Japan日本的礼仪风俗资料

Appearance Menshouldweardarkconservativeattire.Businesssuitsaremostsuitable. Casualdressisneverappropriateinabusinesssetting. Shoesshouldbeeasytoremove,asyouwilldosooften.Slip-onsarethebestchoice. Women’sdressshouldbeconservative.Littleemphasisshouldbeplacedonaccessories.Theyshouldbeminimal. Womenshouldnotwearpantsinabusinesssituation.Japanesementendtofinditoffensive. Womenshouldonlywearlow-heeledshoestoavoidtoweringovermen. Akimonoshouldbewrappedleftoverrighttodootherwisesymbolizesdeath. RemembertheJapanesephrase"Thenailthatsticksupgetshitwiththehammer"whenconsideringyourchoicesforattireinJapan. Avoidusinglargehandgestures,unusualfacialexpressionsandanydramaticmovements.TheJapanesedonottalkwiththeirhandsandtodosocoulddistractyourhost. Avoidthe"OK"sign;inJapanitmeansmoney. Pointinginnotacceptable. Donoblowyournoseinpublic Personalspaceisvalued.BecausetheJapaneseliveinsuchadenselypopulatedarea,theyvaluetheirpersonalspace. Asmilecanhavedoublemeaning.Itcanexpresseitherjoyordispleasure.Usecautionwithyourfacialexpressions.Theycanbeeasilymisunderstood. TheJapanesearenotuncomfortablewithsilence.Theyuseittotheiradvantageinmanysituations.Allowyourhosttositinsilence.   Behavior  Thewordfortoastingiskampai,pronounced'kahm-pie'.Whentoastingtheglassisneverleftunfilled.DrinkingisanimportantpartofJapaneseculture.Itisawaytorelievebusinessstress. Neverpouradrinkyourself;alwaysallowsomeoneelsetodoitforyou. Mostbusinessentertainingisdoneinrestaurantsorbarsafterbusinesshours.Ofteninkaraokeor"hostessbars."Businesswomenshouldnotattend"hostessbars." Letthehostorderthemealandpay.Businessmaybediscussedatdinnerduringtheseevents. Japaneserarelyentertaininthehome.IfyouareinvitedtothehomeofyourJapanesehost,consideritagreathonoranddisplayatremendousamountofappreciation. Ifyouareinvitedtoasocialevent,punctualityisnotexpected.Itisthecustomtobe"fashionablylate." Ifyoudotakeyourhostoutinsistuponpaying.TheJapanesewillrefusebutinsist.TheywillpreferthatyouchooseaWestern-stylerestaurantwhenentertainthem. Keyphrasestolearnare"itadakimasu"atthebeginningofdinner,and"gochisou-sama-deshita"attheend.Itispoliteusethesephraseanditwillshowyouhostthatyouhaveenjoyedthemeal. "Sumimasen"(excuse-me)isaveryusefultermtoaddtoyourvocabularyalongwiththephrase"kekkodesu"(I'vehadenough). Itisperfectlyacceptabletoslurpyournoodles.Doingsowillexhibityourenjoymentofyourfood.Todootherwise,indicatesthatyourmealwasnotapleasantone. Donotopenlydisplaymoney.ItisraretoseeitgivenfrompersontopersoninJapan.Itisimportanttouseanenvelopetopassmoney. InAsiathenumber14isbadluck,becauseinJapaneseitsoundsliketheword‘shuh-shuh’,whichsoundslikethewordfordeath. Tippingisnotexpected. Giftgivingisveryimportantbothbusinessandpersonalgifts-Seeinternationalbusinessgiftgivingsection. Styleistantamount.Thegiftitselfisoflittleimportance,theceremonysurroundingitisveryimportant. Alwayswrapgifts.Theselectionofthewrappingpaperiscritical.Donotgiveanythingwrappedinwhiteasitsymbolizesdeath.Donotusebrightcolorsorbowstowrapthegift.Itisbettertohavethehotelorthestorewrapthegifttoensurethatitisappropriate. Donotsurprisetherecipientwiththegift.Giveyourhostsomewarningduringtheeveningthatyouintendtogivethemapresent. Givethegiftwithbothhandsandacceptgiftswithhands. Generally,giftswillnotbeopenedinyourpresence.Ifyourhostinsistthatyouopenthegiftdosogingerly.Theytakeprideingiftwrapping,showthatyouappreciationtheeffort. Donotgivegiftsinoddnumberorthenumberfour,asoddnumbersarebadluckandfoursoundslikethewordfordeathinJapanese. Giftsshouldbegivenattheendofavisit. Donotadmireanythingbelongingtoyourhosttooclosely.TheJapanesestrivetoplease;youmayberewardedforyouradmiration. ThemostpopulargiftgivingoccasionsinJapanareoseibo,whichfallsattheendoftheyearandO-chugenwhichfallsduringthemiddleoftheyear. Goodgiftideasincludetopchoicebeef,fruitandalcoholsuchasbrandy,qualitywhiskeyandBourbonalongwithexcellentwines.Theyalsoappreciategiftsfromhigh-enddepartmentstoreslikeSaksandNeimanMarcus. TheJapanesefrownonopendisplaysofaffection.Theydonottouchinpublic.Itishighlyinappropriatetotouchsomeoneoftheoppositesexinpublic.   Communications  InJapan,businesscardsarecalledmeishi.Japanesegiveandreceivemeishiwithbothhands.ItshouldbeprintedinyourhomelanguageononesideandJapaneseontheother.PresentthecardwiththeJapaneselanguagesideup. Thecardwillcontainthenameandtitlealongwiththecompanyname,addressandtelephonenumberofthebusinessman.InJapan,businessmenarecall"sarariman."Asararimanwhodoesnothavea Takespecialcareinhandlingcardsthataregiventoyou.Donotwriteonthecard.Donotputthecardinyoupocketorwallet,aseitheroftheseactionswillbeviewedasdefacingordisrespectingthebusinesscard.Uponreceiptofthecard,itisimportanttomakeaphotocopyofthenameandtitleoftheindividualinyourmind.Examinethecardcarefullyasashowofrespect. Inabusinesssituation,businesscannotbeginuntilthemeishiexchangeprocessiscomplete. Thecustomarygreetingisthebow.However,someJapanesemaygreetyouwithahandshake,albeitaweakone.Donotmisinterpretaweakhandshakeasanindicationofcharacter. Ifyouaregreetedwithabow,returnwithabowaslowastheoneyoureceived.Howlowyoubowdeterminesthestatusoftherelationshipbetweenyouandtheotherindividual.Whenyoubowkeepyoureyeslowandyourpalmsflatnexttoyourthighs.Thebusinesscardshouldbegivenafterthebow.Thisisveryimportanttoremember. Inintroductionsusetheperson’slastnameplusthewordsanwhichmeansMr.orMs.TheJapaneseprefertouselastnames.Donotrequestthattheycallyoubyyourfirstnameonly.Ifyouareuncertainaboutthepronunciationofaname,askforassistance. UnderstandthattheJapaneseprefernottousethewordno.Ifyouaskaquestiontheymaysimplyrespondwithayesbutclearlymeanno.Understandingthisiscriticalinthenegotiationprocess. InAsiathenumber4isbadluck,becauseinJapaneseitsoundsliketheword‘shuh-shuh’,whichsoundslikethewordfordeath. DressEtiquette. Businessattireisconservative.. Menshouldweardark-coloured,conservativebusinesssuits.. Womenshoulddressconservatively.BodyLanguage 