英语写作基础教程Chapter 4

Chapter4DevelopingParagraphs*FeaturesofaParagraph AnalysisofSample1*FeaturesofaParagraph Task1:ReadSample2onpage94andidentifythethreefundamentalfeatures:thecentralidea,thesupportingevidence,andhowconnectionbetweensentencesisachieved. ReadSample3andfindthecentralidea.Aneffectiveparagraphmusthaveacentralidea,whichmaybeexpressedeitherexplicityinatopicsentenceorimplicitly.*FeaturesofaParagraph TopicsentenceWenowhave,asaresultofmodernmeansofcommunication,hundredsofthousandsofwordsflungatusdaily.Weareconstantlybeingtalkedat,byteachers,preachers,salesmen,publicofficials,andmotionpicturesoundtracks.Thecriesofadvertiserspursueusintoourveryhomes,thankstotheradio—andinsomehousestheradioisneverturnedofffrommorningtonight.Dailythenewsboybringsus,inlargecities,fromthirtytofiftyenormouspagesofprint,andalmostthreetimesthatamountonSunday.Wegooutandgetmorewordsatbookstoresandlibraries.Wordsfillourlives.*FeaturesofaParagraphHasnewinformationIsspecificIsgeneralenoughtoinviteexplorationofthetopicIsstrongIsnotanannouncement TopicsentenceAgoodtopicsentence:a.Wewenttotheshowlastnight.b.Wehadaterribletimeattheshowlastnight.2)a.Norrisisthebrighteststudentinourbiologyclass.b.Norrisisenrolledinabiologyclass.3)a.Thelongestthreeweeksofmylifewerewhenourauntvisitedlastsummer.b.Ourauntvisitedusforthreeweekslastsummer.4)a.IhadmyfirstdatewithClarencelastspring.b.MyfirstdatewithClarencelastspringwasadisaster.*FeaturesofaParagraphTopicsentenceWriteyourowntopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingtopics.Makesureeachsentenceexpressesaparticularpointaboutthetopic.○Topic:NightClassesTopicsentence:Iprefertakingnightclassestodayclassestofitmyworkschedules.(1)Topic:Black-andWhiteMoviesTopicsentence:_____________(2)Topic:CapitalPunishmentTopicsentence:______________(3)Topic:RapMusicTopicsentence:_____________(4)Topic:HorrorMoviesTopicsentence:______________*Exercise Supplyatopicsentenceforthefollowingparagraphs: …Adogwillfollowhismasteranywhere,butacatkeepstothehouseitisusedto:andevenwhenthehousechangeshands,thecatwillremainthere,solongasitiskindlytreatedbythenewowners.Acatdoesnotseemtobecapableofthepersonaldevotionoftenshownbyadog.Itthinksmostofitsowncomfort,anditsloveisonlycupboardlove. …Red,forexample,isthecoloroffire,heat,bloodandlife.Peoplesayredisanexcitingandactivecolor.Theyassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger.Redisalsousedforsignsofdanger,suchasstopsignsandfireengines.Orangeisthebright,warmcolorofleavesinautumn.Peoplesayorangeisalivelycolor.Theyassociateorangewithhappiness.Greenisthecoolcolorofgrassinspring.Peoplesayitisarefreshingcolor.*FeaturesofaParagraph TransitionI’vehadarealproblemwithmycarleakingoilonthedrivewaylately.There’sapoolofoiltwothirdsofthewayuponbothsidesofthedriveway.There’sapoolofoilinsidethegaragewhereIparkthecar.Icleantheoilup.Thenextdayit’sbackagain.Itookthecartoagaragetohavetheoilchangedandtheleaktopped.TheproblemwasmoredifficultthanI’dexpected.Therearmainbearingsealwasleaking,buttoreplaceit,theenginewouldhavetobepulled.Icouldn’taffordthat,soIhadtowaitandsaveupsomemoney.Iputthreeoilpansonthespotswherethecarleaksoilwhenit’sparked.Ican’tthinkofanyothersolutionfornow.I’vehadarealproblemwithmycarleakingoilonthedrivewaylately.First,there’sapoolofoiltwothirdsofthewayuponbothsidesofthedriveway.There’sanotherpoolofoilinsidethegaragewhereIparkthecar.AfterIcleantheoilup.Thenextdayit’sbackagain.Finally,Itookthecartoagaragetohavetheoilchangedandtheleaktopped.However,theproblemwasmoredifficultthanI’dexpected.Therearmainbearingsealwasleaking,buttoreplaceit,theenginewouldhavetobepulled.Icouldn’taffordthat,soIhadtowaitandsaveupsomemoney.Inthemeantime,Iputthreeoilpansonthespotswherethecarleaksoilwhenit’sparked.Ican’tthinkofanyothersolutionfornow.