英语六级真题卷第三套含答案

文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]英语六级真卷第三套含答案PartIWriting　　Direction：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusontheharmcausedbymisleadinginformationonline.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Itseemstobealawinthetechnologyindustrythatleadingcompanieseventuallylosetheirposition,oftenquicklyandbrutally.MobilephonechampionNokia,oneofEurope'sbiggesttechnologysuccessstories,wasno_____(37),losingitsmarketshareinjustafewyears.PartⅢReadingComprehension　　In2007,Nokiaaccountedformorethan40%ofmobilephonesales_____(38).Butconsumers'preferenceswerealready_____(39)towardtouch-screensmartphone.WiththeintroductionofApple'siPhoneinthemiddleofthatyear,Nokia'smarketshare_____(40)rapidlyandrevenueplunged.Bytheendof2013,NokiahadsolditsphonebusinesstoMicrosoft.　　WhatsealedNokia'sfatewasaseriesofdecisionsmadebyStephenElopinhispositionasCEO,whichhe_____(41)inOctober2010.EachdaythatElopspentinchargeofNokia,thecompany'smarketvaluedeclinedby$23million,makinghim,bythenumbers,oneoftheworstCEOsinhistory.　　ButElopwasnottheonlypersonat_____(42).Nokia'sboardresistedchange,makingitimpossibleforthecompanytoadapttorapidshiftsintheindustry.Most_____(43),JormaOllila,whohadledNokia'stransitionfromanindustrialcompanytoatechnologygiant,wastoofascinatedbythecompany's_____(44)successtorecognizethechangethatwasneededtosustainitscompetitiveness.　　Thecompanyalsoembarkedona_____(45)cost-cuttingprogram,whichincludedtheeliminationofthousandsofjobs.Thiscontributedtothe_____(46)ofthecompany'sonce-spiritedculture,whichhadmotivatedemployeestotakerisksandmakemiracles.Goodleadersleftthecompany,takingNokia'ssenseofvisionanddirectionwiththem.Notsurprisingly,muchofNokia'smostvaluabledesignandprogrammingtalentleftaswell.A.assumedB.biasC.desperateD.deteriorationE.exception　　F.faultG.incidentally　　H.notably　　I.previousJ.relayed　　K.shiftingL.shrankM.subtleN.transmittingO.worldwide　SectionB　　First-GenerationCollege-Goers:UnpreparedandBehind　　Kidswhoarethefirstintheirfamiliestobravetheworldofhighereducationcomeoncampuswithlittleacademicknow-howandaremuchmorelikelythantheirpeerstodropoutbeforegraduation.　　A)WhenNijayWilliamsenteredcollegelastfallasafires-generationstudentandJamaicanimmigrant,hewasacademicallyunpreparedfortherigorsofhighereducation.Likemanyfirst-generationstudent,heenrolledinamedium-sizedstateuniversitymanyofhishighschoolpeerswerealsoattending,receivedaPellGrant,andboardandtheclosenessoftheschooltohisfamily,hechosetoliveathomeandwordedbetween30and40hoursaweekwhiletakingafullclassschedule.　　B)WhatNijaydidn'trealizeabouthisschool—TennesseeStateUniversity—wasitsfrighteninglylowgraduationrate:amere29percentforitsfirst-generationstudents.Attheendofhisfirstyear,NijaylosthisPellGrantofover$5,000afternarrowlymissingthe2.0GPAcut-off,makingitimpossibleforhimtocontinuepayingforschool.　　C)NijayrepresentsalargeandgrowinggroupofAmericans:first-generationcollegestudentswhoenterschoolunpreparedorbehind.Tomakemattersworse,theseschoolsareill-equippedtograduatethesestudents—youngadultswhofacespecificchallengesandobstacles.Theytypicallycarryfinancialburdensthatoutweighthoseoftheirpeers,aremorelikelytoworkwhileattendingschool,andoftenrequiresignificantacademicremediation(补习).　　