复件 英语国家社会与文化入门+（下册）

48 Unit 3 American Beginnings l' i'l ''H~ "PIU'1 l' IIlI< ~lOr" lItil< ~ A. Ifi t;J. 1& 1i!1i! "" li! A fIIll. 60. So many historians ... first practiced here: 3ft;/. ¥F-~ »i ~$~lA19". ~~j;j:ff'#J®Ji!U!!;ll t)$\sM~£ '!)<. ®. '* _.... -00 '" ~ Mln'"l M~ • 1Il fII ilill<" fI'J f,j ~ iii M, ;Zlil\ll/i" l! "1l!1b< *_"'fl'JiIi!!U 1908 'l'1'E !II!'J l'ili0l1l!'4 ,110 tt '" 'l' 11" 1'I1tl!!" 00 Il!~"''i< )<}*_ .... 6.. VoltaireoiJtIl<*, $" 181it!illlfll*fl'Jln:fIll!cit*. 1&ll:1'I*!ltfll"'itI ~ Ill. l!ll!!l&X11M!. 62. Benjamin Franklin: *~I!JJ . 1ir.l.L}'!.#. ~1!I:1HIiIJtRfJZ-. ~!ojg. «1!kli'ltn». :*ElIHl3t~~®:Ji~~ !\, 1& IlBllt '*. }jj <"'II Oil >It op lJi 1!1 iii"'. *1'EiIl! 1!!I1I!1't, 1'111:. l!I'1!f)<} 'l! 00 'If' iii '" fI'J It 'I! • 63. 1,0""1 ... , II! II iii 'l<1lI1J1!!1i!:. it; 4Ilil!ifl! 1II.1)lA:lIIl f. (1803) III 1600 7HlnM $ III *il1?;'I' op 1Ii"',ifii JI! fI'J \!! l'il'i ~"'W'ifI'J*!t ±lIl!. "'OiIil+~fl'JlI!lIlIi'llit. ~tl!"Il!lIl!B Am~~~~IIl.~~'l!OOi!i~'1I'W,~M~~IiIIl!lIl!AIl!"'IIlfI'JB*d~. 67. "No taxation without representation" was their rallying cry: "&1ftt':fttu.t~tJllm~ :*E~.:a;ft~A~(Jlt6- >itl!c1O; fI'J u '". 1O;1II-fj iii 'lf1il1l!lIl!A Il!lI'Ill!. 'il-ififii Jl~"J'1lI! fflJlli!i It'ltilEA 10;111 is< f> O\!I>!"J. 1'111:. lI'Il!I.'i '" lI'Il!I.iIi T iii Il!lIl!A Il!'ill!" iI< JIif z ,. fl'Jl!c itl4 •• 68. the "Boston Tea Party": .. ilt±!!U'~1t:~. "li1t:4!ji": ;ft~§l~~A~tEi1Ii± .. re~OOIfliA®¥ptflJiA* iIl~]4j>. 69. The Independence _. was sbarply curtailed: Q..,..it".~J(;ffr(Jl!k:\r ~jijJll!..I'J(JRlllHl. ~m~ ~-JiMI'J(J-~~~ "'*'. '1i1'iU.iS< 1'<"I'11!l1J • • 70. to assume the function of a national govenunent: ttl~ ~mlfVf.f®JjJ •• ~ RiS1*mT;Z~m~O\!~~. ®i~~,.¥torfI'J4 •• 71. On July 2, 1776 ••. and Independent states: 1776 If- 7 !J 2 a. :*::1IiIi~i)(f1;tiitlt~, ";i3:~JfX:it-ik®.~itkM It J!. '" III fIl!!ltl!: O\!""" • 72. John Adams: f.JiIiI" !E~~ 0 ~I!IJfm7CMlJZ-. jfi.::..:.tr:~Ii!1.gtlt (1797-1801), 73. We bald these truths .•. the pursuit ofhappiness: :ft;{l1lA19"t;/. r~@.1:!I:I!:~nffli,*l'f(J: AA~ ifif.iJl-!#, -Jl!fjJ 1'.1Iilr1& frJfi 'f ""J ilII"J'o\!l>!l1l. It op f211i !. '" III I>! fIli/!,Ulll! fI'J I>!~J. 74. to secure these rights •.. from the consent ofthe governed: "h T Q!:1iJ:~~;tt"j, A~:;ttEfI!!.{nzrll]Jl::1rifkJf.f. rm il!nJ!.~.lA:itl1I"0\!~.ifii~! "Jl!ltJl:J!< ",lilt",. "11l!1L -- ~iifI'Jl!cJlif , ltll"lltlOfI'J Jll(JiJ. ;Il;!II!!l1>! n fl'Jif " . JHl!A Il! i/.)<}",f1 l!11"tll 1I"1l1llJilll1& lrJO\! '!<'O "''''III. 76. John Lock" f.J1II • 1& l'i: (1632-1704). 1O;"I'f'f.*. I!cit"'. 11'11 «itll!1'ffI'JfML». «I!cJlifit"» It «A ~llI!!iit» "1'. Jell; «l!kinl:1'r» OPfI'J1l'i1'Jl(.«1oJiJl! ~ 1& l'i:fl'Jtlf>lOlf.Jit& 1I!!fl'JJt1&I!J,lIl. Exercises I. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): I, The question "What is an American'!"' was first asked by J. Hector 51. John de Creyecoeur. __ _ Unit 3 American Beginnings 49 2. Chri~topher Columbus discovered America in 1492. ____ _ 3. The fm,t English permanent settlement was founded in California. ____ _ 4. Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated them~elves from the Roman Catholic Church. 5. The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. ____ _ 6. The theory of politics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century. ___ _ 7. By the early 176Os, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe. 8. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. ___ _ II. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: I. Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution? A. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants. B. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indians. C. The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks. D. The American had the blood of the English and their descendants only. 2. Which of the following was NOT one of the tbree forces that led to the modem development of Europe? A. The growth of capitalism. , B. The Renaissance. C. The Religious Refonnation. D. The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. 