英语词汇学期末考试题库

英语词汇学期末考库 英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary(练习1) I(Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new 1 II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words. 17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______. 18. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics, ________. 19. There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______. 20. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock. A B 21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail 22. Collocbility( ) B. aught 23. Jargon( ) C. por 24. Argot ( ) D. upon 25.Notional words( ) E. hypo 26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart 27. Aliens ( ) G. man 28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip 29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh 30. Empty words ( ) J. emir IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary. 31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( ) 33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( ) 35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( ) 37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( ) 39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( ) V. Define the following terms. 41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questions 46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples. 47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples. 48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples. VII. Analyze and comment on the following. 49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion. earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never. 50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirt Key to Exercises: I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.C II. 16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20. vocabulary 2 III. 21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.D IV. 31. the basic word stock; productivity 32. the basic word stock; collocability 33.the basic word stock; argot 34.nonbasic word stock; slang 35. nonbasic word stock; jargon 36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology 37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words 38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms 39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms 40. the basic word stock; polysemy V-----VI. (see the course book) VII. 49. Content words: earth, cloud, run, walk, frequently, never, five Functional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a. 50. Denizens: port, shirt, Aliens: bazaar, kowtow Translation-loans: lama, masterpiece Semantic-loans:dream, pioneer Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 500 B. 4000 C. 300 D. 2000 2. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 3. After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. A. Greeks B. Indians C. Romans D. French 4. The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Christianity C. Buddhism D. Islamism th5. In the 9 century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ________words came into the English language. A. Greek B. Roman C. Celtic D. Scandinavian 6. It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. A. 500 B. 800 C. 1000 .D. 900 7. The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 8. By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. ththththA. 12 B. 13 C. 14 D.15 9. As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary. A. small B. big C. great D. smaller 3 10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 11. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 12. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 13. The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 14. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 15. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. ththththA. 10 B.11 C.12 D. 13 II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______. 17. . If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______. 18. It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____ language. 19. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______. 20. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family. A B 21. Celtic ( ) A.politics 22. religious ( ) B.moon 23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian 24. French ( ) D.London 25. Old English ( ) E. abbot 26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt 27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu 28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen 29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight 30.Sanskrit ( ) J. Norwegian IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined. 31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( ) 33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( ) 35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( ) 37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( ) 4 38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( ) V. Define the following terms. 41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixes VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 46. Describe the characteristics of Old English . 47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English. 48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English. VII. Answer the following questions with examples. 49. What are the three main sources of new words ? 50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ? Key to exercises: I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.B II. 16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic 20.Late(1700-up to the present ) III. 21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. C IV. 31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix 35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root 40.bound root V.-VI ( See the course book ) VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are : (1) The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ; (2) Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk; (3) The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets. 50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II(练习3) I( Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 2. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, malpractice, mistrust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 3. The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 4. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and archbishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 5. The prefixes in words bilingual ,uniform and hemisphere are ________. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and forehead. A. Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 8. Omega, Xerox and orlon are words from _________. 5 A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 9.Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 10. Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______ A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 11. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 12. The prefixes in words anti-government , prostudent and contraflow are _____-. A. prefixes of degree or size B. prefixes of orientation and attitude C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 13. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 14. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______. A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes 15. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are ________. A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____. 17.Compounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________. 18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words. 20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation. A B 21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless 22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward 23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer 24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) ( ) D. darken 25. De-adjective noun suffixes ( ) , violinist 26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness 27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable 28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent 29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood 30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms. 31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( ) 36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( ) 6 V. Define the following terms . 