 01:01 中型货车万向节与传动轴设计 2011/06/18 01:01 乘用车变速器设计 2011/06/18 01:01 二级展开式斜齿轮减速器设计 2011/06/18 01:01 五吨单头液压放料机设计 2011/06/18 01:01 仿生机器人的机构设计与运动仿真 2011/06/18 01:01 传动箱体工艺与夹具设计 2011/06/18 01:01 免烧砖的压制设备设计 2011/06/18 01:01 具有托起机构的三辊卷板机设计 2011/06/18 01:01 冲单孔垫圈模具设计 16