第一章 中医护理学的发展史

第一章 中医护理学的发展史 第一章 中医护理学发展简史 古代中医护理学 中医护理同中医学一样有着悠久的历史，自从有了人类，有了疾病，就有了医和护，医护是同源的，所以护理实践与人类社会发展紧紧相连，护理学是在人类祖先自我防护本能的基础上，通过长期的抗病害斗争和劳动实践而逐渐发展起来的。中医学强调“三分治，七分养”，其中“七分养”的实践就是护理，中医护理学的实质就是研究这“七分养”的科学内涵。随着祖国医学突飞猛进的发展，中医护理学也在不 断的、研究与发展，并逐渐走向成熟。中医护理学的形成大至经历了以下九个时期: 一、原始社会时期(远古) 人类为了生存，在与大自然的拼挣中，必然会遭到外界的伤害。为了保护自己，他们学会了用草茎、泥土、树叶对伤口进行涂裹包扎，这是最早的外科包扎止血法;对四肢的跌仆损伤部位进行抚摸揉按，起到消肿散瘀止痛作用，形成了最原始的按摩术。为了避免暴雨雷击及野兽的袭击，他们过着“六巢而居”的生活;为了防寒避邪用兽皮或树皮作衣;他们定居下来后，通过对动、植物的长期观察和尝试，认识了更多的动、植物，懂得了哪些动、植物食后可充饥或治病，哪些会致病或中毒等。例如《史记?补三皇本记》说:“神农氏以赭鞭鞭草木，始尝百草，始有医药。”《淮南子?修务训》:“神农……尝百草之滋味，水泉之甘苦，令民知所避就。当此之时，一日而遇七十毒。”这样便出现了药物的内服，外敷及动物的内脏、骨骼、甲壳的运用。中医护理技术方面在《史记?扁鹊仓公列传》和《五十二病方》分别记载了 热熨和针刺，这些都是最早的中医护理技术之一。 二、夏至春秋时期(公元前21世纪,公元前475年) 夏至春秋时期是我国奴隶社会时期，随着经济思想及科学文化的发展，这一时期的医药卫生也有了很大的变化。医学逐渐摆脱了宗教的羁绊，开始走独立发展的道路。例如医学分科，专职医生的出现，最早的医学建立等。又如早期病因学说及疾病诊疗的产生，为医学理论的形成作了准备。这一时期有关医学知识的记载已包含有护理的内容。例如在卫生保健方面，《诗经》指出要“予发曲局、薄言归沐”、“洒扫穹窒”、“洒扫庭内”等;《礼记》中指出:“鸡初鸣、咸盥漱”，还规定了“五日则燂汤清浴，三日具沐”。“头有疡则沐，身有疡则沐”。《周礼》亦有卫生保健制度方面的记载。在饮食护理方面，在周朝的医事制度中就有了食医，《周礼》中说:“食医掌和王之六食、六饮、六膳、百羞、百酱、八珍之齐。凡仓齐视春时，羹齐视夏时，酱齐视秋时，饮齐视冬时。春多酸、夏多苦，秋多辛，冬多咸，调以滑甘”。详细地指出了饮食护理和食品卫生。在传染病的预防方面《周礼》还指出“四时皆有疠疾，春时有痟首疾，夏时有痒疥疾，秋时有疟寒疾，冬时有嗽上气疾”。在改变气候、调节室温方面，如《左传》提到的“藏 水”，《周礼》所提出的“变化”等，也属于目前的护理学范畴。 三、战国至东汉时期(公元前475,公元220年) 战国至东汉时期，科学文化发展迅速。这一时期社会经济、科学文化的发展，对医学理论体系的逐步形成奠定了基础，大量的中医护理内容散见于各种医学著作中(可惜未有系统的总结及整理)，为中医 护理学的形成奠定了基础。 (一)《黄帝内经》与中医护理学基础 《黄帝内经》(下称《内经》)是我国现存最早，最完整的一部医学古籍，包括《素问》和《灵枢》两部分。该书的基本观点主要有整体观，阴阳平衡观，邪正斗争观，重视预防观。该书同时也论述中医护理学各个方面，包括饮食起居调理，心理养生护理，部分疾病护理、用药护理及部分护理技术等。尤其是《内经》的正邪学说，比十九世纪英国的南丁格尔提出的学说要早2千多年，南丁格尔指出:“只有病人的自身能力才能治愈伤病……”。“在任何情况下，护理都是帮助病人，使他处于最佳状态，以便他 的自身能力去更好地治疗他的疾病”。这两种学说是一致的。 《内经》奠定了中医护理学基础，主要从下列几方面体现: 1、天人合一学说与生活护理 天人合一学说指导生活护理。《灵枢?五癃津液别篇》说:“天暑衣厚则腠理开，故汗出;……天寒则腠理闭，气涩不行，水下留于膀胱，则为溺为气”。指出夏天腠理开泄，汗出而保持正常的体温，适应于外界的天暑地热;冬天腠理闭密，保津蓄温，来适应外界的天寒地冻。《素问?移情变气论》说:“动作以避寒，阴居以避暑”。在寒冷的季节，参加适当的活动，机体就能产生热量;在暑热的季节，在阴凉处休息，具有避暑的作用。这简单的方法启发人们不断进步，空调机的应用也没有逃出这一原理。 《素问?生气通天论》说:“故阳气者，一日而主外，平旦人气生，日中而阳气隆，日西而阳气已虚，气门乃闭”，说明机体一天之中的不同生理情况;《灵枢?顺气一日分为四时》说:“朝则人气始生，病气衰，故旦慧;日中人气长，长则胜邪，故安;夕则人气始衰，邪气始生，故加;夜半人气入脏，邪气独居于身，故甚也”。说明了机体一天之中的不同病理情况。这与现代医学的医生早晚查房，护士为病人作 晨间护理及晚间护理的道理是一样的。 《素问?