英语专升本考试重点复习内部资料(专升本英语语法,词汇,阅读理解、翻译)

.语法七大语法考试重点一独立主格（一）：独立主格结构的构成：    名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；    名词(代词)+形容词；    名词(代词)+副词；    名词(代词)+不定式；    名词(代词)+介词短语构成。　（二）独立主格结构的特点：　　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：　　Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.　=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.　　　Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.　=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.　  Thisdone,wewenthome.　　　　Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.　　Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.二过去完成时1）概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had+过去分词构成。2）用法　a.　在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。　　Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.　b.状语从句　　在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。　　Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.　c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"　　Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidnt.3)　过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。　HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.　Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself. 　Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.典型例题　　Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.　 A.hadwritten,left　B，werewriting,hasleft　C.hadwritten,hadleft　D.werewriting,hadleft　注意：hadnosooner…than　　刚……就……　         Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.三强调结构考试重点：  强调句型的基本形式Itis（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…；强调句型用来强调状语。　　一、强调句型的基本形式Itis（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…。　　二、强调句型用来强调状语。　　1、Itwasinthatsmallroom_____theyworkedhardanddreamedofbetterdaystocome.　　A.where　　B.inwhich　　C.which　　d.that　　2、Itisbecausesheisverydevotedtoherstudents_______sheisrespectedbythem.　　A.that　　B.which　　C.what　　D.who　　3、Itwasnotuntilshearrivedinclass_________realizedshehadforgottenherbook.　　A.andshe　　B.when　　C.she　　D.thatshe　　四情态动词考试重点：情态动词+完成时　　情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。一、must+现在完成时　　表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。　　1、Mr.Green_____myletter,otherwisehewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.　　A.musthavereceived　　B.musthavefailedtoreceive　　C.mustreceive　　D.mustfailtoreceive　　2、Ibelievehe_____anaccident,otherwisehewouldhavearrivedontime.　　A.wouldhavehad　　B.couldhavehad　　C.shouldhavehad　　D.musthavehad　　二、should（oughtto）+完成时　表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。　　1、Theyhavedonethingstheyought_____.　　A.nottodo　　B.nottobedone　　C.nottohavedone　　D.nothavingdone　　　　2、I’msorryIcouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbeforeheleft,I_____himearlier.　　A.hadatelephone　B.havephoned　C.shouldhavephoned　　D.shouldbephoned　三、could+完成时　　表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。　　1、Hecouldhavejoinedus,buthedidn’tgetourinvitationintime.　　　　2、Icouldhavepassed,butIdidnotstudyhardenough.　　五虚拟语气考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；wouldrather引导的从句；以asif,asthough引导的从句；以suggest,advise,insist等词后引导的宾语从句；Itisnecessary（important）that引导的主语从句；Itistime（that）…句型中。一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：　　虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：1、IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI_____him.　　A.hadknown　　B.haveknown　　C.knew　　D.know2、Doyouthinktherewouldbelessconflictintheworldifallpeople_____thesamelanguage?　　A.spoke　　B.speak　　C.hadspoken　　D.willspeak3、IfBob____withus,hewouldhavehadagoodtime.　　A.wouldcome　　B.wouldhavecome　　C.hadcome　　D.came二、if的省略形式　在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were,had,should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。　　1、_____youwerebusy,Iwouldnthavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.　　A.IfIrealized　　B.HadIrealized　　C.DidIhaverealizedthat　　D.AsIrealized2、_____,Ishouldaskthemsomequestions.　　A.Shouldtheycometous　　B.Iftheycometous　　C.Weretheycometous　　D.Hadtheycometous三、含蓄条件句　有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，butfor。　　1、Withoutyourhelp,we_____somuch.　　A.didn’tachieve　　B.wouldnothaveachieved　　C.willnotachieve　　D.don’tachieve　　2、Butfortherain,we_____aniceholiday.　　