不定式

动词不定式 一、考点、热点回顾 (一)不定式 1. 构成：to do 2．动词不定式的句法功能 不定式的句法功能是作主语、语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语、状语等。 To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 我们骑自行车去那里要花半个小时。(主语) When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. 当参观农场结束时，我们期望步行返回。(宾语) He asked me to do the work with him. 他要求我同他一起做这项工作。(宾补) I was asked to help him with his lessons. 我被请求帮他学功课。(主语补足语) Some scientists went to Germany to attend a medical conference. 一些科学家去德国参加医学大会。(目的状语) To tell the truth, I don't agree with you. 说实话，我不同意你。(独立成分) [考题印证1] (2012·山东高考)George returned after the war, only ________ that his wife had left him. A．to be told            B．telling C．being told                    D．told 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了。此处是动词不定式作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果，而且George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。如果用动词-ing形式，则表示意料之中的结果。 选A 【高频考点】不定式表目的 动词不定式作目的状语主要有以下三种表达方式： （1）．to do ... 这种形式通常放在句末，表示做前面的事去达到后面的目的。 A group of people got together to discuss the question. 一伙人聚在一起讨论这个问题。 He studied hard to pass the exam. 为通过考试他努力学习。 ①如果强调目的的意义，也可把不定式放在句首，用逗号与后面内容隔开，译成“为了……”。 ②不定式动作发出者与主语应一致。 To save money, every means has been tired.  (错) To save money, he has tired every means.  （对） 为了省钱，他试了所有办法。 [考题印证] 1－1(2011·重庆高考)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ________ people’s concern over food safety. A．to raise            B．raising C．to have raised              D．having raised 解析：考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：依照政府行政官员之意，将会制作更多的电视节目来提高人们对食品安全的关注。由句意和句子结构可知，此处应用不定式作状语，表示目的。由于表示将来意味，故用不定式的一般形式。 答案：A 1－2(2011·四川高考)Simon made a big bamboo box________the little sick bird till it could fly. A．keep                  B．kept C．keeping                  D．to keep 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：Simon 做了一个大竹筐饲养那只生病的小鸟，直到它能飞起来。此处是动词不定式作目的状语。 答案：D （2）．in order to do ...为了…… 这种形式更能突出目的性，可置于句首或句末。 In order to help her, we will do everything we can. ＝We’ll do everything we can in order to help her. 为了帮助她，我们会做我们能做的一切。 [点津]①in order to还可用in order that替换。 上面句子可改写成： We’ll do everything we can in order that we can help her.　 ②用in order that时，主句与从句的主语可不一致。 We’ll do everything we can in order that they live happily. 为了让他们生活得幸福，我们会做我们能做的一切。 （3）．so as to do ...为了…… 这种形式与in order to do ...一样突出目的性，但so as to do ...只能位于句末。 He closed the window so as to keep warm. 为了保暖他关上了窗户。 She was sent abroad so as to be better educated. 为了受到更好的教育，她被送到国外。 [点津]　以上不定式的三种形式表示否定时，要在to前加not。 Let’s hurry so as not to be late for school. 为了上学不迟到，咱们快点。 3．动词不定式的时态和语态形式 时态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 无 完成式 to have done to have been done       (1)一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生或动作发生于谓语动作之后。 He seems to understand what I said. 他似乎明白我说的话。 (2)进行式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生且动作正在进行。 The two cheats pretended to be working hard. 那两个骗子假装在努力工作。 (3)完成式：表示不定式动作发生于谓语动作之前。 She seems to have seen this film. 她似乎已看过这部影片。 (4)被动语态：表示不定式与逻辑主语之间的动宾关系。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollution. 明天要举行的会议是关于如何停止污染的。 4．不定式的复合结构 (1)for＋名词(或代词宾格)＋动词不定式 其中for本身无意义，for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语。 It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 为收获季节准备好一切对我们来说很重要。 (2)带有逻辑主语的结构of/for sb. to do sth. 当作表语的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，用介词of引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good，nice，kind，wise，silly，stupid，foolish，right，wrong, careless, impolite等。 句中的形容词用来说明动词的特征时要用介词for。这类形容词有hard, easy, heavy, necessary, possible, important, difficult等。 The first thing for students to do is to study. 学生首先要做的事情就是学习。 It is foolish of you to say such words. 说这种话你太蠢了。 It's easy for you to learn English well. 对你来说，学好英语很容易。 5．疑问词＋动词不定式 疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语。 The problem is how to get there on time. 问题是怎么按时到达那儿。 I don't know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该做什么。 [考题印证2] (2011·辽宁高考)Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ______  to read fast. A．what                  B．who C．how                  D．why 解析：句意：20个学生想要去听旨在教授如何快速阅读的课程。根据句子结构可知，“that aims to teach ______ to read fast”是定语从句，修饰先行词class。在此定语从句中，teach 后接的不定式前缺少表示方式的连接词，故how 正确。此处为“连接词＋to do”结构。 选C (二)but＋不定式 but后跟不定式时有以下两种情况： 1．在can't but, can't help but, can't choose but(不得不，只能)结构后，不定式不带to。 