上古天真论》说:“其知道者，法于阴阳，和于术数，饮食有节，起居有常，不妄作劳，故能形与神俱，而尽终其天年”。指出懂得养生和护理知识的，取法于天时、地理、气候、环境等变化来调剂 自己的生活，懂得饮食有节，作息有常规，不妄事操劳等护理常规，就能使形体和精神健旺。 2、《内经》与饮食护理 《内经》曰:“胃阳弱而百病生，脾阴足而万邪息”。在饮食方面指出:“毒药攻邪，五谷为养，五果为助，五畜为益，五菜为充，气味合而服之，以补益精气”。在疾病饮食宜忌中亦作了较详细的论述，如“脾病者，宜食秔米饭、牛肉、枣、葵;心病者，宜食麦、羊肉、杏、薤;肾病者宜食大豆黄卷，猪肉、粟、藿;肝病者，宜食麻，犬肉、李、韭;肺病者，宜食黄黍、鸡肉、桃、葱”。“肝病禁辛，心病禁咸、脾病禁酸、肾病禁甘、肺病禁苦”。“病在脾……，禁温食饱食，湿地濡衣”;“病在肺……禁寒饮食寒衣” 等。对于消渴病的饮食护理提出“热中消中不可服高梁芳草石药”。 3、《内经》与情志护理 《内经》在情志护理上已予高度重视，认为这关系到疾病的发展、预后，如《素问?汤液醪醴论》提出:“精神不进，志意不治，故病不可愈”。《灵枢?师传》指出:“未有逆而能治之也，夫惟顺而已矣。顺者，非独阴阳脉论气之逆服也，百姓人民皆欲顺其志也”。强调了应了解患者的心理状态，尽量顺从患者意愿。顺从患者之所愿以取得患者的合作，是施行各种治疗护理的前提。但对娇恣纵欲不遵守疾病的禁忌的患者，《内经》提出“禁之则逆其志，顺之则加其病”，此时应“告之以其败，语之以其善，导之以其所便， 开之以其所苦”。这种开导教育的方法，对现代护理学的心理护理仍有深远的影响。 4、《内经》与病情观察 《内经》的脏腑学说指导着中医护理的病情观察，《素问?玉机真藏论》关于脏腑与脏腑之间的关系有较详细的叙述。例如临床护理中在病情观察时如患者见头晕目眩，手足发麻是心血不足，不能制约肝阳所致，正所谓“肝受气于心”;又如患者出现水肿与脾脏关系密切;患者出现巩膜黄染与肝胆关系密切。这 些都说明了脏腑与全身组织器官之间的关系，对指导病情观察有重要意义。 5、《内经》与护理诊疗技术 《内经》的经络学说指导中医护理技术。《内经》指出，必须精通经络学说，才能进行治疗及护理。《内经》中记载的中医护理技术很多，如针灸、推拿、刮痧、敷贴、热熨等。《素问?异法方宜论》中曾经讲到各种护理诊疗技术，如九针、灸焫、导引、按摩等。九针又发展成为目前的毫针、三棱针、梅花针及外科手术用具。从广义的角度来说，《内经》的九针是目前应用的各种注射针的雏形。经络学说与现代护理技术的注射法相结合即为现在的水针疗法。《内经》的“熨法”，以后逐渐发展为药熨、汤熨、针熨、酒熨、铁熨、土熨等。热敷分为干热敷和湿热敷。干热敷与现代科学技术相结合，发展为日光浴、光疗、电疗、磁疗及激光点穴等。这些都是根据经络系统的原理发展而来的。又如《灵枢?痈疽第八十一》较详细地记载有关药物熏蒸的护理方法，与现代较先进的蒸汽治疗机、熏洗治疗机的原理是一致的。 (二)《伤寒杂病论》与中医护理学基础 张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》是我国最有影响的一部临床医学巨著。包括《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》两部 分。它在《内经》理论指导下，总结了东汉以前众多医家的临床经验，提出了系统的理、法、方、药的辨证论治原则，它不仅奠定了中医辨证论治的理论体系，也为临床辨证施护开创了先河，为中医护理技 术增添了许多新的内容。 1、首创药物灌肠法。《伤寒论?阴明篇》中记载了对津枯肠燥，大便秘结者，用蜜煎导而通之，或用 猪胆汁灌肠以排出宿粪。以后逐渐发展成目前各种灌肠法。 2、开展复苏术。在《金匮要略?杂疗方》中，详细记载了人工呼吸，体外心脏按摩、抢救自缢、溺死患者的具体操作过程，从而成为世界上最早开展急诊复苏护理的典范。如对自缢者，应“徐徐抢救，不得截绳，中下安被卧之;一人以脚踏其肩，年少挽其发，常弦弦勿纵之;一人以手按据胸上，数动之;一人摩捋臂胫屈伸之;若已僵，但渐渐强屈之，并按其腹;如此一炊顷，气从口出，呼吸眼开，而犹引按 莫置，亦勿苦劳之”。这与现代急救技术的人工呼吸法相似。 3、发展中药用药法，确立了辨证施护原则，为后世中医护理学的发展奠定了基础。如《金匮要略》中指出治疗肠痈的患者要求服用大黄牡丹汤时宜顿服(即将中药一次性较快服完);《伤寒论》中桂枝汤的用法从煎煮、服药方法、服药后注意事项、观察服药后的反应、服药后的处理方法及饮食宜忌均有详细的记载。如服药后应“……啜热稀粥一升余，以助药力”。并不应“温覆令一时许，遍身微似有汗者益佳”等等，还指出服桂枝汤治疗期间，“禁生冷、粘滑、肉面、五辛、酒酪、臭恶等物”。《伤寒论》对用药时间也有严格要求:“凡作汤药，不可避晨夜……。若或差迟，病即传变。虽欲除治，必难为力”。这与现代护理学的用药查对时间是相一致的。