D)MattRubinoffdirectsI'mFirst,anonprofitorganizationlaunchedlastOctobertoreachouttothisspecificpopulationofstudents.Hehopestodistributethisinformationandhelpprospectivecollege-goersfindthebestpost-secondaryfit.AndwhileRubinoffbelievesthereareagoodnumberoffour-yearschoolsthattrulycareaboutthesestudentsandsetasidesignificantresourcesandprogramsforthem,hesaysthatnumberisn'thighenough.　　E)"It'snotonlytheselectiveandeliteinstitutionsthatprovidethoseopportunitiesforasmallsubsetofthispopulation,"Rubinoffsaid,addingthatamajorityoffirst-generationundergraduatestendtowardoptionssuchasonlineprograms,two-yearcolleges,andcommuterstandschools."Unfortunately,theretendstobealackofinformationandsupporttohelpstudentsthinkbiggerandbroader."　　F)Despitethisproblem,manystudentsarestilldrawntotheseinstitutions—andtwo-yearschoolsinparticular.Asaformerhighschoolteacher,Isawstudentschoosefamiliar,cheaperoptionsyearafteryear.Insteadofskippingoutonhighereducationaltogether,theychosecommunitycollegesorstateschoolswithlowbarsforadmittance.　　G)"Theyunderestimatethemselveswhenselectingauniversity,"saidDaveJarrat,amarketingexecutiveforInsideTrack,afor-profitorganizationthatspecializesincoachinglow-incomestudentsandsupportingcollegesinordertohelpstudentsthrive."Therealityofitisthatalotoflow-incomekidscouldbegoingtoeliteuniversitiesonafullridescholarshipanddon'tevenrealizeit."　　H)"Manystudentsarecomingfromasituationwherenoonearoundthemhastheexperienceofsuccessfullycompletinghighereducation,sotheyarecominginquestioningthemselvesandtheircollegeworthiness,"Jarratcontinued.Thathelpsexplainwhy,asI'mFirst'sRubinoffindicated,theschoolstowhichthesestudentsendupresortingcanendupbeingsomeofthepoorestmatchesforthem.TheUniversityofTennesseeandTennesseeStateareworthcomparing.TennesseeState'soverallgraduationrateisatiny39percent,butatleastithasasmallergapbetweentheoutcomesforfirst-generationstudentsandthoseoftheirpeers.　　I)Still,theUniversityofTennesseedeservescreditforbeingtransparent.Manylargeinstitutionskeepthiskindofdatasecret—oratleastmakeitincrediblydifficulttofind.TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,forinstance,admitsonlythatthegraduationrateforitsfirst-generationpupilsis"muchlower"thanthepercentageofallstudentswhograduatewithinfouryears(81percent).　　J)Itisactuallyquitedifficulttofindreliablestatistiesontheissueformanyschools.Highereducationinstitutionsare,underfederallaw,requiredtoreportgraduationrates,butthesereportstypicallyonlyincludePellrecipientnumbers—notnecessarilyratesspecifictofirst-generationstudents.Otherinitiativesfailtobreakdownthedata,too.Imaginehowintimidatingitcanbeforprospectivestudentsunfamiliarwiththecomplexitiesofhighereducationtonavigatethiskindofinformationandthenidentifywhichschoolsarethebestfit.　　K)ItwasthislackofinformationthatpromptedthelaunchofI'mFirstin2013,originallyasanarmofitsumbrellaorganization,theCenterForStudentOpportunity."Ifwecanhelptodirectstudentstomoreofthesetypesofcampusesandhelpstudentstounderstandthemtoberealisticandaccessibleplaces,havethemapplytotheseschoolsatgreaterfrequencyandultimatelygetinandenroll,wearegoingtoraisethesuccessrate,"Rubinoffsaid,citingavarietyofcollegesrangingfromlargestateinstitutionstosmallerprivateschools.　　