There being no buses, I can't but walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我只能步行回家。 We can't choose but accept the offer. 我们只能接受提议。 It's raining hard. I cannot help but stay at home. 天在下大雨，我只好待在家里。 2．动词不定式在介词but, except, besides等表示“除了……”之意的词后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式(do, does, did)，那么介词后的不定式要用不带to的不定式，否则要用带to的不定式。 Tom did nothing except wait before his parents came home. 父母回家之前，汤姆只有等待。 I have no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这一事实，我别无选择。 There was nothing to do but send for a doctor. 除了派人去请医生，没有什么可以做的。 [考题印证3] (2012·陕西高考)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ________ an even greater challenge. A．meets                      B．meeting C．meet                      D．to meet 解析：考查不定式固定搭配。句意：如果他承担这项工作，他将别无选择，只有面对更大的挑战。have no choice but to do sth.“别无选择，只有做某事”。 选D (三)解题技巧 第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定谓语还是非谓语 分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干——主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。 1．(2013·湖南高考)Every day ________ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized. A．read        　    B．reading C．to read                    D．reads 解析：选A　分析句子结构可知，题干中有连词until，until引导时间状语从句，故“________ a proverb aloud several times”为主句，此处应为祈使句，故应用动词原形。本题应选A项。 2．(2012·北京高考)________ with care, one tin will last for six weeks. A．Use                      B．Using C．Used                      D．To use 解析：选C　分析句子结构可知，题干中无连词，故题线处需用非谓语动词。use与逻辑主语为被动关系，故选C项。 第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分 根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用，确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需填入的非谓语动词的形式。 (2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The sunlight is white and blinding, ________ hard-edged shadows on the ground. A．throwing                    B．being thrown C．to throw                    D．to be thrown 解析：选A　根据句意和句子结构可知，题线处应作伴随状语，且the sunlight与throw之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。答案应为A项。 第三步：根据与逻辑主语的关系确定语态 如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用v.-ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v.-ing形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。 1．(2013·湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion ______ to you unless it is based on facts. A．offering                      B．to offer C．having offered                D．offered 解析：选D　offer与逻辑主语an opinion之间为被动关系，A、B、C三项都表示主动，D项为过去分词表示被动， 故选D项。 2．(2012·湖南高考)The lecture, ________ at 7：00 pm last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A．starting                      B．being started C．to start                      D．to be started 解析：选A　start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同时进行用v.-ing形式或不定式的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。 (2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)I got to the office earlier that day, ________ the 7：30 train from Paddington. A．caught                      B．to have caught C．to catch                      D．having caught 解析：选D　由句意可知catch the 7：30 train这一动作发生在谓语动词got to the office之前，故用现在分词的完成时。 【小练一下】 1．(2013·济宁市一模)________ early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper. A．Arriving                      B．Having arrived C．Arrived                      D．To arrive 解析：选B　考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时间。此处用动词-ing形式作原因状语，arrive表示的动作发生在spend表示的动作之前，故用完成式。 2．(2013·济南市三模)One evening Harry phoned me, ________ me to come to his flat as soon as possible. A．asked                          B．having asked C．asking                        D．being asked 解析：选C　考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。此处空格内的词作伴随状语，故选C。 3．(2013·泰安市三模)Barbara often makes a schedule to get herself ________ of what she is to do in the day. A．remind                        B．reminded C．reminding                      D．to remind 解析：选B　考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意：芭芭拉经常制定一个时间表来提醒自己白天应做什么。remind与herself为动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。 4．(2013·成都七中考前模拟)If you decided to study in America, you have no choice but ________ your English greatly. A．improves                      B．improving C．to improve                    D．improve 解析：选C　考查非谓语动词作介词but的宾语。句意：如果你打算去美国学习，除了显著提高英语水平外别无选择。but后需跟不定式作宾语，口诀为“前do后不to”。 5．(2013·北京市西城一模)All the books ________ by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day. A．having offered                B．to be offered C．