在《伤寒杂病论》中，不但有丸、散、膏、丹等服药的护理，还记载了各种与护理有关的护治一体的护理疗法，如治百合病的洗身法，治狐惑病的熏洗法、烟熏法;治咽痛的含咽法，这是后世发展为各种雾化吸入疗法的雏形。还有坐浴法、外掺法、灌耳法、吹鼻法等外用药护理。张仲景提出的汗、吐、下、和、温、清、补、消八法的护理，也是辨证施护的重要内容。 4、强调饮食护理中的禁忌原则。《金匮要略》在饮食护理上已有专篇论述。如对禽兽鱼虫及果实菜谷的禁忌，指出了脏病食忌，四时食忌、冷热食忌、妊娠食忌及合食禁忌等。明确指出了饮食也应辨证。所谓“所食之味，有与病相宜，有与身为害，若得宜则益体、害则成疾”。在饮食卫生中，已明确告诫“秽饭、馁肉、臭鱼、食之皆伤人”，“梅多食，坏八齿”，“猪肉落水浮者，不可食”，“肉中有米点者，不可食”等。 在当时，为预防“病从口入”，有如此严格的饮食卫生要求实属难得。 5、发明药物舌下含服 (三)后汉名医华佗与中医护理 后汉杰出的医师华佗，以发明麻醉术而闻明于世。他首创剖腹术，有完整的手术及护理方法，但可惜未能流传于世。在施行其他手术过程中指导弟子或家属做了大量的护理工作;在养生健身方面，他认为体育锻炼可以帮助消化，疏通气血，增强体质，减少疾病。他倡导的“五禽戏”，在古代导引方法的基础上模仿虎、鹿、猿、熊、鸟五种动物的姿态动作，把医疗、护理、体育三位一体，从而创立了世界最早 的外科护理及康复护理。 四、魏晋南北朝时期(公元220,581年) 魏晋南北朝时期虽经历了长期的分裂和频繁的战争，但文化科学技术却有长足的进步。这一时期的医学，王叔和《脉经》的诞生，深入阐明了脉理，将脉、证、护相结合，把脉象归纳为24种。了各种杂病及妇女、小儿的脉证，同时改进了寸、关、尺的诊脉方法，为中医护理观察病情提供了可靠的依据。这一时期又是中医护理理论与专科护理开始全面发展时期。如东晋葛洪的《肘后救急卒方》是集中医急救、传染病及内、外、妇、五官、精神、伤骨各科之大成。书中记载了大量的护理内容，当时对于腹水病人的饮食护理已较明确:“勿食盐，常食小豆饭，饮小豆汁，鲤鱼佳也”。另外，还提出了用海藻治疗瘿疾，是世界上最早用含碘的食物治疗甲状腺疾病的记载;又提出了用狗脑敷治疯狗咬伤，开创了用免疫法治疗狂犬病的先河。他还提出了老年人的养身和护理方法。在《神仙传》中指出:“体欲常劳，食欲常少，劳勿过极，少勿过虑。去肥浓、节酸齿，减思虑、损喜怒，除驰逐，慎房室”。在《抢朴子》中指 出:“欲得长生腹中清，欲得不死腹无屎”。这些对于现代的养生与长寿仍有深远的影响。 唐《外台秘要》在引《肘后方》治疗创伤大失血的护理时指出:“凡金疮出血，其人若渴当忍之，常 用干食并肥脂之物以止渴，慎勿咸食。若多饮粥辈，则血溢出杀人，不可救也”。并指出这时的病人“又忌嗔怒大言笑，思想阴阳，行动作劳，勿多食酸咸，饮酒羹霍辈，皆使疮痈肿发，甚者即死”。明确指出了外伤大出血者，应禁食水及刺激性食物，患者宜安静，避免活动和情绪波动。该书还有关于天花及恙虫病的最早记载及对黄疸患者的尿用白纸染尿法鉴别的诊断记载，成为现代实验诊断和病情观察的先驱。 五、隋唐五代时期(公元581,960年) 隋唐五代时期，是封建社会到繁荣阶段，这时隋唐统治者直接参与医学专业的领导和组织，采取了一些促进医学发展的重大政策和。由于临床医学专科化的发展，使中医护理学得到进一步的充实和提 高，总结了许多专科护理的经验。 (一)巢元方的《诸病源候论》与中医护理 《诸病源候论》虽是阐述病源的专著，但对中医护理学的各种疾病的护理，尤是病情观察有很大的发展与补充，如对中风、淋证等。对温热病的病情观察记录也较详细“凡皮肤热甚，脉盛躁者，病温也。其脉盛而滑者，汗且出了”。提倡以脉象来观察病情，认为脉直疾，脉疾而细、脉束牒牒等都是病情恶化的现。对外科肠吻合术后患者的饮食护理，就指出“当作研末粥饮之，二十余日，稍作强糜食之，百日后乃可进饭耳。饱食者，令人肠痛决漏”。对妇产科的患者，强调妊娠期间，应该注意饮食起居与精神调养，如在“妇人杂病诸候”中介绍:乳痈多因婴儿吮吸不力，使乳汗郁滞所致，护理时可用“手助捻去其汁，并令旁人助嗍引”以使郁积的乳汗排出，而使乳痈消散。这一护理方法一直沿用到现在仍是有效的。该书还 发展和补充养生的护理技术，如虚劳者可用呼吸法，健身法，搂肚法等增强自身体质。 (二)孙思邈的《千金方》与中医护理 唐代孙思邈的《千金方》包括《千金要方》和《千金翼方》两部分。是以“人命至重，有贵千金，一方济之，德逾于此”而有此书名。该书更详细地论述了临床各科的护理、食疗及养生等内容。主要表现在 下列几个方面。 1、在妇产科护理方面，孙氏从妇人怀孕养胎，分娩乃至产褥期的护理，都作了详细的叙述。如对妊娠妇女应“居处简静……”;在胎教方面指出应禁酒及冰浆;在临产护理时，不能让不洁者进产房，更指出“产妇第一不得匆匆忙忙，旁人极须稳审，皆不得预缓预急之忧，忧悒则难产”;对产后护理指出“妇人产后百日已来，极须殷勤”，不要“纵心犯触及便行房”等。这些护理方法对现代妇科护理仍有实践意义。 