L)ChelseaJones,whonowdirectsstudentprogrammingatI'mFirst,wasafirst-generationcollegestudentatHoward.Likeotherstudentnewtotheintimidatinghigher-educationworld,sheoftenstruggledonherpathtocollege."Therewasn'treallyacollege-boundcultureatmyhighschool,"shesaid."IwanttogotocollegebutIdidn'treallyknowtheprocess."Jonesbecameinvolvedwithacollege-accessprogramthroughPrincetonUniversityinhighschool.Nowsheattributesmuchofherunderstandingofcollegetothat:"ButonceIgottocampus,itwasacompletelydifferentballgamethatnoonereallypreparedmefor."　　M)Shewasfortunate,though.Howard,awell-regardedhistoricallyblackcollege,hadanarrayofresourcesforitsfirst-generationstudents,includingmatchingkidswithcounselors,connectingfirst-generationstudentstooneanother,andTRIO,anationalprogramthatsupported200studentsonHoward'scampus.Still,Jonesrepresentsasmallpercentageoffirst-generationstudentswhoareabletogainentryintomoreeliteuniversities,whichareoftenknownforrobustfinancialaidpackagesandremarkablyhighgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents.(Harvard,forexample,boastsasix-yeargraduationrateforunderrepresentedminoritygroupsof98percent.)　　N)ChristianVazquez,afirst-generationTalegraduate,isanotherexception,hissuccessstorysettinghimfarapartfromstudentssuchasNijay."ThereisalotofsupportatYale,toanextent,afterawhile,thereistoomuchsupport."hesaid,half-jokingaboutthecountlessresourcesavailableattheschool.Studentsareplacedinsmallgroupswithcounselors(trainedseniorsoncampus);theyhaveaccesstoculturalandethnicaffinity(联系)groups,tutoringcentersandalsohaveasummerorientationspecificallyforfirst-generationstudents(thelatterbeingoneofthemostcommonprogramsforstudents).　　O)"Oursupportstructurewasmorelike:'YouaregoingtogetthroughYale;youaregoingtodowell.'"hesaid,hintingatmentors(导师),staff,andprofessorswhoallprovidedsignificantsupportforstudentswholackedconfidenceabout"belonging"atsuchatopinstitution.　46.Manyfirst-generationcollege-goershavedoubtsabouttheirabilitiestogetacollegedegree.　47.First-generationcollegestudentstendtohavemuchheavierfinancialburdensthantheirpeers.　48.Thegraduationrateoffirst-generationstudentsatNijay'suniversitywasincrediblylow.　49.SometopinstitutionslikeYaleseemtoprovidefirst-generationstudentswithmoresupportthantheyactuallyneed.　50.Onenteringcollege,NijayWilliamshadnoideahowchallengingcollegeeducationwas.　51.Manyuniversitiessimplyrefusetoreleasetheirexactgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents.　52.Accordingtoamarketingexecutive,manystudentsfromlow-incomefamiliesdot'sknowtheycouldhaveachanceofgoingtoaneliteuniversity.　53.Someeliteuniversityattachgreatimportancetobuildingupthefirst-generationstudents'self-confidence.　54.I'mFirstdistributesinformationtohelpfirst-generationcollege-goersfindschoolsthataremostsuitableforthem.　55.Eliteuniversitiestendtograduatefirst-generationstudentsatahigherrate.SectionC　　Sayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationarerecommendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatment,astheymakedecisionsaboutpatientcare.　　Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,frombeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualpatientstoexertinginfluenceonhowhealthcaredollarsarespent.　　Inpracticalterms,thenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedcouldresultindoctorschoosingonedrugoveranotherforcostreasonsorevendecidingthataparticulartreatment-attheendoflife,forexample-istooexpensive.Intheextreme,somecriticshavesaidthatmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedoncostisaformofrationing.　　