offering                      D．offered 解析：选D　考查非谓语动词作定语。句意：据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。此处作定语的非谓语动词表示被动、完成，故用过去分词。 6．It's no good ________ here this morning. Come again on Monday. A．wait                          B ．waiting C．having waited                  D．to be waiting 解析：选B　考查动词-ing形式作主语。句意：今天上午在这里等是没用的，周一再来吧。在固定结构it's no good/use doing sth.中，it为形式主语，doing为真正的主语。 7．(2013·菏泽模拟)The building project ________ next year is not easy ________ in time. A．being carried out; to complete B．carried out; to be completed C．to be carried out; to complete D．to be carried out; to be completed 解析：选C　考查非谓语动词作定语和状语。句意：明年将要实施的大楼要想按时完成并不容易。第一空为不定式的被动式作定语表示被动、将来；第二空为不定式作方式状语，用主动表示被动。 8．(2013·皖南八校联考) ________ a lady of her necklace, the young man was arrested on the spot by a policeman. A．Having caught robbing            B．Caught robbing C．Being caught robbing              D．Catch robbing 解析：选B　考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：那个年轻人在抢一位女士的项链时被发现了，警察当场逮捕了他。catch sb doing sth.表示“发现某人正在做某事”，catch与the young man为动宾关系且表示完成，故用过去分词。 二、课堂练习 Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空 1．The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed (rob) in broad daylight yesterday. 2．I'd love to have drunk (drink) some wine at the party, but I had a stomachache that day. 3．Lily's mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally, never to be found (find) again. 4．I'll do whatever I can to improve (improve) my English. 5．For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told (tell) to come again the next day. 6．How about the two of us taking (take) a walk down the garden? 7．The computer center, opened (open) last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 8．Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented (invent) the first computer. 9．The students expected there to be (be) more reviewing classes before the final exams. 10．Since he doesn‘t want to accept your advice, it is no use talking (talk) to him again. Ⅱ.单项填空 1．Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ________ first is the library. A．repaired        B．being repaired C．repairing                D．to be repaired 解析：考查非谓语动词用法。句意：这座城市里的许多建筑物需要修缮，但第一个将要被修缮的是图书馆。the one后作定语的非谓语动词中的动词repair与the one有被动关系，且该动作为将来的动作，所以使用动词不定式的被动式。 选D 2．________，you need to give all you have and try your best. A．Being a winner           B．To be a winner C．Be a winner                D．Having been a winner 解析：考查非谓语动词。根据语境可判断，应用不定式作目的状语。 选B 3．We are invited to a party ________ in our club next Friday. A．to be held                  B．held C．being held                  D．holding 解析：考查非谓语动词的用法。to be held是不定式的被动式表示动作发生在将来，并且与party之间存在着动宾关系，与题干中的next Friday吻合。held“已经举行的”；being held“正在举行的”；holding表主动。 选A 4．With the world changing fast, we have something new ________ with all by ourselves every day. A．deal                      B．dealt C．to deal                      D．dealing 解析：考查动词不定式作定语。句意：随着世界的迅速变化，我们每天都有新的东西需要自己去处理。不定式to deal with修饰something new，作后置定语，故C项合适。 选C 5．Edison was the first scientist ________ a modern research and development centre. A．built                  B．having built C．to build                  D．to be building 解析：句意：爱迪生是创建现代研发中心的首位科学家。名词前有序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时一般用不定式作定语；被修饰词scientist与不定式在逻辑上存在主谓关系，应用不定式的一般式的主动形式，故选C项。 选C 6．If you don't know ________ a word, look it up in a good dictionary. A．to use                  B．how to use C．how using              D．how should use 解析：考查动词不定式的用法：疑问词＋不定式短语。 选B 7．He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets had been sold out. A．to tell              B．to be told C．telling              D．told 解析：句意：他匆忙地去售票处，结果被告知所有的票都卖完了。英语中only后接to do形式，表示一个意想不到的结果；另外，动词tell与主句的主语he之间是被动关系，所以要用动词不定式的被动形式。 选B 8．I would love ________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A．to go                  B．to have gone C．going                  D．having gone 解析：因为状语是last night，用不定式的完成式表示“本想……”。 选B 9．Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ________ reduce unemployment pressures. A．help                  B．to have helped C．to help                  D．having helped 解析：考查非谓语动词。这里用不定式作目的状语。 选C 10．With Father's Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank ________ presents for my dad. A．buy                  B．to buy C．buying                  D．to have bought 解析：句意：父亲节将要到来，为了给爸爸买礼物我已经从银行取了一些钱。动词不定式的一般式作目的状语，“买礼物”发生在“从银行取了一些钱”后，所以D项不可以选。 选B