2、婴幼儿护理保健方面，孙氏收集和总结唐代以前对小儿保健防病的经验，为儿科临证护理，做出巨大的贡献。他指出“天和暖无风之时，令母将儿于日中嬉戏。数令见风日，则血凝气刚，肌肉牢密，堪耐风寒，不致疾病;若常藏在帏帐之中，垂衣温暖，譬犹阴地之革木，不见风日，软脆不堪风寒也”。对初生婴儿他还指出:“先以绵裹指，拭儿中口及舌上青泥恶血……若不急拭，啼声一发，即入腹成百病也”。小儿沐浴后，腋窝和阴部要扑上细粉，保持干燥，以防湿疹。在母乳喂养方面，有更丰富完整的护理内容，首先要求对喂奶的次数和量有一定的限制;乳母在喂奶时，先要把宿乳挤掉;强调乳母的饮食、精神状态、健康状况对婴儿的身心发育关系密切，故在乳母的选择上，指出狐臭、瘿瘤、疥疮、耳聋、鼻渊、癫痫等病人皆不宜。随着初生儿年龄的增长，强调要适当增加辅助食品等。以上充分体现了孙氏对 小儿护理的重视。 3、在饮食护理方面，书中有大量的专门论述，他主张“先饥而食，先渴而饮，食欲数而少，不欲顿而多”，“淡食，食当熟嚼，使米脂入腹、使酒脂入肠。人之当食，须去烦恼”，“勿食生菜、生米，勿饮浊酒”，“勿食生肉”，“一切肉惟须煮烂”。在饮食与药疗选择上，强调“须先洞晓病源，知其所犯，以食治之，食疗不愈，然后命药”，把饮食疗法放在药疗之上。该书在各种疾病的诊疗中，既有药疗方，又有食疗方，采用食动物肝脏治疗夜盲症;用谷白皮煎汤煮粥或食牛羊乳防治脚气病，食羊靥、鹿靥治疗甲状 腺肿大，都是被现代科学证实了有效正确的临床经验。 4、在预防养生保健方面，他的“预防为主”的思想不仅表现在饮食护理方面，还在起居，衣着等方面作了具体指导。例如:每食讫以手摩面与腹，令津液流通，“食毕当行步踌躇，则食易消”。若“饮食即卧，乃生百病”。“湿衣及汗衣皆不可久着”，“饥忌浴，饱忌沐”;“浴沐后不得触风冷”等等。他还主张“凡衣服，巾、栉、枕、镜不宜与人同之”。对老年人的护理与养生，也有较详细的论述，所谓“人年五十以上， 阳气日衰，损之日至，……，情性变异，食欲无味，寝处不安”。在护理上应“常须慎护其事，每起速称其所须，不得令其意负不快”。“养老之要，耳无妄言，身无妄动，心无妄念，此皆有益老人也”。这些在今天的长寿养生术中仍有指导意义。他教导人们“常习不睡地”，“食毕当漱口数过，令人牙齿不败，口香”。 这可以说是最早的护齿洁齿及口腔护理的方法之一。 5、在精神调护方面，认为善摄生者，应是“少思、少欲、少念、少事、少语、少笑、少愁、少乐、少喜、少怒、少好、少恶行”，要“莫忧思、莫大怒、莫悲愁、莫大惧”等，这为中医护理中的情志护理增添 了不少内容。 6、在投药护理方面极为重视，在《千金要方?卷一》指出:“病在胸膈以上者，先食而后服药;病在心腹以下者，先服药而后食，病在四肢血脉者，宜空腹而在旦;病在骨髓者，宜饱满而在夜”。此外，还详 细指出了特殊药物的饮食宜忌。 7、在中医护理技术方面，首创用细葱管进行导尿，这一方法比1860年法国发明橡皮管导尿术要早1200 多年。同时发展了蜡疗和热熨法。这些都丰富了中医护理技术的内容。 8、医德方面，有《大医习业》和《大医精诚》两篇专论医德。他强调对患者要不分贫富贵贱，一视同仁;告诫医护人员不可以以医术作为获取钱财的手段;对危急患者要急患者所急，想患者所想，在医 疗作风上要有德有体、体表端庄，有高度的社会责任感，孙氏高尚的医德一直流传后世。 (三)其他著作对中医护理的影响 王焘的《外台秘要》是一部综合性的巨著，最突出的贡献是对传染病的论述。如对伤寒、肺结核、疟疾、天花、霍乱等病情观察方面均有较详尽的记载。对传染病的护理提出了禁止带菌人进入产房和“不得令家有死丧或污秽之人来探”等护理探视制度。孟诜的《食疗本草》总结了汉、魏、晋、隋的食物疗法，是我国现存最早的营养学专著，对中医饮食护理的发展起着推动作用。南唐陈士良的《食性本草》中，将食物和药物进行分类，并创立了食医方剂及四时饮食与调养方法，阐述了饮食护理与医疗的重要关系。龚庆宣的《刘涓子鬼遗方》是我国现存最早的一部外科专著，在卷二介绍腹部开放性创伤、肠管脱出、纳入腹腔后的护理中指出:“十日之内不可饱食，频食而宜少，勿使患者惊”，强调了饮食护理和精神护理的重要性;在卷四的“黄父痈疽论”说:痈疽患者须“绝房室，慎风冷，勿自劳动”。这些均充实了中医 外科护理的内容。 六、宋金元时期(公元960,1368年) 这一时期虽是我国封建社会走向衰落的时期，但科学技术却获得突出的进步，尤其是发明了活字印刷术，给医学著作的传播、整理、研究创造条件。当时，医学百家争鸣、百花齐放，各抒医理，其中就有著名的金元四大家。这一时期的医学著述颇丰，如《太平圣惠方》《圣济总录》《太平惠民和剂局方》《开宝本草》《脚气治法总要》《妇人大全良方》等，在中医护理各专科护理方面有了充实而全面的发 展，并得到高度的重视。这一时期中医护理的发展主要表现在下列几方面: (一)《太平圣惠方》发展了中药成药的保管法，这对目前现代护理学中的药物保管和使用仍有良好的指导作用，该书还发展了“服饵之法”，指出“服饵之法，轻重不同，少长殊途，强羸各异，或宜补宜泻，或可汤可丸，加减不失其宜，药病相投必愈”。