A.shouldhave　　B.wouldhavehad　　C.wouldhave　　D.willhavehad　　四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句　　wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish+从句（主语＋过去完成时）；　　1、Peterwishesthathe_____lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.　　A.couldstudy　　B.studied　　C.hadstudied　　D.wouldstudy　　Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI_____there.　　A.were　　B.wouldbe　　C.hadbeen　　D.willbe　五、wouldrather＋句子（过去时）　　1、I’d_____youdidn’ttouchthat,ifyoudon’tmind.　　A.rather　　B.better　　C.happier　　D.further　　Iamtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_____nextmonthforadinner.　　A.come　　B.wouldcome　　C.came　　D.havecome　　　　六、以asif，asthough引导的从句　　在asif，asthough引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从中动词形式变化相同。　　1、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.　　A.knows　　B.knew　　C.hadknown　　D.wouldhaveknown　　2、Youaretalkingasifyouhadseenthem七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。类似的动词有：propose，order，demand，require，request等。　　1、ThedoctoradvisedthatMr.Malan_____anoperationrightawaysoastosavehislife.　　A.had　　B.wouldhave　　C.have　　D.wasgoingtohave　　2、Hismotherinsistedthathe_____thecoatwhengoingout.　　A.puton　　B.putson　　C.toput　　D.puttingon　八、Itisnecessary/important/urgentthat引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。　　1、It’sdesiredthatshe_____toteachusatleasttwiceaweek.　　A.comes　　B.willcome　　C.come　　D.maycome　　　　2、It’surgentthatameeting_____beforethefinaldecisionismade.　　A.willbearranged　　B.mustbearranged　　C.bearranged　　D.wouldbearranged　　九、Itistime(that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。　　1、It’shightimewe_____somethingtostoptrafficaccident.　　A.do　　B.willdo　　C.did　　D.mustdo　　2、Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking?　　A.giveup　　B.gaveup　　C.wouldgiveup　　D.shouldgiveup　　六状语从句在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。一、时间状语从句　　常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，nosooner…than，assoonas，before，after，themoment，theminute（一…就…）　　1、Nosoonerhadtheygotthegoodscoveredup_____itstartedraininghard.　　A.when　　B.than　　C.then　　D.after　　2、Shehaswantedtobecomeanurse_____sinceshewasayounggirl.　　A.long　　B.often　　C.always　　D.ever　二、条件状语从句　　常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/solongas只要。　　1、_____I’mmistaken,I’veseenthatmanbefore.　　A.Unless　　B.If　　C.Because　　D.Provided　　2、_____youreturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.　　A.Until　　B.Unless　　C.If　　D.Provided　三、原因状语从句　　常用：because,as,since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since表示一种间接或附带的原因；用as只是提一下。　　1、Hecannotgotoschoolbecauseheisill.2、Everyonelikesyouasyouarebothkindandhonest.四、让步状语从句　　常用though/although，as（尽管），evenif/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，nomatterhow/what/who等　　1、Inshort,_____helives,amanbelongstosomesociety.　　A.whatever　　B.whenever　　C.whichever　　D.wherever　　2、_____,youmustshowyourtickettogointothecinema.　　A.Nomatterwhoeveryouare　　B.Whomeveryouare　　C.Whoeveryouare　　D.Nomatterwhoareyou　　3、_____youdisagreewithher,herideaisstillworthconsidering.　　A.Evenif　　B.Ifonly　　C.Insteadof　　D.Despiteof　　4、Young_____heis,heknowswhatistherightthingtodo.　　A.that　　B.as　　C.although　　D.however五、方式状语从句　　常用as,justas,asif/though等词。　　1、_____waspointedabove,thissubstancecanbeusedasasubstitute.　　A.It　　B.That　　C.What　　D.As　　2、Hetalksasifhe_____everythingintheworld.　　A.knows　　B.knew　　C.hadknown　　D.wouldhaveknown六、目的状语从句　　常用sothat,inorderthat,lest（以免，以防）,incase。　　1、Iwroteitdown_____Ishouldforgetit.　　A.incase　　B.incaseof　　C.inorderthat　　D.forfearof　2、I’llgiveyoumyphonenumber,sothatyoucancallmewhenyouarrivehere.七、结果状语从句　　常用so…that,such…that　　Theyare_____studentsthattheyallperformedwellinthenationwideexaminations.　　A.sodiligent　　B.suchdiligent　　C.somuchdiligent　　D.suchverydiligent　　七主谓一致考试重点：形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；anumber+of+复数名词和thenumber+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由aswellas等词修饰时的主谓一致；当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。一、名词physics（物理），maths（数学），news（新闻），means（），works（工厂）等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。Everymeanshasbeentried.二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。　　Whenandwherethenewhospitalwillbebuilt_____amystery.　　A.toremain　　B.remains　　C.remain　　D.isremaining　　三、当主语是anumber+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是thenumber+of+可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数1、Anumberofcars_____infrontofmyhouse.　　