41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixation VI. Answer the following questions with examples. 46. What are the characteristics of compounds ? 47. What are the main types of blendings ? 48. What are the main types of compounds ? VII. Analyze and comment on the following: 49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation. (1) donate ----donation emote----emotion (2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar (3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter (4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy 50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words. (1) I‘m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor. (3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed. (5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers. Key to exercises : 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B II. 16. derivation 17.composition, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clipping III. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.D IV.31. Front clipping, earthquake 32. Back clipping, stereophonic 33.Front and back clipping, influenza 34.Phrase clipping, public house 35. Initialisms, care of 36. Acronyms, Victory Day 37. Initialisms, tuberculosis 38. Back clipping, discotheque 39. Front clipping, helicopter 40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves V-VI. (See the course book) VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation. (1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others (4) From adjectives 50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun (4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. A word is the combination of form and ________. A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting 2. _______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. A. Reference B. Concept C. Sense D. Context 3. Sense denotes the relationships _______the language. 7 A. outside B. with C. beyond D. inside 4. Most English words can be said to be ________. A. non-motivated B. motivated C. connected D. related 5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word. A. morphologically B. semantically C. onomatopoeically D. etymologically 6. Hopeless is a ______motivated word. A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically 7. In the sentence ? He is fond of pen ‘ , pen is a ______ motivated word. A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically 8. Walkman is a _______motivated word. A. onomatopoeically B. morphologically C. semantically D. etymologically 9. Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular. A. grammatical meaning B. conceptual meaning C. associative meaning D. arbitrary meaning 10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual. A. Stylistic meaning B. Connotative meaning C. Collocative meaning D. Affective meaning 11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker‘s _______towards the person or thing in question. A. feeling .B. liking C. attitude D. understanding 12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas. A. Prepositions B. Interjections C. Exclamations D. Explanations 13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations. A. conceptual meaning B. grammatical meaning C. lexical meaning D. collocative meaning 14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______. A. only one word B. two words C. more than three D. different words 15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. speakers B. listeners C. world D. specific country II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______ 17. Compounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. 20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning. A B 21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear 22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny 23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender 24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss 8 25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic 26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body) 27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail 28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home 29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug 30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning. 31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( ) 33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( ) 35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( ) 37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( ) 39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( ) V. Define the following terms . 41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning VI. Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short. 46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ? VII. Analyze and comment on the following. 49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong. 50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples. Key to exercises: I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C II. 16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning III. 21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.C IV. 31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation 33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation 35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning 37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative 39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative V-VI. See the course book. VIII. 49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation. (2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation. (3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation. (4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation. 50. Associative meaning comprises four types: (1) Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ?female parent‘, is often associated with ?love‘, ?care‘, etc.. (2) Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values. (3) Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker‘s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words 9 that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism. (4) Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don‘t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words. Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5) I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______. A. English only B. Chinese only C. all natural languages D. some natural languages 2. From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word . A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional 3. _______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection 4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. A. Derivation B. Radiation C. Inflection D. Concatenation 5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______. A. spelling B. pronunciation C. etymology D. usage 6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. A. Polysemants B. Synonyms C. Antonyms D. Hyponyms 7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______. A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. antonymy 8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/. A. Homophones B. Homographs C. Perfect homonyms D. Antonyms 9. The antonyms: male and female are ______. A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 10. The antonyms big and small are ______. A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 11. The antonyms husband and wife are ______. A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 12. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______. A. absolute synonyms B. relative synonyms C. relative antonyms D. contrary antonyms 13. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. A. homographs B. homophones C. absolute homonyms D. antonyms 14. From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning . The first meaning is called ______. 10 A. primary meaning B. derived meaning C. central meaning D. basic meaning 15. Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______. A. primary meaning B. derived meaning C. central meaning D. secondary meaning II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is ________. 17. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms are listed as separate ______. 18. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______, connotation ,and _____. 19. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms. 20. The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas. Some large, such as ?philosophy‘ or ?emotions‘, other smaller, such as ?kinship‘ or ?color‘. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of ______. III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms. A B 21. difference in denotation ( ) A. dead/alive 22. borrowing ( ) B. handy/ manual 23. dialects and regional English ( ) C. old / young 24. contradictory terms ( ) D. answer the letter / reply to the letter 25. figurative and euphemistic use of words ( ) E. jim 26. contrary terms ( ) F. want/wish/desire 27. difference in connotation ( ) G. dreamer /star-gazer 28. coincidence with idiomatic expressions ( ) H. employer / employee 29. difference in application ( ) I. help/ lend one a hand 30. relative terms ( ) J. foe / enemy IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms 2) origins of homonyms 3) processes of word-meaning development. 31.neck ( ) 32. word building/word formation ( ) 33. candidate ( ) 34. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( ) 35. NOW ( ) 36. dear/ deer ( ) 37.ear from ear ( ) 38. fair from feria ( ) 39. bank /bank ( ) 40. change / alter/vary ( ) V. Define the following terms . 41. radiation 42. concatenation 43. antonymy 44. hoponymy 45. semantic field VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 46. What are the origins of homonyms ? 47. What are sources of synonyms ? 48. What are the characteristics of antonyms ? VII. Analyze and comment on the following. 49. Divide the following words into four groups and give the superordinate terms: bark, boat, drum, harp, lute. Microscope. Mirror, destroyer, cruiser, piano, tectangle, rhomboid, rhombus, ship, 11 spectacles, spectroscope, square, telescope, trapezium, violin. 50. Write the following words into a tree-like graph: vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal. Key to exercises : I. 1. C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.C6.B 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14. A 15.C II. 16. etymology, semantic relatedness 17.headword, entries 18.denotation, application 19. superordinate, subordinate 20.field theory III. 21. F 22.J 23.E 24.A 25.G 26.C 27.B 28.I 29. D 30.H IV. 31. radiation 32. perfect synonym 33. concatenation 34. homograph 35. shortening 36. homophone 37. change in sound and spelling 38. borrowing 39. perfect homonym 40. relative synonym V-VI. (See the course book ) VII. 49. (1. ) spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope, spectroscope. Superordinate : optical instruments (2) harp, lute , violin, piano, drum Superordinate: musical instruments (3) boat , ship, bark, destroyer, cruiser Superordinate: water craft (4)square, rectangle, rhomboid , rhomboid, rhombus, trapezium Superordinate: quadrilaterals 50. food _________________________________________________________ meat vegetable cereal pork beef turnip carrot bread cake cornflakes Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning and Chapter 8 Meaning and Context (练习,) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. The original meaning of manuscript is ________. A. any author‘s writing B. handwriting C. any author‘s works D. a piece of paper 2. The original meaning of barn is ______. A. a place for storing only barley B. a storeroom C. a restroom D. a bathroom 3. The extended meaning of journal is ______ A. daily paper B. any paper C. magazines D. periodical 4. In Shakespearean line ?rats and mice and such small deer‘, deer obviously designates ?_____‘ in general. A. a doe B.. animal C. a deerlike animal D. buck 5. The original meaning of wife is _______. A. a married woman B. a young woman C. woman D. widowed woman 6. The meaning of meat changed by mode of _______. A. extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation 7. The meaning of fond changed by mode of _______. A. extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation 8. The original meaning of minister is ______. A. head of a ministry B. a tutor C.a farmer D. servant 9. The original meaning of success is ______. A.result B. progress C. event D. incident 10. The meaning of churl changed by mode of _______. 12 A. elevation B. extension C. degradation D. narrowing 11.The original meaning of knave is _______. A. elevation B. extension C. degradation D. narrowing 12.The original meaning of silly is ______. A. sad B. jealous C. happy D. cold 13.Loud colours belongs to ______. A. transfer of sensations B. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings C.transfer from objective to subjective D. transfer from subjective to objective 14. Dreadful and hateful belong to _______. A. transfer from subjective to objective B. transfer of sensation C. transfer from objective to subjective D. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings 15. The meaning of picture changed by modes of _____. A. extension B. narrowing C. degradation D. elevation II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book . 16. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and _____. 17. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and trandfer. Of these, extension and _______are by far the most common. 18. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______. 19. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____,which may also affect the meaning of words . 20.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of changes of the word meaning 2) causes of changes. A B 21. Extension ( ) A. knight 22. Narrowing ( ) B. fruition 23. Elevation ( ) C. cattle/bee 24. Degradation ( ) D. journal 25. Historical reason ( ) E. pub 26. Class reason ( ) F. cock suck 27. Psychological reason ( ) G. churl 28. By shortening ( ) H. girl 29. By borrowing ( ) I. computer 30. By analogy ( ) J. silly IV. Study the following sentence and identify 1)types of transfer 2) types of clues for inferring word meaning. 31. As the fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadu. 32. Their greatest fear was of a conflagration, since fire would destroy their flimsy wooden settlement before help could arrive. 33. Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Ms. Mary, for example, speaks five languages. 34. He is listening to that sweet music. 35. It‘s just one more incredible result of the development of microprocessors ---those tiny parts of a 13 computer commonly known as ?silicon chips‘. 36. Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Birdwhistell. 37. He is the hope of the family. 38. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through . 39. Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather tan in the geocentric theory. 40. The village had most of the usual amenities :a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical center, and a school. V. Define the following terms. 41. extension 42. narrowing 43. degradation 44. elevation 45. transfer VI. Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short . Write your answers in the space given below. 46. What are the extra-linguistic factors? 47. What are the linguistic factors ? 48. What are the types of context ? VII. Analyze and comment on the following . Write your answers on the space given below. 49. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in the following sentence and then make some alternation in the context so as to pin down the meaning. 