1. Japanesepeopleprefernottostandclosetoothers.2. Tryandavoidtouchingothers.3. Donottakeasmileasbeingasignalofhappiness,theJapanesesmilewhenmad,embarrassed,sadordisappointed.4. Whilesitting,don’tshowthebottomofyourshoes.5. Itisrudetotalktosomeonewhenleavingyourhandsinyourpockets.6. Putyourhandinfrontofyourface.Makesureyourpalmisfacingtowardsyourface.Thenwaveitbackandforth,thisisapolitewaytoanswer“no”or“Idon’tknow”toacompliment.7. Itisconsideredrudetostareatsomeone.Eyecontactisn’tpolite.8. Don’tleanagainstanything,achair,awall,adoor,etc…9. Whenvisitingsomeone,sittowardstheedgetoshowproperrespectandleaningbackmeanscloseness(suchasachildhoodfriend).BusinessNegotiation. TheJapanesearenon-confrontational.. Theyhaveadifficulttimesaying'no',soyoumustbevigilantatobservingtheirnon-verbalcommunication.. Itisbesttophrasequestionssothattheycanansweryes.Forexample,doyoudisagreewiththis?Groupdecision-makingandconsensusareimportant.. Writtencontractsarerequired.. TheJapaneseoftenremainsilentforlongperiodsoftime.BepatientandtrytoworkoutifyourJapanesecolleagueshaveunderstoodwhatwassaid.. Japanesepreferbroadagreementsandmutualunderstandingsothatwhenproblemsarisetheycanbehandledflexibly.. UsingaJapaneselawyerisseenasagestureofgoodwill.NotethatJapaneselawyersarequitedifferentfromWesternlawyersastheyaremuchmorefunctionary.. Neverloseyourtemperorraiseyourvoiceduringnegotiations.. SomeJapaneseclosetheireyeswhentheywanttolistenintently.. TheJapaneseseldomgrantconcession.Theyexpectbothpartiestocometothetablewiththeirbestoffer.. TheJapanesedonotseecontractsasfinalagreementssotheycanberenegotiated.DiningEtiquetteOntherareoccasionyouareinvitedtoaJapanesehouse:. Removeyourshoesbeforeenteringandputontheslippersleftatthedoorway.. Leaveyourshoespointingawayfromthedoorwayyouareabouttowalkthrough.. Arriveontimeornomorethan5minuteslateifinvitedfordinner.. Ifinvitedtoalargesocialgathering,arrivingalittlebitlaterthantheinvitationisacceptable,althoughpunctualityisalwaysappreciated.. Unlessyouhavebeentoldtheeventiscasual,dressasifyouweregoingintotheoffice.. Ifyoumustgotothetoilet,putonthetoiletslippersandremovethemwhenyouarefinished.MeetingEtiquette. GreetingsinJapanareveryformalandritualized.. Itisimportanttoshowthecorrectamountofrespectanddeferencetosomeonebasedupontheirstatusrelativetoyourown.. Ifatallpossible,waittobeintroduced.. Itcanbeseenasimpolitetointroduceyourself,eveninalargegathering.. Whileforeignersareexpectedtoshakehands,thetraditionalformofgreetingisthebow.Howfaryoubowdependsuponyourrelationshiptotheotherpersonaswellasthesituation.Thedeeperyoubow,themorerespectyoushow.. Aforeignvisitor('gaijin')maybowtheheadslightly,sincenooneexpectsforeignerstogenerallyunderstandthesubtlenuancesofbowing. GiftGivingEtiquette. Gift-givingishighlyritualisticandmeaningful.. Theceremonyofpresentingthegiftandthewayitiswrappedisasimportant--sometimesmoreimportant--thanthegiftitself.. Giftsaregivenformanyoccasions.. Thegiftneednotbeexpensive,buttakegreatcaretoasksomeonewhounderstandstheculturetohelpyoudecidewhattypeofgifttogive. . Goodqualitychocolatesorsmallcakesaregoodideas.. Donotgivelilies,camelliasorlotusblossomsastheyareassociatedwithfunerals.. Donotgivewhiteflowersofanykindastheyareassociatedwithfunerals.. Donotgivepottedplantsastheyencouragesickness,althoughabonsaitreeisalwaysacceptable.. Giveitemsinoddnumbers,butnot9.. IfyoubuythegiftinJapan,haveitwrapped.. Pastelcoloursarethebestchoicesforwrappingpaper.. Giftsarenotopenedwhenreceived.UnderstandingofForeignWays. JapaneseunderstandthatitisverydifficultforforeignerstoworkinJapan.. TheywillnotexpectyoutospeakorreadJapanese,orbeconversantwiththeirstrictculturalnuancesandprotocol.. Mistakesareallowedaslongasgenuinerespectisshownatalltimes.. TheywillusuallytrytohelpyoubutoftenfeelembarrassmentattheirownlackofunderstandingorEnglishlanguageability.Relationships&Communication. TheJapaneseprefertodobusinessonthebasisofpersonalrelationships.. Ingeneral,beingintroducedorrecommendedbysomeonewhoalreadyhasagoodrelationshipwiththecompanyisextremelyhelpfulasitallowstheJapanesetoknowhowtoplaceyouinahierarchyrelativetothemselves.. Onewaytobuildandmaintainrelationshipsiswithgreetings/seasonalcards.. ItisimportanttobeagoodcorrespondentastheJapaneseholdthisinhighesteem.BusinessMeetingEtiquette. Appointmentsarerequiredand,wheneverpossible,shouldbemadeseveralweeksinadvance.. Itisbesttotelephoneforanappointmentratherthansendaletter,faxoremail. . Punctualityisimportant.ArriveontimeformeetingsandexpectyourJapanesecolleagueswilldothesame.. Sincethisisagroupsociety,evenifyouthinkyouwillbemeetingoneperson,bepreparedforagroupmeeting.. ThemostseniorJapanesepersonwillbeseatedfurthestfromthedoor,withtherestofthepeopleindescendingrankuntilthemostjuniorpersonisseatedclosesttothedoor.. ItmaytakeseveralmeetingsforyourJapanesecounterpartstobecomecomfortablewithyouandbeabletoconductbusinesswithyou.. Thisinitialgettingtoknowyoutimeiscrucialtolayingthefoundationforasuccessfulrelationship.. Youmaybeawardedasmallamountofbusinessasatrialtoseeifyoumeetyourcommitments.. Ifyourespondquicklyandwithexcellentservice,youproveyourabilityandtrustworthiness.. Neverrefusearequest,nomatterhowdifficultornon-profitableitmayappear.TheJapanesearelookingforalong-termrelationship.. Alwaysprovideapackageofliteratureaboutyourcompanyincludingarticlesandclienttestimonials.. Alwaysgiveasmallgift,asatokenofyouresteem,andpresentittothemostseniorpersonattheendofthemeeting.YourJapanesecontactcanadviseyouonwheretofindsomethingappropriate.GreetingsGreetingsareconsideredtobeofextremeimportanceinJapaneseculture.Studentsinelementaryandsecondaryschoolsareoftenadmonishedtodelivergreetingswithenergyandvigor.AlazygreetingisregardedwiththetypeofdisdainthatwouldaccompanyalimphandshakeinpartsoftheWest.Simplywalkingoffwithoutsayinganythingisfrownedupon.Whenparting,insteadofsimplysayinggoodbye,itiscommontomakeawishtomeetagain.Themostcommongreetingsareohayōgozaimasu(おはようございます?)or"goodmorning",useduntilabout11ambutmaybeusedatanytimeofdayifitisthefirstoccasionthatdaythetwopeoplehavemet;konnichiwa(こんにちは?)whichisroughlyequivalentto"goodday"or"goodafternoon"andisuseduntillateafternoon;konbanwa(今晩は?)or"goodevening";andoyasuminasai(お休みなさい?)or"goodnight".Differentformsofthesegreetingsmaybeuseddependingontherelativesocialstatusesofthespeakerandthelistener.