*ExerciseA.inaddition B.forexample C.infact D.also E.furthermoreTeachersofforeignlanguagesshouldbeextremelywell-qualifiedinordertocarryouttheirdutiesproperly.___(1)__,ateachershouldpossessaminimumofagraduatedegreefromacertifiededucationschoolorinstituteifheistoteachhighschoolorbelow.Besidestheacademicdegree,teachersshouldnotconsiderteachingonlyasanoccupationforearningmoney;theyshould__(2)__beinterestedinteaching.___(3)___,itwasnecessarythatteachersbeknowledgeableintheirmajorfields.Theyshouldbeskillfulaswell._(4)__,thelanguageteachermustknowthetargetlanguagewellenoughtobeimitatedbyhisstudents.Proficiencyinthetargetlanguageincludesfoursskills:understanding,speaking,reading,andwriting.Ateachershouldknowthelinguisticfactsofthelanguageofthestudentsinordertounderstandtheproblemstheywillhaveinlearningthetargetlanguage.__(5)__,theteachermustbefamiliarwithaudio-lingualtechniques.Knowingallthiswillhelpthestudentstolearncorrectlyandquickly.*StepsinWritingaParagraphStep1：thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence(topicsentence).Step2:thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea.Step3:workoutanoutlinetoarrangethedetailsorexamplesorfactsinlogicalorder.Withtheoutline,theparagraphisalmosthalf-done.*WaysofDevelopingaParagraphDevelopmentbyTimeDevelopmentbyProcessDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyExampleDevelopmentbyComparisonandConrastDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectDevelopmentbyClassification*WaysofDevelopingaParagraph 1.DevelopmentbyTimetodescribethingsinorderoftimechronologicalsequencingWordsandphrasesusedinDescribingChronologicalRelations*1.DevelopmentbyTimeFrankwasdefinitelynotexpectinganyvisitorstohisroomthatafternoonandindeedhehadjustbeguntosnoozeinthemildafternoonsunshine__(1)__someonetappedlightlyonthedoor.___(2)_Frankcouldrespondtotheknock,thehandleturnedandtwochildrensidledin._(3)__thefirst,aslightlygipsy-lookingchildwanderedovertothewindow,theotherleanedoverFrank’sdeskandplacedalargeboxonthetop.Therewasashortsilence,and_(4)__bothchildrenedgedtowardsthedoor.Theysaidnothing,notaword,andFranktoofailedtofindhisvoice;theyhadgone___(5)__hecouldprotest.Helookeduneasilyatthebox.when,as,before,then*WaysofDevelopingaParagraph2.DevelopmentbyProcessstep-by-stepdescriptiontherightsequence,presenttenseWordsandphrasesusedinwritingprocessdescriptions*2.DevelopmentbyProcessAssignmentwww.pigai.org160111,121，131No.902235160112,160122,No.902237*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 3.DevelopmentbySpace*3.DevelopmentbySpaceInthemiddleoftherectangular-shapedcourtyardstoodthreemagnoliatrees,allinfullbloom.Alittlegirlwashoppingamongthem,nowgazingatabud,nowcollectingfallenpetals.Underoneofthetreesstoodherparents,who,whilekeepinganeyeonher,wereexaminingthemilk-whiteblossomswithgreatinterestandadmiration.Infrontofanothertreeayoungcouple,freshandbrightastheflowers,wasposingforapicture.Atoneendofthecouryardagroupofyoungstershadgatheredbehindanartistpaintingaflourishinglimb,whichlookedsocharmingandrealthataboystoopedtosniffatahalf-openflower.Attheoppositeendafewelderlymenandwomenstoodadmiringtheleaflessfloweringtreesandthepeoplelookingatthem.