3. The following were the main Refonnation leaders except ____ _ A. Martin Luther B. Martin Luther King C. John Calvin D. The English King Henry VIII 4. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism except ____ _ A. cha11enging the authority of the Pope B. salvation through faith C. sa1vation through the church D. establishing a direct contact with God 5. Which of the following American va1ues did NOT come from Puritanism? A. Separation of state and church. B. Respect of education. C. Intolerant moralism. D. A sense of mission. 6. Lord Ba1timore's feudaJ pJan failad because ___ _ A. there were more Protestant than Catholics in Maryland B. the wilderness of the continent made the plan impossible C. there was plenty of land while labor was scarce D. the English king did not like the plan 7. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ____ _ A. George Washington so Unit 3 American Beginnings B. Thomas Jefferson C. William Penn D. Benjamin Franklin 8. The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from _____ . A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. John Adams D. John Locke 9. Which of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism? A. Catholics. B. Puritans. C. Quakers. D. Church of England. 10. "No taxation without representation" was the rallying cry of ____ _ A. the settlers of Virginia B. the people of Pennsylvania C. the colonists in New England D. the people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. Ill. Fill In the blanks: I. In 1782, the Frenchman who settled in Pennsylvania first asked the question "what is an American?" in his book 2. The New World of America was peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the first one from and the second from Europe and _____ . 3. American Illdians had developed three brilliant civilizations before the Europeans arrived. These three civiliza- tions were __________ 'nd ___ _ 4. Columbus discovered the New World in the year of ____ _ 5. The English king claimed the territory of North America based on the voyage of _____ . 6. _____ was the first to start the Religious Refonnation and the next imponant leader of the Refonnation was 7. The first pennanent settlement in North America was established in today's _____ in the yearof ____ _ 8. The crop that was transplanted from the West Indian saved Virginia. 9. Lord Baltimore who set up the colony of ____ W~ ____ in religion. 10. New England was founded by a group of religious believers called while Pennsylvania was planted by William Penn who was a _____ In religion. 11. Two most important principles of the Holy Experiment were and ____ _ 12. officially proclaimed the birth of a new American nation. 13. Name two of the taxes imprn>ed on North American colonies by the British Parliament on the eve of the American Revolution: _____ 'nd ___ _ 14. The institution that began to assume the function of a national government during the American Revolution was IV, Tell what you know about the following in yOur own words: 1. 1be first English settlement in North America 2. Puritanism Unit 3 American Beginnings 51 3. The Declaration of Independence 4. George Washington 5. Benjamin Fnmklin Questions for Consideration I. What is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by Crevecoeur. 2. How did modern development in Europe influence the sett1ement of North American colonies? 3. What is the unique American phenomenon? How did it come into being? Do you think it stiIl exists in today's American society? 4. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture? 5. What were some of the causes of the American Revolution? Explain the Declaration of Independence. Key to Exercises I. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F II. L A 2. 0 3. 8 4. C 5. A 6. 0 7. C 8. 0 9. A 10. 0 fiI. I. Letter!,. from An Amen'can Framer 2. Asia, Africa 3. The Aztecs, the Incas, the Mayas 4. 