该书还提出药性和食气不宜同时使用，以免产生副作用。服药的原则是“食气消即进药，药气散即进食”。对汤药的冷热亦有详细论述，指出“凡服汤，欲得稍热服之则泻消，下若则呕吐不下;若太热则伤人咽喉，务在用意。汤必须澄清，若浊令心闷不解。中间相去，如步行十里久自服;若太促者，前汤未清，后汤未衡，必当吐逆，仍向患者服中药消散后，乃更进服”。 还有对饵汤、助药、作息等护理方法也有完整的阐述。 (二)《饮膳正要》是当时营养学方面的代表著作，该书提出了养生避忌、妊娠食忌，乳母食忌，饮酒避忌及各种珍奇食品的食谱，记载了大量各种医疗，保健饮食，包括汤煎、食疗、植物食品等。继承了我国古代食、养、医结合的传统，全面总结并发展了饮食护理中的宝贵经验。该书十分重视饮食卫生的护理要求，提倡先饥后食，勿令食饱;先渴而饮，饮勿令过;不饱食而卧，尤其夜间不可多食;勿食不洁或变质之品;不可大醉;食毕宜用温水漱口，睡前刷牙等。可见这一时期对人体健康、饮食保健的 重视。 (三)《脾胃论》的产生为辨证施护理论增添新的内容。李东垣创立脾胃学说，高度重视对脾胃的调养和护理，认为“内伤脾胃，百病乃生”。发挥了《内经》“有胃气则生，无胃气则死”的观点。李氏非常重视饮食、劳倦、情志三者的护理，指出:“饮食不节则胃病，胃病则气短，精神少，而生大热”;“形体劳役则脾病，脾病则怠惰嗜卧，四肢不收，大便泄泻”;“喜怒忧恐，损耗元气，资助心火，火胜则乘其土位，此许以病也”。但在饮食，劳倦，情志三者形成内伤病中，认为情志常起先导作用。在饮食起居也提到:“夜不安寝，衾厚热壅故也，当急去之，仍拭汗;或薄而不安，即加之，睡自稳之。饥而睡不安，则宜少食，饱而睡不安，则少行坐”。该书涉及脾胃护理的还有“用药宜禁论”，“安养心神调治脾胃论”， “饮食伤脾胃论”等论述。 (四)朱丹溪创立的阴阳学说使中医护理辨证施护的理论体系日趋完整。朱氏认为有情志过极，色欲过度，饮食厚味者，常可引起“阳常有余，阴常不足”，所谓“大怒则火起于肝，醉饱则火起于胃，房劳则火起于肾，悲哀动中则火起于肺，心有君火，自焚则死矣”。他把摄护阴精作为防止相火妄动和养生保健的主要原则，他主张幼年时不宜过于饱暖;青年时不宜早婚，婚后应节制房事;老人饮食尤当谨节等。 在他的《格致余论》中记载一例瘀血痰积的病例，先用情志护理，后用药物治愈。 (五)《保生要录》是这一时期一本较早也较全面的生活护理专著。该书在衣着、进食、睡眠等方面均有较详尽的论述:“衣服厚薄欲得随时合度，是以暑时不可全薄，寒时不可极温，……衣为汗湿，即时易之”。认为饮食不可强食强饮;不可先进热食而随餐冷物。进食不可太热太冷，太热则伤胃，太冷则伤筋，应避免偏食，偏食能使脏气不均。睡眠时提倡用药枕，盛暑不可露卧。这些对于目前社区保健均有 指导作用。 (六)陈自明的《妇人大全良方》问世，概括了妇产科全貌，该书分篇论述了妊娠随月数服药及将息法，将护孕妇论、产前将护法、产后将护法、及食忌、孕妇药忌等，突出胎教的重要性，内容丰富，是宋代妇科的杰出作品。该书在“将护孕妇论”中告诫人们:“凡妇人妊娠之后以至临月，脏腑壅塞，关节不利，切不可多睡，须时时行步。不宜食粘硬难化之物，不可多饮酒，不可乱服汤药，亦不可妄行针灸。须宽神，减思虑，不得负重台登高涉险。若偶然胎不安腰痛者，须服安胎药一二服，得安即止”。临产“扶上蓐草，切不可坐草早。务要产妇用力，存养调停，亦令坐婆先说谕之。如觉心中烦闷，可取白蜜一匙，用新汲水调下，或觉饥，即吃软饭或粥，少许亦须预备，勿令饥渴，恐产妇无力困乏也。若不饥渴，亦不须强食。大凡生产自有时候，不可强服催产，滑胎等药”。这些护理措施，至今对妇产科护理仍有临床 指导意义。 (七)东轩居士著《卫济宝书》，介绍了“五善七恶”之说，作为医护人员判断外科疾病善恶顺逆的标准。在“打针法”中提出对所制作的刀、钩等外科手术器械要用“桑白皮、紫藤香煮一周时，以紫藤香末藏之”，这是世界上对外科手术器械进行煮沸消毒，并用香料药粉作灭菌贮藏备用的最早文字记载。远在一 千多年以前已有这种灭菌法雏形是十分宝贵的。 (八)齐德之著的《外科精义》，有“论将护忌慎法”一篇专门论述护理内容的。首先提出病室环境宜安静，“于患人左右止息烦杂，切忌打触器物，……，咒骂斗殴。及产妇淫男，体气不洁，带酒腥、鸡犬、乳儿、孳畜禽兽，并须远离”。其次，规定了探视制度:“只合方便省问，不可久坐多言，劳倦病人”。第三，注意情志护理，“勿令于患人左右弹指搓咨，掩泪窍言，感激病人”。第四，强调饮食卫生及营养，“勿食……淹浥臭陈，自死病倒之类”。第五，做好康复护理，如对外科疮疡恢复期护理:“……疮口收敛之际，当忌起立行步，揖待宾客，……。治宜调节饮食，保摄，以待疮瘢平复，精神如故，气力完全”。第六，指出了护理人员应具备的条件:“夫侍患者宜须寿近中年，情性沉厚，勤谨耐烦，仁慈智惠”等。