*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 4.DevelopmentbyExample illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleora seriesofexamplesWhetheryoudoordonotopenagiftinthepresenceofthegiver;whetheryoushouldorshouldnotturntheplateovertolookatthemaker’ssymbolontheback;whetheryouputyourcoatonbeforeorafteryouleavethehost’shouse;whetheryoueatasquietlyorasnoisilyaspossible;whetheryoucarryonaconversationduringameal;whetheryouwalkinfrontoforbehindaseatedperson;whetheritisafriendlyoranoffensivegesturetoputyourhandonthearmofthepersonwithwhomyouaretalking—theseandathousandotherquestionsaremattersofculturaldefinition.Noneofthemisinherentlyrightorwrong,andnoneisgoodorbadmannersexceptasasocietydefinesitso.Examplesareususllyarrangedinclimacticorder:theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance.*ExerciseInawell-writtenparagraphofdetailandexample,allthefactssupportthetopicsentence.Pickouttheirrelevantmaterialinthefollowing: Thetopicsentence:Iamfascinatedbymygrandmother.supportingevidence: Mygrandmotherisabout90thisyear. Shewasbornintoawell-to-dourbanfamily. Sheseemsnevertorequiretheservicesofadoctor. Shehasanabidinginterestincollectingpostcards. Shedoesnothavemuchsenseofhumor. Shebelievesineverything:festivals,news,TVads,success,andallthegods. Shelikestoeatfruit. Shehatesdogs. Shelikesthecolorofastrawberry. Shetakesawalkinthegardeneveryday.2.Thetopicsentence:MalechauvinismisevidentinTVcommercial advertisements.Supportingevidence: CommercialsarenewinChinacomparedtothoseindevelopedcountries. Televisionsets,likeair-conditioners,areseenasluxurygoodsinChina. TherearetwofemaleimagesinChineseTVcommercials:traditionalwomenbusywithhouseholdchoresand“modernwomen”whobelievethatpleasureisthemostimportantthinginlife. InTVads,“modernwomen”usuallyinviretheirboyfriendstobuythempresents. Chinesemenhavegotnicknames,like“qiguanyan”or“mofanzhangfu”. Chinesecommercialsareprovidingastageforwomen. “Modernwomen”appearwiseincommercialsbecausetheyknowhowtodependonmenbutevadeconventionalduties.*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastComparisonsimilaritiesContrastdifferencesblockpresentationalternatingpresentationsubject-by-subjectpatternpoint-by-pointpattern*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastblockcontrastalternatingcontrastSample1Sample2blockcomparisonSample3*5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastThesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,andhospitalpatientscanalso.Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciativehouseguest,andthehospitalstaffisnoexception.Houseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayaboutpatientsintheircare.Justashouseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,sopatientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.*Exercise ReadthefollowingsentencesandindicateiftheyaresentencesofCOMPARISONorCONTRAST. Thoughbothareformsofhumor,comedyisdifferentfromsatire. In2050theworldwillsurelybedifferentformwhatitistoday. Fashionsinfurniturechangejustasclothingfashionsdo. Buyingacarrequiresasmuchskillassellingone. BadmintonisasimportantasportinIndonesiaasfootballisintheUnitedStates. Thereismorehardworkinwritingthaninphysicallabor. Balletisamoreexhaustingartthangymnastics. “Friendship”,like“love”,isoftendiscussedbutseldomunderstood.*Exercise2.Writestatementsofcontrasttofitthefollowingpatterns(youmayneedawordoraphrasetocompletethesentence). TVandnewspapersare____inmanywayseventhoughtheiraimsmaybethesame. Soundtravels____throughairthanwater. Before1880manypeoplediedofsmallpox;____,thepercentageofdeathsfromsmallpoxissmalltoday. Somechildrengrow___thanotherchildrenbecauseofnutritionaldifferences. ____tolivingonthefarm,livinginthecityisanintensestruggletosurviveinaconcretewasteland. PercapitaearningsinJapan_____thoseinSouthKorea.*Exercise3.Writestatementsofcomparisontofitthefollowingpatterns(youmayneedawordoraphrasetocompletethesentence). Thedevelopmentoftransportationandthedevelopmentofcommunications____inmanyways. AnshanintheNortheastofChinaandPanzhihuaintheSouthwestare____steelcenters. Despitecenturiesofchange,humanbeingsandtheirprimitiveancestorshavemanytraits____. ___badminton____tabletennisrequiresalargeplayingarea. AlthoughthelastdaysoftheRomanEmpiremayatfirstappearverydifferentfromthoseoftheUnitedStatestoday,thereareominous____.*Assignment WriteaparagraphonthetopicAdvantagesanddisadvantagesofmultiple-thoicequestionsinexams.No.915378*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectTostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.Moreandmorefertilelandistakenupbynewbuildings.thereductionofthegrainoutputincreasingenvironmentalproblemscongestiontoomanypeasantslosttheirjobseffects*6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectInthepastfewyears,highereducationhasbecomelessimportanttoyoungpeoplethanitwaspreviously.thepressureoffiercecompetitionbetteropportunitiesinthejobmarketmuchoftheknowledgetaughtinuniversitiesandcollegesbeingout-datedTostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.causes*ExerciseStudythefollowinginformation,andwriteCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT. Topic:MusicintheUnitedStates Popularmusicshowedadefinitechangeinthe1950s—amovementawayfromthebigbandsound. Teenagersbecamemoreaffluentandthushadthemoneytobuyrecords. Theblackpopulationfinallyhadthemoneyinthe1950stosupportthesingersandmusicianstheyhadpreferredforyears. Alargeproportionoftheadultwhitepopulationthathadbeenpoorduringthedepressionbegantorebelagainstthesoundsofthebigbandmusicians. Thenewaffluenceofgroupsofpeoplewhohadpreviouslyhadlittelemoneytospendonentertainmentpavedthewayfortheemergenceofgospel,blues,androckmusic.*ExerciseStudythefollowinginformation,andwriteCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT.2.Topic:Tornados Tornadosareformedwhenwarm,moistairspreadsnorthward,meetingwithcoldairflowingfromthenorthandwestaboveit. Themeetingofcoldandwarmairstartsthecharacteristiccircularmotion. Thecircularmotionquicklybuildsupandbecomesforcefulenoughtotearbuildingsapartanduproottrees. Notonlyaretornadosabletomovehugeobjectsbuttheyalsooccasionallydooddthings,suchasstrippingachickenofitsfeathersquickly.*ExerciseStudythefollowinginformation,andwriteCifitisastatementofCAUSEorEifitisastatementofEFFECT.3.Topic:Drunkdrivers Excessiveamountsofalcoholcauseonetoloseone’ssenseofresponsibility. Excessiveamountsofalcoholslowreactiontimeandseriouslyimpairdepthperception. Theinebriateddriverisunabletomakequicklogicaldecisionsandisoftenresponsibleforaccidentscausingseriousinjuriesordeath. Drunkdriversaredangerous. Drunkdriversposeaseriousthreattothemselvesaswellastoothers.*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs 7.DevelopmentbyClassificationToclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.riverswideriversnarrowriverslongriversshortriversdeepriversshallowriversapplessizeplaceoforigincolorpricequality*7.DevelopmentbyClassification Essentialtoagoodclassificationisparallelism.*7.DevelopmentbyClassification Essentialtoagoodclassificationisparallelism.trackandfieldeventsgymnastics*7.DevelopmentbyClassification AssignmentWriteparagraphsofclassificationbyexpandingthefollowingoutlines. Topic:MyClassmatesamongthemare: theirhometowns theirmajors theirinterestsandhobbies theirfamilybackgrounds2.Topic:TheBuildings onOurCampusamongthemare: theirappearances theirsizes theirfunctions*WaysofDevelopingParagraphs DevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethodsTimeProcessSpaceExampleComparisonandContrastClassificationDevelopmentby*