50. How do you understand the following sentence : ?Without clear context, the reference canbe very confusing ‘? Key to exercises : I. 1.B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. C 13.A 14. A 15. A II. 16. content 17. elevation , narrowing 18. grammatical context 19. cultural background 21. homonymy III. 21.D 22.H 23. A 24. K 25. I 26. G 27. F 28. E 29. C 30. B IV.31. Antonymy 32. Synonymy 33. Example 34. Transfer of sensations 35. Explanation 36. Definition 37. Transfer of abstract and concrete sense 38. Relevant details 39. Word structure 40. Hyponymy V. –VI. (See the course book ) VI. 49. (1) The meaning of hard in the sentence is not very clear . In this context it can mean both ?hardworking‘ and ?difficult‘ . The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what the speaker exactly means. (2) The sentence can be extended as ?He is a hard businessman to deal with‘. 50. This sentence shows one of the functions of context , that is a clear indication of Chapter 9 English Idioms (练习7 ) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Jack of all trades is an idiom ________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature 2. Let the dog see the rabbit is an idiom ________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature 14 3. How are you is a(n) __________. A. idiom nominal in nature B. idiom verbal in nature B. idiom adjective in nature D. sentence idiom 4. tooth and nail is an idiom ________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature 5. Beyond the pale is an idiom _________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature 6. Play fast and loose shows the feature of ________. A. repetition B. reiteration C. juxtaposition D. rhyme 7. Spend money like water is an example of _________. A( metaphor B. simile C. metonymy D. synecdoche 8. The salt of the earth is an example of _______. A. simile B. metaphor C. metonymy D. synecdoche 9. From cradle to grave is an example of _________. A. simile B. metaphor C. synecdoche D. metonymy 10. Fall into good hands is an example of _________. A. simile B. metaphor C. synecdoche D. metonymy 11. The pot calls the cattle black is an example of _______. A. metaphor B. personification C. synecdoche D. euphemism 12. Powder one’s nose is an example of _________. A. personification B. euphemism C. synecdoche D. hyperbold 13. A world of trouble is an example of ________. A. euphemism B. personification C. hyperbole D. metonymy 14. Chop and change shows the feature of __________. A. rhyme B. repetition C. reiteration D. repetition 15. By hook and by crook is an example of ________. A. alliteration B. rhyme C. reiteration D. repetition II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 16. In a broad sense , idioms may include colloquialisms, _____, slang expressions, proverbs, etc. 17. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative sentences. 18. In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and _____ sentences. 19. Apart from the stylistic features , idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and ______. 20. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience _______changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) phonetic manipulation 2) lexical manipulation 3) figures of speech. A B 21. Alliteration ( ) A. by and by 22. Simile ( ) B. a dark horse 23. Rhyme ( ) C. up and down 24. Reiteration ( ) D. toss and turn 25. Metaphor ( ) E. like a rat in a hole 15 26. Repetition ( ) F. fair and square 27. Synecdoche ( ) G. live by one‘s pen 28. Juxtaposition ( ) H. bits and pieces 29. Personification ( ) I. earn one‘s bread 30. Metonymy ( ) J. Failure is the mother of success. IV.study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of idioms 2) variations of idioms. 31. keep (break ) one‘s word ( ) 32. Never do things by halves. ( ) 33. for good(and all) ( ) 34. through thick and thin ( ) 35. pin back sb‘s ears =pin sb‘s ears back ( ) 36. sing a different tune ( ) 37. the last straw ( ) 38. as poor as a church mouse ( ) 39. He has no spots to change. ( ) 40. fly in the ointment ( ) VII. Define the following terms: 41. simile 42. metaphor 43. metonymy 44. synecdoche 45. euphemism VIII. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 46. What are the characteristics of idioms ? 47. How many groups may idioms be classified into ? 48. What are the stylistic features of idioms? IX. Analyze and comment on the following. 49. Explain the structural stability of idioms by using the following idioms. 50. Comment on the sentence: ―structural stability is absolutely unchangeable‖ and explain why. Key to exercises: I.1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B II. 16. catchphrases 17. imperative 18. complex 19. figures of speech 20. grammatical III. 21. D 22. E 23. F 24. H 25.B 26.A 27. I 28. C 29. J 30. G IV. 31.Replacement 32.Sentence idioms 33. Addition or deletion 34. Idioms adverbial in nature 35. Position-shifting 36. Idioms verbal in nature 37. Shortening 38. Idioms adjective in nature 39. Dismembering 40. Idioms nominal in nature V-VI. ( See the course book) X. 49.(1)The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. For example, lip service (support only in words, not in fact ) is not to be changed into mouth service. (2) The word order cannot be inverted or changed. For example, by twos and threes are not to be turned into by threes and twos . (3)The constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to , not even an article. For example, out of the question means ?impossible‘. If the article the is deleted, the idiomaticity will be lost and it will signify ?no question‘instead. (4)Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. For example, diamond cut diamond ( two parties are equally matched ) is grammatically incorrect, for normally the verb cut should take the third person singular-s as the subject diamond is singular. 50. (1) This statement is not true. (2) Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule . But structural stability is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on. (3) Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms : addition, deletion, replacement, 16 position-shifting, dismembering, etc. Chapter 10 English Dictionaries (练习8) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and the letter in the bracket. 1. The dictionary that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically is called __________. A. lexicon B. concordance C. yearbook D. encyclopaedia 2. A reference book listing alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses is called ______. A. encyclopaedia B. dictionary C. glossary D. concordance 3. A collection of textual glosses or terms limited to a special area of knowledge or usage is called ______. A. encyclopaedia B. dictionary C. glossary D. lexicon 4. An alphabetical index of the principal words in a book ir the works of an author with the immediate contexts is called ________. A. glossary B. lexicon C. gazetteer D. concordance 5. A book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions is called __________. A. concordance B. lexicon C. glossary D. encyclopaedia 6. A book of words or of information about a particular field or set of concepts, especially a book of words and their synonyms is called_____. A. lexicon B. handbook C. thesaurus D. manual 7. A book capable of being conveniently carried ad a ready reference is called _____. A. thesaurus B. yearbook C. handbook D. gazetteer 8. A book that is conveniently handled, especially handbook is called _____> A. manual B. thesaurus C. yearbook D. gazetteer 9. A book published yearly as a report or summary of statistics or facts is called _____. A. manual B. handbook C. thesaurus D. yearbook 10. A geographical dictionary is called ______. A. yearbook B. gazetteer C. manual D. lexicon 11. A Table Alphabetical by Robert Cawdrey was published in _____. A. 1523 B. 1600 C. 1604 D.1623 12. The English Dictionary by Henry Cokeram was published in _____. A. 1623 B. 1775 C. 1828 D. 1928 13. Universal Etymological English Dictionary by Nathan Bailley was published in____. A. 1623 B. 1721 C. 1775 D. 1828 14. A Dictionary of the English Language by Sam Johnson was published in ______. A. 1721 B. 1735 C. 1775 D. 1828 15. The American Dictionary of the English language by Noah Webster was published in ____ . A. 1775 B. 1785 C. 1800 D. 1828 II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book . III. 16. The dominant sense of the word dictionary by English-speaking people is a book which presents ______order the words of English , with information as to their spelling, pronunciation , meaning, 17 usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. 