Traditionally,guidelineshaveheavilyinfluencedthepracticeofmedicine,andthelatestonesareexpectedtomakedoctorsmoreconsciousoftheeconomicconsequencesoftheirdecisions,eventhoughthere'snoobligationtofollowthem.Medicalsocietyguidelinesarealsousedbyinsurancecompaniestohelpdeterminereimbursement(报销)policies.　　Somedoctorsseeapotentialconflictintryingtobebothprovidersofpatientcareandfinancialoverseers.　　"Thereshouldbeforcesinsocietywhoshouldbeconcernedaboutthebudget,buttheyshouldn'tbefunctioningsimultaneouslyasdoctors,"saidDr.MartinSamuelsataBostonhospital.Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,"I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts."　　Doctorscanfacesomegrimtrade-offs.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thattwodrugsareaboutequallyeffectiveintreatingmaculardegeneration,aneyedisease.Butonecosts$50adoseandtheothercloseto$2,000.Medicarecouldsavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsayearifeveryoneusedthecheaperdrug.Avastin,insteadofthecostlierone,Lucentis.　　ButtheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasnotapprovedAvastinforuseintheeye,andusingitratherthanthealternative,Lucentis,mightcarryanadditional,althoughslight,safetyrisk.ShoulddoctorsconsiderMedicare'sbudgetindecidingwhattouse　　"Ithinkethically(在道德层面上)wearejustworriedaboutthepatientinfrontofusandnottryingtosavemoneyfortheinsuranceindustryorsocietyasawhole,"saidDr.DonaldJensen.　　Still,someanalystssaythatthere'sarolefordoctorstoplayincostanalysisbecausenotmanyothersaredoingso."Insomeways,"saidDr.DanielSulmasy,"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissue."57.Whatdosomemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsrecommenddoctorsdo　　A.Reflectontheresponsibilitiestheyaresupposedtotake.　　B.Paymoreattentiontotheeffectivenessoftheirtreatments.　　C.Takecostsintoaccountwhenmakingtreatmentdecisions.　　D.Readjusttheirpracticeinviewofthecutsinhealthcare.58.Whatweredoctorsmainlyconcernedaboutinthepast　　A.Specificmedicinestobeused.　　B.Professionaladvancement.　　C.Effectsofmedicaltreatment.　　D.Patients'trust.59.Whatmaythenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedleadto　　A.Theredefiningofdoctors'roles.　　B.Conflictsbetweendoctorsandpatients.　　C.Overuseoflesseffectivemedicines.　　D.Theprolongingofpatients'suffering.60.Whatriskdodoctorsseeintheirdualroleaspatientcareprovidersandfinancialoverseers　　A.Theymaybeinvolvedinaconflictofinterest.　　B.Theymaybeforcedtodividetheirattention.　　C.Theymayhavetouselesseffectivedrugs.　　D.Theymaylosetherespectofpatients.61.Whatdosomeexpertssayaboutdoctors'involvementinmedicalcostanalysis　A.Itmayaddtodoctors'alreadyheavyworkloads.　　B.Itwillhelptosavemoneyforsocietyasawhole.　　C.Itresultsfromsociety'sfailuretotackletheproblem.　　D.Itraisesdoctors'awarenessoftheirsocialresponsibilities.　　PassageTwo　　Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Economicinequalityisthe"definingchallengeofourtime,"PresidentBarackObamadeclaredinaspeechlastmonthtotheCenterforAmericanProgress.Inequalityisdangerous,heargued,notmerelybecauseitdoesn'tlookgoodtohavealargegapbetweentherichandthepoor,butbecauseinequalityitselfdestroyupwardmobility,makingitharderforthepoortoescapefrompoverty."IncreasedinequalityanddecreasingmobilityposeafundamentalthreattotheAmericanDream,"hesaid.　　