新概念英语第二册笔记_第71课

Lesson 71 A Famous Clock 一个著名的大钟 【Text】 When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!  【课文翻译】 当你游览伦敦时，首先看到的东西之一就是“大本”钟，即那座从英国广播公司的广播中全世界都可以听到它的声音的著名大钟。如果不是国会大厦在1834年被焚毁的话，这座大钟永远也不会建造。“大本”钟得名于本杰明.霍尔爵士，因为当建造新的国会大厦时，他负责建造大钟。 此钟不仅外型巨大，而且走时也非常准确。格林尼治天文台的官员们每天两次派人矫正此钟。当大钟打点的时候，你可以从英国广播公司的广播中听到，因为钟塔上 接了麦克风。“大本”钟很多出差错。然而有一次，它却把时间报错。在钟塔上干活的一位油漆工把一只油漆桶挂在了一根指针上，把钟弄慢了！ New words and expressions 生词和短语 parliament n 议会，国会 erect v 建立 accurate adj 准确的 official n 官员，行政人员 Greenwich n 格林威治 observatory n 天文台 check v 检查 microphone n 扩音器，麦克风 tower n 塔 【生词讲解】 1. parliament        国会 the Houses of Parliament (英国的) 国会大厦 Member of Parliament    国会议员 Eg: Parliament today approved the policy, but it has not yet become law. 现在国会通过政策，但是政策还没有变成法律。 2. Erect  v. 建造，树立，建起 V. erect a monument建立纪念碑 1)  竖起，搭起 erect a tent搭起帐篷 Eg: The building was erected in 1900-1901. 此建筑是在1900年到1901年间建造的。 Eg: Demonstrators have erected barricades in roads leading to the parliament building. 示威者在去往国会大楼的路上竖起了路障。 Eg: We all unconsciously erect barriers between each other. 我们都不知不觉的在彼此之间竖起了隔阂 2)  adj.竖立的，垂直的，直立的 stand erect直立 Eg: Hold your head erect. 把头挺直。 3. accurate  adj. 精确的，准确的 an accurate clock, map准确的钟，地图 Eg:  His description was accurate. 他的叙述很准确。 Eg:  Police have stressed that this is the most accurate description of the killer 警察强调说这就是杀人犯最为精确的描述了。 Eg:  Journalists are not always accurate in what they write. 新闻工作者的报道并非一贯准确。 take accurate aim瞄得准 an accurate dimension精确的尺寸 accurately adv. accuracy n. 4.  Official 1）官方的 Official affairs  公务,公事 Official funds  公款 Official documents官方文件 an official announcement官方公告 an official website官方网站 Eg:  The official reason given for the President's absence was sickness. 对于总统的缺席，官方给出的原因是生病了。 2）官员 Eg:  A senior UN official hopes to visit Baghdad this month.. 联合国的一个高级官员希望这个月去访问巴格达。 5. Greenwich n. 格林尼治/格林威治 Greenwich Mean Time世界时（也叫格林尼治/格林威治时间）缩写GMT 6. observatory n. 天文台，气象台 1）observe vt. 庆祝=celebrate Eg: How do you observe Children’s Day? 你如何庆祝儿童节？ vt. 观察；遵守；说；注意到；评论 Eg: Someone who doesn't observe traffic regulations will sweat.   不遵守交通规则者必将要吃苦头。 Eg: We can observe our kids and learn more about them.   我们就可以观察我们的孩子，更多地了解他们。 2）Observer n 观察者 Eg: I think that's what I learned from him: how to be an observer.  我想这是我从他那里学到的：怎么做一个观察者。 3） observatory 天文台，气象台 7. Check        检查，核对 Eg:  Check the accuracy of everything in your CV. 检查你的简历上每处都是准确的。 Eg:  I think there is an age limit, but I have to check. 我觉得是有年龄限制的，但是我需要查一下 Eg:  I shall need to check with the duty officer 我要与执勤管核对一下。 Eg:  He must check his work more carefully because it's full of mistakes. 他检查工作时要再仔细一些，因为到处是错。 check in/check out        入房登记，退房办理 check in one's luggage    托运行李 check (up) on sb.        调查某人的行为，背景等 Eg:  The police are checking up on him.警方正在调查他 checklist清单 check-point 检查点 n. hold/keep sth in check 抑制，约束，制止 keep my temper in check控制我自己不发脾气 8. Microphone 麦克风，扩音器，话筒 Eg: I keep these songs in my head until I get behind the microphone.   直到站在话筒前我一直是将这些歌记在脑中。 Eg:  Record a CD. If you have a computer and microphone, all you need is your talent.  做一张CD唱片。如果你拥有电脑和麦克风，所有你需要的只是你的才能。 Eg:  Would you like to talk to me on the microphone, instead of typing in the chatroom.  你愿意用麦克风跟我讲话，而不是在聊天室里打字吗？ 9. Tower n 塔 Eg: The Tower of London stands in the East End of London.   伦敦塔位于伦敦的东区。 Eg: I felt dizzy when I looked down from the top of the television tower.   当我从电视塔顶往下看时，我感到头晕目眩。 【课文讲解】 1. When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. famous Eg: London was once famous for its fogs. 伦敦曾以多雾而闻名 Eg:Brighton is famous as a bathing place. 布来顿以海水浴场驰名 the B.B.C. =British Broadcasting Corporation  英国广播公司  在电视上看到，在广播里听到都用on。 Eg: I saw him on TV last night. 昨天晚上我看到他上电视了。 when 引导的时间状语从句。 one of +名词复数 （前面可以用序数词，最高级等修饰）  one of the most famous singers you will see  是定语从句 ，作things 的定语。省略了that，只能用that. Big Ben 和the famous clock  同位语 which can be heard  定语从句 an be heard  情态动词的被动语态 2. If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. If 引导的非真实条件句(详见key structure) 对过去事情的虚拟： If +从句（过去完成时）， 主句(would have done） Eg:If I had worked harder at school, I would have got a better job . 对现在事情的虚拟： If +从句（一般过去时），主句（would do） Eg:If I were in your position, I would act differently . Eg:If you saw him now you wouldn’t recognize him . 错综时间下的用法：过去条件+现实情况  Eg: If he had taken the doctor’s advice, he should not be ill now. 要是当初听了医生的话，他现在就不会生病了。 Eg: If the doctor hadn’t come in time, the patient would be dead by now. 大夫及时到了，病人得救了。                                                                                              burn down 使（烧成平地），烧毁 Eg: The hospital was burned down last month.那家医院上个月被烧毁了。 burn烧坏，烧伤，烧焦，烫伤,晒伤 Eg: The soup is very hot. Don't burn your mouth. 汤很热，别烫伤了你的嘴。 Eg: Sorry,I've burnt the sausage. 对不起，我把香肠给烤焦了。 Burn for sth.（通常用于进行时态。示极欲做某事） Eg: He is burning for avenging the death of his father. 他心急如焚要报杀父之仇。 Eg: burn one's boats/bridges断某人后路，破釜沉舟 burn the midnight oil开夜车 burn oneself out筋疲力尽或损害了自己的健康（指劳累过度） Eg: If he doesn't stop working so hard,he'll burn himself out. 他继续这样拼命工作，就会累垮的。 3. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. take its name from  以……命名 Eg: The Hubble telescope takes its name from Hubble . Sir Benjamin Hall  sir+人的全名 表示……爵士。 