尽管这些护理内容带有某些封建色彩，但总的护理观点，从现代护理学的角度来说也是科学的实用的。 (九)其他著作对中医护理的贡献，如《本草衍义》谈到水肿患者禁食盐，这与现代护理学中对患有高血压、心脏病、肾病等患者应吃无盐或低盐饮食是一致的。阎孝忠在《小儿方论》中具体地叙述了小儿喂养方法。钱仲阳在《小儿药证直决》中，认为治疗热病儿以“浴体法”为辅助疗法，与现代护理学的温水擦浴极为相似。他还主张小儿有热病时，应注意环境安静，“不欲惊动，弗令旁边多人”，并“静以候之”。张子和的《儒门事亲》中对肛肠病人的护理记载有:“脱肛，大肠热甚也，用酸浆水煎三五沸，稍 热涤洗三五度，次以苦剂坚之，则愈”。说明我国很早就有了坐浴疗法。 七、明代 这一时代是我国封建经济高度发展和资本主义萌芽的历史时期，科学技术与文化均取得了多方面突出的成就，明代医疗进一步总结并发展了前人关于护理方面的学说。著明医药学家李时珍，著有《本草纲目》，这是一部重要的药学巨著，对我国和世界医药做出了杰出的贡献。他不但能诊治疾病，还亲自采 药，为患者煎药，甚至给患者喂药。为医护人员树立了一个无私奉献的榜样。 吴有性《温疫论》的“戾气”说，是十七世纪在传染病因学上的卓越创见，反映了当时防治急性热病的丰富经验和理论知识，在护理方面从“论食”、“论饮”“调理法”三篇专论中，详细论述了温疫病的护理措施。如“时疫有首尾能食者，此邪不传胃，切不可绝其饮食，但不宜过食耳”。“首尾后数日微热不思食者，此微邪在胃，正气衰弱，强与之，即为食复。有下后一日便思食，食之有味，当与之，先与米饭一小杯，加至茶瓯、渐进稀粥，不可尽意，饥则再与”。“大渴思饮冰水及冷饮，无论四时，嗜可量与”，但“能饮一升，止与半升，宁使少顿再，”而对内热烦渴者，应给“梨汁、藕汁、蔗浆、西瓜可备不时之需”，用以清热止渴生津。温邪易伤津耗液，温病患者失液如何补充，上述作了详细的描述，这与现代护理学的体液疗法的观点是一致的。这一时期由于传染病的流行，在预防交叉感染，消毒灭菌和预防接种方面有了突破性的进展。如对患传染病的患者衣服用蒸汽消毒法处理，对于空气消毒用焚烧檀香、沉香之类的药物，而且还可以驱除室内异味，使空气清香。明万历年间已有不少有关种痘的记载，以预防天花。 陈实功的《外科正宗》对痈疽的病源、诊断、调治以及其他外科疾病的辨证施护的记述，条理清楚，内容翔实。如“疮愈之后，劳役太早，乃小羸症，入房太早，后必损寿，不避风寒，复生流毒”;“凡病虽在于用药调理，而又要关于杂禁之法，先要洒扫患房洁净……。庶防苍蝇蜈蚣之属侵之”等。《普济方?新生将护法》详细地论述了新生儿的护理，如用衣法，对小儿啼哭，大便的观察，哺乳及哺食法，浴儿法 等。薛己《口齿类要》论述了口腔护理法。《内科摘要》补充了中医内科护理学的内容。 八、清代 清代是中国封建社会的最后一个王朝，祖国医学的发展主要表现在新学科温病学说的建立、人体解剖结构和中医外治法的系统发展。鸦片战争后，大量西方医学的涌入，冲击着中国的传统医学，出现中西医汇通派。中医护理虽受到西方护理的冲击，但它还是走进了新阶段，逐渐向独立完整的体系发展。 名医叶天士的《温热论》系统阐明了温病发生、发展的规律，指出了温病卫、气、营、血四个阶段辨证论治和施护的纲领，他总结了温病察舌、验齿、辨斑疹白瘖等病情观察的方法，指出了在观察舌象、判断病情、推测预后的同时还应做好口腔护理。这些都为中医护理学的病情观察增添新的内容。叶天士在老人病的防护方面还强调颐养，指出:“寒喧保暖摄生，尤当加意于药饵之先”，饮食当“薄味”，力戒“酒 肉原味”，“务宜怡悦开怀”，“戒嗔怒”。 由于清代大疫流行达80余次，因此对疫病的预防，除让健康者预服药物外，已非常重视采取隔离消毒的措施，如《治疫全书》说“毋近患者床榻，染具秽污;毋凭死者尺棺，触其恶臭;毋食病菜;毋拾死人衣物”。温病学说的形成和发展，促进了护理学的降温措施发展，人们尝试用井水，冷水，雪水等进行 擦浴，同时也发展和完善了刮痧这一护理诊疗技术。 这一时期的护理专书颇丰，如汪绮石的《理虚元鉴》详细介绍了疗养饮食调护的重要性及四季防病知识，强调要“令其善为调理”，“樽节其精神，各就性情所失为治”;王孟英的《随息居饮食谱》是饮食调养与护理专书;尤乘的《寿世青编》是养生保健专著。亟斋居士的《达生篇》详尽记载了产前，临产、产后护理之法。曾慈山在《养生随笔》中从老年人的生理特点出发，总结出一整套衣、食、住、行的养 生方法，浅近而易行，首创了卧、坐、立功的导引法。 钱襄撰著的《侍疾要语》，是现存古代中医文献中，最早较全面论述中医护理的专书，它历述了对患者的精神、生活、饮食、疾病、用药等方面的护理要点。首先该书强调情志护理对于患者康复的重要作用:“患者性情每与平日迥异，为人子者本以养老为先，而当乘病之时，尤须加意体察，务求转怒为欢，反悲为喜。所爱之人常坐床前，所喜之物恒置枕畔，忧病则须说今日精神胜于昨日，忧贫则须说今年进益好似去年，勿露愁闷之容，常瞒医药之费，诸如此类未可枚举”。