ObamaisonlythemostprominentpublicfiguretodeclareinequalityPublicEnemyNO.1andthegreatestthreattoreducingpovertyinAmerican.Anumberofprominenteconomistshavealsoarguedthatit'sharderforthepoortoclimbtheeconomicladdertodaybecausetherungs(横档)inthatladderhavegrownfatherapart.　　ForallthenewattentiondevotedtotheIpercent,anewdatastfromtheEqualityofOpportunityProjectoratHarvardandBerkeleysuggeststhat,ifwecareaboutupwardmobilityoverall,we'revastlyexaggeratingthedangersoftherich-poorgap.Inequalityitselfisnotaparticularlystrongpredictorofeconomicmobility,associologistScottWinshipnotedinarecentarticlebasedonhisanalysisofthisdata.　　Sowhatfactors,atthecommunitylevel,dopredictifpoorchildrenwillmoveuptheeconomicladderasadultsWhatexplains,forinstance,whytheSaltLakeCitymetroareaisoneoftheleastlikely　　HarvardeconomistRajChettyhaspointedtoeconomicandracialsegregation,communitydensity,thesizeofacommunity'smiddleclass,thequalityofschools,communityreligiosity,andfamilystructure,whichhecallsthe"singlestrongestcorrelateofupwardmobility."ChettyfindsthatcommunitieslikeSaltLakeCity,withhighlevelsoftwo-parentfamiliesandreligiosity,aremuchmorelikelytoseepoorchildrengetaheadthancommunitieslikeAtlanta,withhighlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregation.　　Chettyhasnotyetissuedacomprehensiveanalysisoftherelativepredictivepowerofeachofthesefactors.Basedonmyanalysesofthedata,ofthefactorsthatChettyhashighlighted,thefollowingthreeseemtobemostpredictiveofupwardmobilityinagivencommunity:　　1.per-capita(年均)incomegrowth　　2.Prevalenceofsinglemothers(wherecorrelationisstrong,butnegative)　　3.per-capitalocalgovernmentspending　　Inotherwords,communitieswithhighlevelsofper-capitaincomegrowth,highpercentagesoftwo-parentfamilies,andhighlocalgovernmentspending——whichmaystandforgoodschools——arethemostlikelytohelppoorchildrenreliveHoratioAlger'srags-to-richesstory.62.HowdoesObamavieweconomicinequality　　A.Itisthebiggestobstacletosocialmobility.　　B.Itisthegreatestthreattosocialstability.　　C.ItistheNo.1enemyofincomegrowth.　　D.Itisthemostmalicioussocialevilofourtime.63.WhatdowelearnabouttheinequalitygapfromScottWinship'sdataanalysis　　A.ItisfastwideningacrossmostpartsofAmerica.　　B.Itisnotareliableindicatorofeconomicmobility.　　C.Itisnotcorrectlyinterpreted.　　D.Itisoverwhelminglyignored.64.ComparedwithAtlanta,metropolitanSaltLakeCityissaidto_____.　　A.haveplacedreligiousbeliefsabovepartypolitics　　B.havebridgedthegapbetweentherichandthepoor　　C.offerpoorchildrenmorechancestoclimbthesocialladder　　D.sufferfromhigherlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregation65.WhatisstronglycorrelatedwithsocialmobilityaccordingtoeconomistRajChetty　　A.Familystructure.　　B.Racialequality　　C.Schooleducation.　　D.Communitydensity.66.Whatdoestheauthorseemtosuggest　　A.Itisimportanttoincreasethesizeofthemiddleclass.　　B.Itishighlyimportanttoexpandthemetropolitanareas.　　C.Itismostimperativetofocusoureffortsontheeliminationofincomeinequality.D.Itisbettertostartfromthecommunitytohelppoorchildrenmoveupthesocialladder.翻译部分在帮助国际社会于2030年前消除极端贫困过程中，中国正扮演着越来越重要的角色。自20世纪70年代末实施改革开放以来，中国已使多达四亿人摆脱了贫困。在未来五年中，中国将向其他发展中国家在减少贫困、发展教育、农业现代化、环境保护和医疗保健等方面提供援助。中国在减少贫困方面取得了显着进步，并在促进经济增长方面做出了不懈努力，这将鼓励其他贫困国家应对自身发展中的挑战。在追求具有自身特色的发展道路时，这些国家可以借鉴中国的经验。