Sir Walter Scott who引导的定语从句 be responsible for  为……负责 Eg: She is my child, and I am responsible for her. 她是我的孩子,我对她负责。 the making of the clock = making the clock when 引导的时间状语从句 4. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. not only… but … as well  不但……而且 be +of +n.  用来表示人或物的特征。 Eg: We are of the same age . Eg: This letter is of great importance . extremely accurate  极其精确 （副词修饰形容词） quite sure  十分确信 5. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. H  have sb doing sth 让某人一直做 have sb do = let sb do =make sb do 让某人做某事 have sth to do 有什么事情要做 have sth done  让某事被做 （让别人做） = ask sb to do sth 6．On the B.B.C. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. strike v.  敲钟，打，打击（struck ,struck) connect … to …  这里是被动语态 the clock tower  钟塔 rarely adv. 几乎不 go wrong （with sth.)  出错，出故障，（机器等）发生故障/出毛病 Eg:  My watch/the engine of the car has gone wrong. Eg:  Something has gone wrong with my car. 6. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!  fail to do sth.       没有做某事，未履行做某事，失败做某事 give the correct time  给予正确的时间 7. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!  who 引导的定语从句 had been doing  过去完成进行时 hang sth. on sth. a pot of paint 一桶油漆 slow … down…让某物慢下来。 Eg: He slowed his car down while driving in heavy traffic. 7. extremely accurate 8. have the clock checked 9. be connected to 10. go wrong 11. fail to do sth 12. slow it down 【关键词组摘录】 1. all over the world            2. burn down 3. take one’s name from 4. be responsible for 5. not only, but also 6. of immense size 【Key structure】 虚拟语气详细讲义 语法：虚拟语气： 一．虚拟语气的定义 虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed!祝您成功！ 二．虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。 条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。if有表示“如果”的意思如： If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。 （主将从现） 如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor. 如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授） 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下： 区分 条件从句 主句 与现在事实相反 If＋主语＋过去式（从句中系动词be多用were形式） 主语＋would/should/could＋动词原形 与过去事实相反 If＋主语＋had＋过去分词 主语＋would/should/could＋have＋过去分词 与将来事实相反 If＋主语＋过去式/should＋动词原形/were to＋动词原形 主语＋would/should/could＋动词原形       动词形式 时间从句主句 与现在事实相反动词过去式从句用过去式(be的过去式用were) 主句would(could/should/might)+动词原形 与过去事实相反从句用had+动词过去分词 主句用would(could/should/might)+have＋过去分词 与将来事实可能相反动词过去式 从句用should+动词原形 主句用would(could/should/might)+动词原形 或者were to+动词原形would(could/should/might)+动词原形 注：主句中的should只用于第一人称，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。 1．表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如： If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你） If she had time, she would(could, might)help me. 如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间） 2 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如： If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。） If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的） 3 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如： If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved. 假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。 ---What would happen if I put the paper on the fire？ ---It would burn. ---我若把只放在火上会怎么样？ ---纸会烧着。 注：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。如： If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square. 三．虚拟语气的其它用法 1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如: It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法 （1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。 a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道） I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around 但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现） b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如： I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了） He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜） c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如： I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。 I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。 （2）在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如： I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会 The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south 这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。 注：当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句用真实语气。比较： His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision他建议我坚持自己的决定。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day 他坚持他每天都要早操 3 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法 当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如： My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。 4．特殊的虚拟语气结构。 （1）虚拟语气用在状语从句中 由as if 或as ，though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式 (be→were) 或had + 过去分词。如： The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child 这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。 He speaks as if he had been to the United States 他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。 （2）在It is time (that) …; I’d rather (that)…句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如： It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。