这些措施方法用于现代护理心理护理 也非常实用。书中还提到采用音乐消除患者烦燥的护理方法:“病时烦燥，急难解释，惟弦索之声可以悦耳，可以引睡，或令盲妇、歌女、轻拔琵琶，浅度一曲，亦驱病之一助也”，在当时这一思想是非常超前的。其次，该书在病室环境的设置、陪护制度、探视制度、患者的卧位、人工喂养疗法及长期卧床的患者预防席疮的具体措施都有较详细的描述，如“久病消瘦，皮肤或碎，须垫以灯草圈则痛处不着褥席”;甚至对患者作大小便的护理，也不忽视:“扶腋上厕，须轻重得宜，太紧必致疼痛，太宽又不着力。冬月马桶口，以布裹棉花套之”。这与现代护理学基础的大部分内容是相一致的。第三，在疾病护理方面对危重患者的护理更详细地叙述夜班护理人员的职责:“夜间侍奉者，非特夜不解衣，且亦不可暂时交睫，方能静听声息，知今霄较昨霄是增是减，或亲命使睡，只可虚掩帐子，危坐帐中，闻声即起”。“大小便须即旁观之，……不可稍迟，迟侧大便结者，久而浸而化为溏。小解白者，阅时而变为赤，未可为医者也”。这是现代护理学个案护理的雏形。纵观《侍疾要语》全书，无论从书名，或是就其内容来衡量， 在中医 护理学史上，它都确为一部言简意赅，切合实用之佳作。 第一章 中医护理学发展简史 中医护理学的发展 近百年来中医学的发展步履维艰，这时期的中医护理学，运用中医固有的各种护理知识和手段，由医生、徒弟、助手、患者及家属共同承当护理职责。如在精神护理方面，《医药卫生记录?服侍部》认为，患者对世事应淡然处之，不必过于计较，要努力做到逍遥自在，随缘度日，并在精神上善于自我调节、自我解脱，切忌事事烦恼，怨天尤人。在饮食护理方面，对患者的饮食宜忌极为重视，吴尚先于1870年刊行的《理论骈文》中说:“饮食治法，如发散用姜、葱、蒜;热用椒、茴;凉用瓜、蔗、梨、藕;补用莲、芡、柿、乌鸡、羊肝，牛乳，以及盐、油、糖、蜜、酒、醋、茶水、糕粥之类，古皆疗疾，特有忌者当慎耳。”明确提出某些疾病对于一些饮食禁忌，理当慎之。在《理论骈文?续增略言》里，还专门探讨中风后遗症的护理，如:“中风口眼歪斜乃经络之病，用生瓜蒌汁和大麦面为饼，炙热熨心头，此治本之法 也。” 值得注意的是，随着医护经验的积累，特别是我国外治法专书《理论骈文》的问世，创立了数十余种中医外治法，不仅满足了当时医疗上“内病治外”的需要，同时也为中医护理提供了许多简便实用的操作技术。如“水肿，捣葱一斤坐身下，水从小便出”，“治痢用平胃散炒热敷脐上，冷则易之，又治久痢人虚或血崩肿者不要用升药，用补中益气汤坐熏”等。此外还重申瘟疫时证患者，宜分房别舍，健康人不得与之同住，亲朋亦不使入室，只留一二身体壮实者服侍患者，以阻断传染源，控制传染病的蔓延。该书还把 个人日常卫生与保健、防病、除疾等联系起来。 二、中医办学的发展 我国官办医学教育，一直是延用太医院办学制，在民间则主要表现为师徒授受。鸦片战争以后，清廷一些主张“自强求富”的官员，开办了“京师同文馆”，可谓近代最早的医学院。名医陈虬在浙江瑞安创办“利济医学堂”，除学习医籍外，兼课以古今中外一切学术，堪称近代早期较有影响的医学校。戊戌变法后，废除八股取士，建校之风日起，在重庆、广州均有名称不相同的医校成立。虽然办学条件和规模都很有限，但办学思想、经验、学制、教材、考试和实习制度及课程设置等方面，都为日后最终成立中医护校， 奠定了基础。 三、创办中医院 近代西方教会在我国设立诊所，继而扩建或兴建医院。处在中西医争论时期的中医界有识之士对此深有感触，他们大胆尝试，艰苦创业，兴办中医院。如江苏孟河医家丁甘仁，在其门生余渭协助下，先后在上海办起了沪南、沪北广益中医院，一边医疗，一边从事临床教学。丁氏另一得意门生秦伯未，创办了 中医疗养院，设病床百余张，供中医学生临床实习。再如当时中医界名流李平书，创办了神州医院和上海医院，并在上海南京路兴建了粹华制药厂，可谓数千年来未有之创举。此外，还有神州医院总会创办的沪南神州医院，由朱红寿出任院长的宝山县刘行乡中西普通医院，杨燧熙创办的镇江京江医院和清心 医院，以及蔡章创建的江湾医院等，皆可称为中医界兴办医院的先驱。 四、护士队伍的形成 1840年鸦片战争以后，随着西方列强文化侵略的逐步深入，帝国主义开始在我国各通商口岸和大都市开设了医院。最初这些医院里的护士队伍全由外籍人士担任，后来各医院根据需要也招收少量的中国学员，培养她们担任护理工作。这可能是我国最早出现的护士。至20世纪初，各西方国家教会、政府甚至个人在中国设立的医院、护士学校日益增多，在1890,1915年仅教会学校就有23所，另外护士学校、药学校及助产学校36所。其中由各国教会合办的北京协和医科大学(1915年)和齐鲁大学医学院(1916, 1917年)所附设的护士学校在全国颇有影响。 第一章 中医护理学发展简史 现代中医护理学 新中国成立以后，国家高度重视中医药事业，开办中医医院及中医医、药、护高等、中等教育，将我 国传统医学写入宪法，掀开了中医护理学发展史上崭新的一页。 1. 