17. Dictionary is closely related to ______, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units. 18. The target population of monolingual dictionaries are general _______or second language and foreign learners who have reached the intermediate and advanced stages. 19. Linguistic dictionaries aim at ______ and explaining their usages in the language,. 20.Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ________and encyclopedia. III.Write the full name of the following grammar abbreviations and put them into Chinese. 21.. c.f. ____________ 22. comb.f. __________ 23. fem. _________ 24. mas. ______ 25. neg. ________ 26. pref. ________ 27. suf. _______ 28. v.aux._______ 29. poss. _______ 30. vt. ________ IV. Write the full name of the following dictionaries . 31. CTCD: __________ 32. CULD _________________ 33. CELD __________ 34. CODCE ____________ 35. LDCIE,,,,,,, ,,(OALDCE _______________ 37. ODCIE _____________ 38. RHDEL ___________ 39. WNCD _____________ 40 WNWDAL _________ V. Define the following terms . 41. Unabridged dictionaries 42. Desk dictionaries 43. pocket dictionaries 44. Encyclopedia 45. Specialized dictionaries VI( Answer the following questions. 46. What are the special features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition (1987)? 47. What are the special features of Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1987 )? 48. What are the special features of A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition ) (1995 )? VII.49.Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1) A small leak will sink a great ship . 2) Behind the mountains there are people to be found. 3) Money makes the mare go . 4) As the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries men. 5) The proof of the pudding is in the rating. 50.Translate the following into English : 1)经济特区 2。 经济效益 3。 闭路电视 4。 集团购买力 5)进口检疫 6)劳动密集型 7)茉莉花茶 8) 海蛰 9)沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春 10)一国两制 Key to exercises: I. 1.D 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.C 15.D II. 16. alphabetical 17. lexicology 18. native speakers 19. defining words 20. linguistic dictionaries III. 21. confer(参看) 22. combining form (构词成分)23. feminine (阴性) 24. masculine (阳性)25. negative (否 定词)26. prefix(前缀) 27. suffix 28. auxiliary verb 29 possessive 30 transitive verb IV. 31. Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary 32. Chamber Universal Learners‘ Dictionary 33. Collins English Learner‘s Dictionary 34. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English 35. Longman Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English 36. Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionart of Current English 37. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English 38. Random House Dictionary of the English Language 39. Webster‘s New Collegiate Dictionary 40. 18 Webster‘s New World Dictionary of the American Language V-VI.( See the course book ) VI. 49. 1) 千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。 2) 山外有山， 天外有天。 3) 有钱能使鬼推磨。 4) 试金石是金， 金子则考验人。 5)实验出真知。 50( (1) special economic zone (2)economic performance (3) closed-circuit television (5) the purchasing power of institutions (5) import quarantine (6) labor- intensive (7) jasmine tea (8) jellyfish (9) A thousand sails pass the sunken ship ,and ten thousand saplings shoot up beyond the withered tree. (10) one country, two systems 英语词汇学试题 一九九六年下半年辽宁省高等教育自学考试 一、填空题(每题1分，共20分) 1、( )是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。 2、Webster'sThird International Dictionary 是以现代语言学的( )理论为编写原则的。 3、英语中有一种成语，两个词由不得and 连接起来，示一个完整的概念，叫喊做( )。 4、有的英语复合词是从别的语言借用来的，但其组成部分都译成英语，这些复合词叫做( )。 5、Vest 一词在( )英语中指内衣、汗衫。 6、公元1100—1500年间的英语叫做( )英语。 7、有“亲属关系”的语言指的是从同一( )分化出来的一些语言。 8、英语属于印欧系日尔曼语族中的( )语支。 9、把用首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，叫做( )。 10、语义上毫无区别、可以在任何上下文中互相替代的词不达意叫做( )。 11、源出同一个词而形式和意义都不相同的词叫做( )。 19 12、( )指的是发音相同、但拼写和意义都不相同的词。 13、( )指的是在过去曾经用过、而在现代英语中不再广泛使用的词。 14、( )是有正式文体意义的词语的主体，大多源自希腊、拉丁语的借词。 15、一词多义的根源是( )的演变。 16、分析词的意义、研究词义的变化并进而分析词与词之间的意义关系，这样的一门学问叫做( )。 17、人们对于令人不愉快或习惯上认为不宜说出口的事情，不直接说出，而用比较好听的词来代替，这就是所谓( )。 18、在语义的直线坐标上离开中点的距离是相等的反义词叫做( )反义词。 19、由存在着某种现实关系的一种事物来代替另一种事物，或由一种概念来代替另一种概念，这种词义演变的方式叫做( )。 20、词从一个意义出发产生第二个意义，然后不顾第一个意义而从第二个意义出发又产生第三个意义，最后产生的词义与第一个词义毫不相干，这种演变过程叫做( )。 二、简化下列复合名词并译成汉语(每题1分，共20分) 1、banner headline:( ) 2、bowler hat:( ) 3、crepe paper:( ) 4、dandy-cart:( ) 5、duck egg:( ) 6、flashback:( ) 7、hoarfrost:( ) 8、human being:( ) 9、Jacquard loom:( ) 10、jockstrap:( ) 11、porter's knot:( ) 12、kraft paper:( ) 13、turning-lathe:( ) 14、poet laureate:( ) 15、eyelid:( ) 16、linen paper:( ) 17、roadmetal:( ) 18、smelling salts:( ) 19、sapwood:( ) 20、Teddy boy:( ) 三、区别下列表示人体器官的词是用于隐喻还是换喻(每题1分，共20分) 20 ( ( )1、the finger of a clock ( )2、the foot of a bed ( ( )3、the strong arm of the law ( )4、the ear of a pitcher ( )5、the face of a note ( )6、the legs of a tripod ( )7、to shift the blame onto other shoulders ( )8、to write a good hand ( )9、the head of the table ( )10、to win by a neck ( )11、horse,foot and artilery ( )12、Give everyman thine ear,but few thy voice ( )13、to one's face( )14、to have a finger in the pie ( )15、the shoulder of a vase( )16、the neck of a violin ( )17、the hand used on signposts ( )18、on one's last legs( )19、the arms of a jacket ( )20、Two heads are better than one 四、将下列古词语改写为现代英语(每题1分，共20分) 1、albeit:( ) 2、anon:( ) 3、athwart:( ) 4、aught:( ) 5、babe:( ) 6、begat:( ) 7、billow:( ) 8、brine:( ) 9、charger:( ) 10、clad:( ) 11、clom:( ) 12、courser:( ) 13、crew:( ) 14、dire:( ) 15、eke:( ) 16、ere:( ) 17、erst:( ) 18、even:( ) 19、allowed:( ) 20、haply:( ) 五、回答下列问题(每题10分，共20分) 1、举例说明五种常见的成语。 2、举例说明英语词典的五种类型。 21 2002年上半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语词汇学,英文， QUESTION SHEET ?. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by circling T or F on your answer sheet. (10%) 1. Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning. 2. Simple words in English are usually non-motivated. 3. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words. 4. Componential analysis has no disadvantages. 5. Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect. 6. In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one. 7. Differences can be found between American and British English in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary. 8. When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed. 9. A special dictionary deals with one sector of the lexicon of the language. 10. Words in the same semantic field do not have a number of collocations in common. ?. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer with A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%) 11. General officer; editorial article; gold medal" are often shortened as 'general, editorial, and gold' respectively. In these cases that there is a ____ behind this sort of semantic change. [A] foreign influence [B] social cause [C] linguistic cause [D] psychological cause 22 12. Of the following words, _____ is an initialism. [A] UN [B] NATO [C] BASIC [D] UNESCO formation processes, _____ is the most productive. 