1492 5. John Cabot 6. Martin Luther, John Calvin 7. Virginia, 1607 8. tobacco 9. Maryland, Catholics 10. Puritans, Quaker 11. The spirit of liberty and equality, separation of state and church 12. the American Revolution 13. the stamp tax, the tea tax 14. the Second Continental Congress IV, Sample answers: I. The first English settlement in North America The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King. Thc colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia. In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants. These twu events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later. 52 Unit 3 American Beginnings 2. Puritanism Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen pfQple while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his cruling. They ruso argued that everyone musl read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These belkfs had great impact on American culture. 3. The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, wben the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that tbey were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, libeny and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of government; the powers of govemment~ came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke. 4. George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Anny in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States. 5. Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States of America. He participated in writing the Declaration of independence and making the US Constitution. 62 Unit 4 The Political System in the United States iOliilil ft r Ii ilI;itPJisIl¥I!'3l!it lHl!lJtlliioliJi fI'litll! it~J< l'lil3l!fI'l jij IU!Jlilll:IJ. liIil ft r iTllL ftit'> jij it4< Ii!l n ,li] fI'l"J!!, • • 6. ",."", ond balon",,", "iIiIII'I'tti" fI'lJl(.~. iIi'i'lliJi'JfI'llililiLJVHI!Ii"''''iIII. ftHE;;IIiJiIO.pIll>!ll'f' 1> ,0] II!i • It 1oolll'1lI illlI1liillk .p "'lIIl11liil1i!lI!A lllfl'l!fl1li 1I!t't. 1!!.l!! 1I1UJ"'JIf:l:ft~A~. I*~J~fI'lltii\ "1'i<",UtJf.!. m I;,( Ii. ffl!ii.>1 IlI.ftltiil. 18. which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, fonned before 1800: ~±1t:l:.M.~~;ilHEI800~JtlIJil..:tlI'f.J1t iOljJ>II!1 :l!;fI'lC< 1iE. 19. The other is the RepubUcan Party ... admitted to the union: :!5-1-.ut~:I::J\:ftl:t , Jil.1l:'f' 191!!.:~ 50 ~ft, lEit !'iIE lall! 'i' . '" 1'i "" fI'l Mi lulli IiIMH fI'lllt'li'!IIllI.fI'lllt:l!;. liMn" >lt1ltJf.f"'J '" lilt,- fI'l!l(;ItIl1J "" IE'/E!JnAIIl'1lI fI'l ffl "'..-* . 20. They place more emphasis ... individuallnitiative: fti!.t1J!t:tIt1-AI'f.J1t'@IJ:M1+, *1Itm.~±.1tA$t.§.itl l!l1ltJf.f1lli !l!Ji'F !t:iC. III ~ II. 111ft r l'f ~m1!f'i' AIIH!l1'tfl'lIU'. 21. Everyone votes In seem ... to vote for any particular program or candidate: ~.:l;J;J,:>fi2.t.1ntl!fjl'f.J, tifl" A .. lnillltll.A IH ilfl'l1ll lIIlolf!!lll! II.Allt II! ll! "" ¥-itJI.IJ" IlJliA •. 22. Many Americans question ... to the people they represent: Vf$. .. mA.ff.,ii.Ni*IiiJre:~~:l!tllCJffM.iiJfm R ft~ll! IIIJII. fflfl'l>l'IlUUII. iii 'f'J< 1>111. fnm ft~fI'l A il'J~. Exercises I. ~Ide whether the following statements are true (T) or ralse (F): 1. When the War of Independence was over. the United States was one unified nation as it is today. ___ _ 2. The agreement that sel this plan of cooperation among different states after the War of American Independence was called the Constitution of the United States. ___ _ 3. The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. ___ _ 4. The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. ___ _ 5. Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one tenn. ___ _ 6. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges. and all such court appointments are subject to confmna· tion by th: House of Representatives. ___ _ 7. The to very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights. ___ _ 8. The idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Papers. ___ _ 9. Today, the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic party. formed before 1800. The other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850.s. by people in the states of the North and West. ___ _ 10. Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. ___ _ n. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: I. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War: of Independence was over. A. each new state had its own government. B. each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs. Unit 4 The Political System in the United States ~ C. the national government was called the Congress with little power. D. the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined. 2. According to the author, the Anicles of Confederation failed because of the following reasons. Which is not true? A. The new states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. B. Some new states wanted to be free from the Union. e. The Congress could not raise money to pay the nationaJ anny and to pay debts owed to France and other nations. D. 1be Congress had no power to tax any citizen. 3. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention? A. Virginia. B. Rhode Island. C. New York. D. Maryland. 4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the Constitution was written, A. there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution. B. there was no Bill of Rights. C. The Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens. D. a "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution 4 years after the Constitution was made. 5. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federa1laws, and levy federal taxes? A. 1be executive. B. 1be legislative. C. The Judicial. D. The president. 6. Which of the following is NOT a power of the president? A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress. B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur. C. The president can make laws. D. The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. 7. The Bill of Rights consists of ___ _ A. 10 very short paragraphs in an amendment B. 10 amendments adopted in 1787 C. 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 D. the amendments concerning the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press and the freedom of religion. 8. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights? A. The freedom of religion. B. The freedom of searching a pen;on's home by police. C. The freedom of speech and of the press. D. The right to own weapons if one wishes. 9. The following were NOT written into the Constitution in 1787 except ____ _ A. the Bill of Rights B. the jUdiciaJ review e. the political party system D. the powers of the president 64 Unit 4 The Political System in the United States 10. Thl" New Deal was started by ____ _ A. Franklin Roosevelt B. J. F. Kennedy C. George Washington D. Thomas Jefferson III. Fill in the blanks: I. After the War ufIndependence was won, the national government was called _____ • and the agreement that guided the government was _____ . 2. The city where the Declaration of Independence was signed and where the US Constitution was made is ____ _ 3. The Constitutional Convention was held in the year of and the president of the Convention was 4. The Constitution set up a federal system with ____ _ 5. A federal system is one in which power is shared between _____ Md _____ with some rights reserved to each. 6. The US federal government consists of the following three branches: the executive, _____ Md ____ _ 7. !he Congress is divided into with 435 members who sen'e two-year terms, and ____ with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms. 8. Groups who try to persuade Congressmen to vote for or against a bill are known as ____ _ 9. The Supreme Court is composed of chief justice and associate justices. 10. The Supreme Court has the function of determining whether Congressiollallegislative or executive action violates II. 12. the Constitution. This power is called ____ _ There are _____ affiendments to the US Constitution. The two major political parties are _____ , which is thought to be more liberal, and _____ , which is believed to be more conservative. IV. Tell what you know about the following in you own words: I. The Articles of Confederation 2. A federaJ system 3. The making of the US Constitution 4. The executive 5. The Rill of Right:£ Questions for Consideration 1. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States af the time? 2. What is