中医护理学成为一门独立的学科 虽然历史上有过“侍疾”、“将护”的名词，但自古以来中医护理工作一直由医生及家属所兼任。这种状态一直延续到近代。新中国成立以后，政府制定了一系列扶持中医政策，使中医事业得到蓬勃发展。各地中医院纷纷建立，并且开始了严格的医护分工，在一些综合性医院的中医病房和各中医院，专业护士已有了专门编制。这些中医护理工作者大部分都经过学校教育和各种形式的在职教育，以及临床实践锻炼，他们学习并掌握了中医护理基本知识与技能，成为发展中医护理事业的一支必不可少的专业队伍， 其中还涌现出一批既有丰富临床护理经验，有一定科研能力和管理水平的中医护理技术骨干。 1979年，卫生部门颁布了“关于加强护理教育的意见”，明确提出了护理学是一门专门的学科，是医学科学的重要组成部分。1984年6曰在南京召开了中医护理学会中医、中西医结合护理学术会议，会上成立了中华护理学会中医、中西医结合护理学术委员会。从此，中医护理学正式成为一门独立的学科。 二、护理在中医学中的地位和作用 1(护理与医疗一体 中医护理学是中医学的重要组成部分，中医护理的基本理论与中医护理的技术操作， 使得中医护理理论体系更趋完善。 2(护理与医疗并重 护理在治疗过程中占有举足轻重的地位，并贯穿于治疗过程的始终。适当的护理有助于患者的康复，反之则可延缓或加重病情。从患者住院之日起至患者出院后的康复，护理人员都参与 了资料收集、分析、制定和护理措施及措施的实施。因此护理工作是不可缺少的。 3(护理是医疗的延续 护理是巩固疗效而必须采取的措施。治疗虽然可使疾病得到治愈、缓解和控制，但疗效的维持必须以护理工作为依托，中医护理有其独特的技术与方法，可促进疾病的痊愈和康复。 三、中医护理管理 为了加强对护理工作的领导，国家卫生部医政司设立了护理处，负责管理全国护理工作，制定相关的政策法规。各省、市、自治区卫生厅(局)在医政处下设专职护理管理干部，负责协调管辖范围内的护 理工作。 1993年3月卫生部颁发了我国第一个关于护士执业和注册的部长令和《中华人民共和国护士管理办法》，1995年6月首次举行全国范围内的护士执业考试，考试合格获执业证书者方可申请注册，使护理 管理管理工作逐步走上了法制化轨道。 1996年国家中医药管理局医政司主持编写了《中医护理常规技术操作规程》，在全国各地中医医疗单位推广使用，同时各地还根据本地区的病种，以及其他具体情况的不同，分别制定了本地区、本单位的护理常规。1997年国务院批准卫生部颁发了《卫生技术人员职称及晋升条例(试行)》，明确规定了护理 专业人员的高级、中级和初级职称。 四、中医护理临床实践 在中医临床护理工作中广泛采用了中医“传统疗法”，如针灸、推拿、拔火罐、刮痧、挑刺以及小验方的应用等。随着现代护理理念更新，护理人员开始加强基础护理社区健康教育，包括生活起居、饮食、 心理、运动、合理用药、药物煎煮法、饮食与药物宜忌、不良习惯的矫正等。 五、中医护理教育 为了给中医护理事业的发展提供专门人才，自50年以来，江苏、北京、上海等地先后开办了中医护士学校及中医护理班。至1990年，全国已有7所中医护士学校，25所中医学校开设了中医护理专业。20世纪80年代中期，南京、北京、湖北、黑龙江等中医院校开设了高级护理专科教育。2000年以后，全国有23所中医院校开办了中医院校开办了中医护理本科教育，部分院校还开设了中医护理涉外教育和中医护理硕士教育。同时各地还举办了中医护理专业证书班、中医护理专业和本科自考班，对在职护士进 行学历教育，以提高他们的专业素质，适应社会发展的需要。 六、中医护理科研 从1984年6月第一次全国中医、中西医结合护理学术交流会的论文可以看出，中医护理的科研工作已经开始起步，并取得了一定的成绩。1990年以后，随着高等护理教育培养的学生进入临床、教育和科研岗位，我国的护理研究有了很大的发展，一些高等护理教育机构或医院相继设立了护理研究中心，所进行的科学研究的成果对指导临床护理工作起到了积极的作用。在学术交流会上或期刊上发表的科研文章 也日益增多，且质量不断提高。中医护理文献的发掘、整理和研究也取得了较大的成绩。 七、中医护理学术活动 1977年以来，中华护理学会和各地分会先后恢复学术活动，多次召开护理学术交流会，举办各种不同类型的专题学习班和探讨班等。并成立了学术委员会和各护理专科委员会，以促进交流。1980年以后，国际学术交流活动日益增多，中华护理学会及各地护理学会多次举办国际护理学术交流会，并与多国专家开展互访活动，同时还选派一批护理骨干和教师出国深造或短期进修，获硕士或博士学位后回国工作。中医护理学的发展，逐步得到国际护理界的重视。许多国家的护理代表团先后来参观或考察中医护理工作，增进了国际间的学术交流，开阔了视野，活跃了学术氛围，扩大了中医护理事业的在国际上的影响， 促进我国护理学科的发展。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.