13. Of the following word- [A] clipping [B] blending [C] initialism [D] derivation 14. In terms of oppositeness of meaning, _____ is a pair of conversives. [A] "employed" and "unemployed" [B] "present" and "absent" [C] "long" and "short" [D] "above" and "below" 15. The word "accident" used to mean "an occurrence or an event"; now it means "an unplanned or chance event with unfortunate consequences". The word has undergone a sort of semantic change called _____. [A] elevation [B] degeneration [C] extension [D] restriction 16. The information about the word class of a word is part of its _____ meaning. [A] lexical [B] grammatical [C] central [D] derived 17. The ambiguity in "Pass the port" is caused by _____. [A] lexical items [B] a grammatical structure [C] homonymy [D] polysemy 18. _____ is NOT a pair of homophones. [A] "Fair" (lovely) and "fair" (a regular gathering of people for barter and sale of goods) [B] "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape) [C] "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily) [D] "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement" (something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection) 19. Affixes can be grouped according to _____. [A] their linguistic origins [B] productivity [C] ability to change the word –class [D] all the above 20. The word _____ is usually NOT used by British people. [A] "tube" [B] "pub" [C] "railroad" [D] "taxi" 23 ?. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word, B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%) 21. stagflation 22. ID 23. heartbeat 24. nation 25. gather 26. investment 27. snow-white 28. credit card 29. gloom 30. flu ?. Explain the following terms, giving appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%) 31. The historical cause of change of word meaning 32. The central meaning ?. Give a short answer (50-80 words) to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%) 33. There are 3 kinds of sense relationships between English words, namely similarity (synonymy), oppositeness (antonymy) and inclusion (hyponymy). Illustrate this point. 34. Explain initialism and acronym and the difference between them. ?. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%) 35. What are the main types of word meaning? 网络蹦蹦CAT提供了本卷选择题的答案，在此深表谢意～答案如下: I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T T T F T F T F T F II 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C A D D B B D C D C III 24 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 D D B A A C B B D D 全国高等教育自学考试模拟试卷(三) 英语词汇学 (考试时间150分钟) (英语专业) ) I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false (每小题1分，共10分 1. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present - day English is creation of new words by means of word formation. 2. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian. 3. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings. 4. Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stem. 5. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class. 6. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning. 7. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words. 8. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate. 9. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word - meaning which indicates the attitude of the user. 10. Collocation can affect the meaning of words. II. Complete the following statements or passages with proper expressions according to the text (每小题 1分，共8分) 1. The definition of a word comprises the following points: _____; ______; _____; ________. 2. There is no _____ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. 3. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on ______. The most productive are _____, ______ and _______. 4. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding ______ or ______ to stems. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: ______ and _____. 5. When a word is first coined, it is always ______. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is _____. 6. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: ________ and _______. 7. The development of word - meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as ______ and ________. 8. Perfect homonyms are words identical both in _____ and ________, but different in _______. 25 III. Choose a suitable word to fill in each bland (每小题1分， 共16) 1. He mounted his ________ (gee - gee, steed). 2. He got on his ______ (gee - gee, steed). 3. The corns are heavy and _______ (ripe, mature). 4. She is in some way ____ (ripe, mature) and some ways rather a child. 5. After sustained effort, they have found ______ (effective, efficient) ways of reducing pollution. 6. To run the business more profitably, you need an ______ (effective, efficient) production manager. 7. I was so _____ (fatigued, tired) as to be obliged to retire at the same time as the _______ (children, kids). 8. I was so ______ (fatigued, tired) that I had to go to bed as early as the ______ (children, kids). 9. When he asked me to dance, I ______ (refused, declined) politely. 10. He ______ (refused, declined) to accept the political advice which was offered. 11. The fridge smelled strongly of ______ (addled, rancid). 12. An ______ (addled, rancid) egg is one that has gone bad. 13. ______ (Penalties, Fines) for overdue books will be strictly enforced. 14. You have got to pay _____( penalties, fines) for overdue books. 15. The teacher _______ (accused, rebuked) the student for being impudent. 16. The writer ______ (accused, rebuked) the critic of failing to do justice to his maiden work. IV. Explain the following terms (每小题5分，共20分) 1. word 2. reference 3. semantic field 4. monolingual and bilingual dictionaries V. Complete the following idioms (每小题1分，共20分) 1. Deeds are fruits, _____ 2. Being on sea, sail; _______. 3. All are not friends _______. 4. A stitch in time ________. 5. It is an ill wind ______. 6. If you run after two hares, ________. 7. Never put off till tomorrow ______. 8. Soon learnt, ________. 9. Penny wise, ______. 10. Good advice _______. 11. All work and no play ________. 12. He cannot speak well ________. 13. Many a little ______. 14. Two eyes can see _________. 15. Waste not, ______. 16. More haste _______. 17. There are two sides _________. 18. As they sow, _______. 19. Many hands ________. 20. He that loves the tree _________. A. save nine B. pound foolish C. that cannot hold his tongue D. loves the branch E. that speak us fair F. more than one G. you will catch neither H. want not I. being on land, settle J. soon forgotten K. is beyond price L. to every question M. that blows nobody good N. so let them reap O. makes a mickle P. what may be done today Q. made light work R. words are but leaves S. makes Jack a dull boy T. less speed 26 VI. Questions and answers (每小题13分，共26分) 1. Explain the characteristics of the three different period of the English development. 2. What is the classification idioms? 全国高等教育自学考试模拟试卷(三) 英语词汇学参考答案 I. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T II. 1. a minimal free from of a language; a sound unity; a unit of meaning; a form that can function alone in a sentence 2. logical 3. word - formation; affixation; compounding; conversion 4. word - forming; derivational affixes; prefixation; suffixation 5. monosemic; polysemy 6. diachronic approach; synchronic approach 7. radiation; concatenation 8. sound; spelling; meaning III. 1. steed 2. gee – gee 3. ripe 4. mature 5. effective 6. efficient 7. fatigued, children 8. tired, kids 9. declined 10. refused 11. rancid 12. addled 13. Penalties 14. fines 15. rebuked 16. accuse IV. 1. Word: The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. Therefore, a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. Reference: Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent does the sign become meaningful. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific. 3. Semantic field: The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, others smaller. Viewing the total meaning n this way is the basis of field theory. According to Trier's vision of fields, the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. It is a general brief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over the semantic field and help pin down the meaning. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change: old items drop out, new items come in, 27 and as the new replace the old, so the internal relations of the whole set alter. Another point worth noting is that the semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different languages. 4. Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries: Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language. That is the headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. The monolingual dictionary is rather a late development because the earliest dictionaries were all bilingual. Bilingual dictionaries involve two languages. The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with translations; Another kind of bilingual dictionary is in which the Chinese words and expressions are translated into English. V. 1. R 2. I 3. E 4. A 5. M 6. G 7. P 8. J 9. B 10. K 11. S 12. C 13. O 14. F 15. H 16. T 17. L 18. N 19. Q 20. D VI. 1. (1) Old English (450 ~ 1150). After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. Soon they permanent control of the land, which was to be called England. Their language, historically known as Anglo - Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. Now people generally refer to Anglo - Saxon as Old English. The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many Scandinavian words came into the English languages. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 ~ 60000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. Therefore, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes, or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today. (2) Middle English (1150 ~ 1500). The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of French words into English and Norman French became the polite speech. But by the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back. During this period, Britain had trade relations with Holland and as a result, as many as 2500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English. (3) Modern English. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. During the Renaissance, enormous numbers of Latin words became part of English vocabulary. In the mid - seventeenth century, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words languages of the world. Since the beginning of this century, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achievements. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language from all major. 2. According to the grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups: (1) Idioms nominal in nature. Idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentence. (2) Idioms adjectival in nature. All the idioms of this kind function as adjectives but the constituents are not adjectives. (3) Idioms verbal in nature. This is the largest group of all. The structures of such idioms are quite complex and thus can be subdivided into phrasal verbs and other verb phrases. Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and / or a particle. 28 (4) Idioms adverbial in nature. This class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time. (5) Sentence idioms. All idioms of this category are complete sentences. They are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentence. In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. 2000年上半年全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试卷 第一部分 选择题 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound and form. A. more B. little C. less D. gradual 2. Both LDCE and CCELD are ______. A. general dictionaries B. monolingual dictionaries C. both A and B D. neither A and B 3. The word ―MINISKIRT‖ is ________. A. morphologically motivated B. etymologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. none of the above 4. The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______. A. borrowing B. semantic change C. creation of new words D. all the above 5. Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become _______. A. generalized B. expanded C. elevated D. degraded 6. Some morphemes have _____as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word . A. alternative morphs B. single morphs C. abstract units D. discrete units 7. Old English vocabulary was essentially _____with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Italic B. Germanic C. Celtic D. Hellenic 8. Compounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______. A. semantics B. grammar C. phonetics D. lexicology 9. If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound ,it is called _____. A. repetition B. alliteration C. rhyme D. none of the above 10. Which of the following words is a functional word ? A. Often B. Never C. Although D. Desk 11. Rhetorical features are shown in such respects as phonetic and lexical manipulation as well a s _________. A. semantic unity B. structural stability C. idiomatic variation D. figure of speech 12. The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical function is to _______. A. use idioms correctly and appropriately B. understand idioms correctly 29 C. remember idioms quickly D. try a new method of classification 13. Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English in English can be illustrated by ______. A. long( not short ) B. ball(a dancing party ) C. rock (rock‘n‘roll) D. ad (advertisement ) 14. The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT ______. A. the influx of borrowing B. repetition C. analogy D. shortening 15. Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context? A. Words and phrases. B. Sentences. C. Text or passage. D. Time and place. 第二部分 非选择题材 II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%) 16. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and ______. 17. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called _______. 18. CCELD is a ________dictionary . 19. In the phrase ― the mouth of the river ‖, the word ―mouth ‖ is ________. 20. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is _____context. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)types of meaning changes; 2) types of meaning; 3) language branches and 4)meaning and context. (10%) A B. 21. Scandinavian ( ) A. mill ( place where things are made ) 22. Germanic ( ) b. grammatical 23. extension ( ) C. double meaning 24. narrowing ( ) D. Swedish 25. linguistic ( ) E. comprehend / understand 26. ambiguity ( ) F. Dutch 27. participants ( ) G. determined 28. difference in denotation ( ) H. pigheaded 29. appreciative ( ) J. iron (a device for smoothing clothes ) V. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2) types of word formation or prefixes. (10%) 31. predict ( ) 32. motel ( ) 33. potatoes ( ) 34. blueprint ( ) 35. preliminaries ( ) 36.Southward ( ) 37. demilitarize ( ) 38. hypersensitive 39. retell ( ) 40 multi-purposes ( ) VI. Define the following terms .(10% ) 41. acronymy 42. native words 43. elevation 44. stylistic meaning 45. monolingual dictionary VII. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below . (12%) 46. How many types of motivation are there in English ? Give ONE example for each type. 47. What are the major sources of English synonyms ?Illustrate your points . 48. What are the clues generally provided in verbal context ? VIII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. Analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes . Recollection, nationalist, unearthly 50. Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form. ― Well, it‘s the old story of the stitch in time ,‖he said. 全国2003年4月英语词汇学试题 30 课程代码:00832 第一部分 选择题(共30分) ?(Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1.The process of meaning relation is also called .( ) A(extension B(degradation C(specialization D(elevation 2.Idioms in the coursebook are used in a . ( ) A(broad sense B(narrow sense C(figurative sense D(special sense 3.The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is . ( ) A(conventional B(non-conventional C(concrete D(specific 4.The way to define an antonym is based on . ( ) A(contradiction B(contrariness C(oppositeness D(relativeness 5.The fact that the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields can be exemplified by .( ) A(Roget’s Thesaurus B(Concise Oxford Dictionary C(New Webster’s Dictionary D(Co-build Dictionary 6.Context meaning.( ) A(explains B(interprets C(defines D(all the above 7.Though still at work today , can hardly compare with what it was in the past. ( ) A(word-formation B(borrowing C(derivation D(conversion 8.Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally . ( ) A(movable B(unstable C(unchangeable D(ununderstandable 9.Sentence idioms can be divided into . ( ) A(declarative and imperative B(interrogative and exclamative C(verbal and adverbial D(both A and B 10. is considered to be a highly-inflected language. ( ) A(Old English B(Middle English C(Early Modern English D(Late Modern English 11.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be . ( ) A(affixational B(derivational C(free D(bound 12.The introduction of at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. ( ) A(printing B(Christianity C(French words D(all the above 13.Which of the following statements is true? ( ) A( Every word has reference. B( Every word has sense. C( Every word is semantically motivated. D( Every word is conceptually motivated. 14.Which of the following statements is CORRECT? ( ) 31 A( The English language is noted for its modest borrowings. B( Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form. C( Loan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin. D( Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing. 15.The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of . ( ) A(reference B(sense C(concept D(meaning 第二部分 非选择题(共70分) ?.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%) 16.The degraded meaning ―sexual desire ‖of the word ―lust ‖comes from its old meaning ― ‖. 17.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and . 18.The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a dictionary. 19.The basic word stock forms the common of the language. 20 Conceptual meaning is also known as meaning. ?.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) sense relations , 2) types of context , and 3) modes of word-meaning changes.(10%) A B ( )21.difference in connotation A. fond (from “foolish” to “affectionate”) ( )22.perfect homonym B. homely /domestic ( )23.degradation C. date ;date ( )24.transfer D. diseasing (from “discomfort ”to “illness”) ( )25.elevation E. fabulous (from “resembling a fable ”to “incredible”) ( )26.narrowing F. journal (from “daily paper” to “periodical” ) ( )27.extension G. silly (from “happy” to “foolish”) ( )28.generalization H. pitiful (from “full of pity” to “deserving pity”) ( )29.grammatical context I. It was a nice ball. ( )30.lexical context J. Visiting aunts can be boring. ?.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of word formation , 2) types of affixes, 3) types of dictionaries, and 4) the type of idiom. (10%) 31.LDCE ( ) 32.deadline ( ) 33.-ize,-en,-ate ( ) 34.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( ) 35.VOA ( ) 36.The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ( ) 37.CED ( ) 38.telephone ? phone ( ) 39.fly in the ointment ( ) 40.hostess ( ) ?.Define the following terms.(10%) 41.a variation of an idiom 42.morphs 43.synonym 44.jargon 45.semantic motivation ?.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46.What is the role of context? 47.Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use? 48.What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples. ?.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%) 49.Read the extract, pick out the idioms and explain their meanings. Then rewrite the extract in standard non-figurative language. 32 Sam ting on ,too .His hair is pepper and salt, but he knows how to make up for lost time by taking it easy. 50.Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of subordinates and superordinates. a. The girl got a book in the university. b. The girl borrowed a dictionary from the department. 全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码:00832 33 ?. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1(The definition of a word comprises the following points except ________.( ) a sound unity B(a minimal unit of meaning A( C(a unit of meaning D(a form that can function alone in a sentence 2(Words may be classified into content words and function words by ________. ( ) A(origin B(notion C(stability D(use frequency 3(It‘s said that modern English vocabulary develops through three channels. Which of the following is NOT one of them? ( ) A(Borrowing. B(Semantic change. C(Creation. D(Blending. 4(What did modern English begin with? ( ) A(The establishment of printing. B(The Norman invasion. C(Britain‘s trade relations with the low countries. D(The Second World War. 5(Which of the following is NOT considered to be a stem? ( ) A(-tion. B(Nation. C(International. D(National. 6(Which of the following is a case of conversion? ( ) A(Encourage. B(Week. C(Toothache. D(Doubt. 7(Which of the following words is semantically motivated? ( ) A(Airmail. B(Hiss. C(Mouth in the phrase ―the mouth of a river‖. D(Laconic in the phrase ―a laconic answer‖. 8(One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ________ than ________ in it. ( ) A(hyponyms … homonyms B(homonyms … hyponyms C(synonyms … antonyms D(antonyms … synonyms 9(Which of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South? ( ) 34 A(Rattlesnake. B(Villain. C(Informer. D(Copperhead. 10(In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as ________. ( ) A(non-linguistic context B(linguistic context C(extra-linguistic context D(type of context 11(Ambiguity in a passage often occurs due to ________ and homonymy in an inadequate context. ( ) A(allomorph B(variation C(suffixation D(polysemy 12(Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom ―might and main‖? ( ) A(Rhyme. B(Alliteration. C(Juxtaposition. D(Synecdoche. 13(The idiom ―by twos and threes‖ shows the characteristics of idioms that ________. ( ) A(the words that make up the idiom have lost their individual identity in the idiom B(idioms are semantically inexplicable C(the word order in an idiom can‘t be inverted or changed D(idioms are grammatically unanalysable 14(CCELD is noted for its unique features except ________. ( ) A(definition B(extra column C(usage examples D(complicated grammar codes 15(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ________. ( ) A(desk dictionary B(pocket dictionary C(unabridged dictionary D(encyclopedic dictionary ?.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%) 16. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ________. 17. In the word ―pseudo-science‖, ―pseudo-‖ is a ________ prefix. 18. Associative meaning is open-ended and indeterminate, while ________ meaning is constant and relatively stable. 19. Antonyms are classified on the basis of ________. 20. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ________. ?. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of 35 meaning changes; 2) features of idiom; 3) meaning of prefixes and 4) word formation. (10%) A B ( )21. BASIC A prefixation )22. doctor (skilled in any learned profession ? B extra-linguistic factor ( specialist in medicine) ( )23. fine art C idioms adjectival in nature ( )24. up in the air D elevation ( )25. governor (pilot ? head of a state) E compounding ( )26. retro- F deletion ( )27. a chocolate frog (an informer) G acronym ( )28. inter- H back ( )29. hyperactive I between ( )30. for good and all = for good J narrowing ?. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of sense relations; 2) features of idioms; 3) types of meanings and 4) historical stages of English. (10%) 31. external ( ) 32. home (East or west, home is best. ) ( ) 33. by-gone ( ) 34. hesitate ? be in two minds ( ) 35. candidate ? a person seeking an office ( ) 36. notorious ( ) 37. ―A friend in need is a friend in deed. ‖ ( ) 38.win ? gain the upper hand ( ) 39. might and main ( ) 40. ―Two heads are better than one. ‖ ( ) ?. Define the following terms. (10%) 41. neologisms 42. back-formation 43. associated transfer 44. lexical context 45. usage notes ?. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 36 46. What are affixes? 47. What is collocative meaning? Please illustrate your point with an example. 48. Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning. Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed. ?. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. Analyze and comment on the differences of synonyms in three ways. 50. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined. The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building. 37