A.wasparked　　B.wereparking　　C.isparking　　D.areparked　　四、当主语由aswellas等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接aswellas，alongwith，togetherwith，including，accompaniedby等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。　　1、John,alongwithtwentyfriends,isplanningaparty.　　2、NoonebutJaneandTomwastherethen.　五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…，every…andevery…，manya…and…结构时，谓语动词用单数。　　1、Manyasingeranddanceristoattendoureveningparty.2、Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.语法》》语法词汇习题(一)1.Wateris_______shortinmanybigcities.A.running B.flowing C.becoming D.moving2.Excusemefor_______ youwithsuchasmallmatter.A.troubling B.taking C.interrupting D.making3.Thismorningourwatersupplywas_______becauseofthecoldweather.A.letdown B.cutoff C.takenup D.broughtaway4.Themarketwasfilledwithsaltedfish,_______theworstsmellthatyoucanimagine.A.sendingoff B.givingup C.sendingdown D.givingoff5.Itwasbecausetheapplicantwastooproud_______ hefailedintheinterview.A.therefore B.that C.sothat D.so6.TomusedtoliveinCalifornia,_______?A.usedhe B.didhe C.washe D.didn’the7.Sofarthereisnoproof_______peoplefromotherplanetsdoexist.A.which B.how C.what D.that8.Neverbefore_______sohighlysuccessfulinchanginghissurroundings.A.manhasbeen B.manis C.hasmanbeen D.isman9._______fromthehelicopter,thecitylooksverybeautiful.A.Seeing B.Havingseen C.Seen D.Tosee10.Thenewspapersreportedyesterdayseveral_______ontheboundariesofthesetwocountries.A.incidents B.happenings C.events D.accidents11.Someofthestudentsinhisclassseem_______todotheirassignments.A.boring B.interesting C.tiring D.unwilling12.Let’sworkhardtofind_______totheproblem.A.ananswer B.away C.amethod D.asolution13.Theyhavedevelopedtechniqueswhichare_______tothoseusedinmostfactories.A.simpler B.better C.superior D.greater14.Atthebeginningofthisterm，ourEnglishteacher_______alistofbooksforustoread.A.turnedout B.madeout C.handedin D.passedon15.I’msorryIhave_______dictionary.You’dbettergotothelibrary.A.notsuch B.notsucha C.notasuch D.nosucha16.IfMaryhadnotbeenbadlyhurtinacaraccident,she_______inlastmonth’smarathonrace.A.wouldparticipate B.mightparticipate C.wouldhaveparticipated D.mustparticipate17.Excuseme,butitistimetohaveyourtemperature_______.A.taking B.take C.taken D.totake18.Liquidsarelikesolids_______theyhaveadefinitevolume.A.inwhich B.that C.inthat D.which19.WhenafriendgaveJimatickettothegame,he_______go.A.couldn’thelp B.cannotdobut C.couldn’thelpbut D.justhaveto20.Iwassurprisedtofindhisarticleonsuchan_______topicso_______.A.excited;boring B.exciting;bored C.exciting;boring D.excited;bored21.Tomlikes_______foreigncoins.A.gathering B.assembling C.collecting D.accumulating22.Luckily,mostsheep_______thefloodlastmonth.A.endured B.survived C.opinion D.passed23.Theythoughtabouttheproblemforalongtimebutcametono_______.A.end B.result C.opinion D.conclusion24.Therealtrouble_______theirlackofconfidenceintheirabilities.A.liesin B.lieson C.liesabout D.liesoff25.Thestorywassofunnythateveryone_______.A.laughed B.interested C.amused D.joked26.He_______mebytwogamestoone.A.beat B.conquered C.gained D.won27._______,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.A.Havingmadethedecision B.Hasthedecisionbeenmade C.Thedecisionhavingbeenmade D.Thedecisionhasbeenmade28.Thebrainiscapableofignoringpainmessagesif_______toconcentrateonotheractivities.A.itallowed B.allowed C.isitallowed D.allowedit29.Thechildwassorry_______hismotherwhenhearrivedatthestation.A.tomiss B.havingmissed C.missing D.tohavemissed30.Thereisnopoint_______withhim,sincehehasalreadymadeuphismind.A.argue B.toargue C.inarguing D.ofarguing32._______helpingthosewhoareunwillingtohelpthemselves?A.Whatsenseisitabout B.What’sthepointof C.What’sthesensewith D.Whatpointisitin33.It’salmostayearsinceIleftmymother.I’mreally_______seeingher.A.lookingbackon B.lookingupto C.lookingforwardto D.lookingoutover34.IfIfoundthebook,I_______ittoyou.A.willbring B.wouldhavebrought C.wouldbring D.mighthavebrought35.Criticismandself-criticismisnecessary_______ithelpsustocorrectourmistakes.A.inthat B.intime C.inturn D.ineffect36.Theaudienceis_______atlastyear’sconcert.A.muchmorethanthat B.muchlargerthanthat C.muchlargerthan D.largeenoughthan37.Itoccurredtoherthatshemight_______ahomelesschild.A.adapt B.adopt C.adjust D.admit38.Heworkstoohard.That’s_______iswrongwithhim.A.how B.where C.why D.what39.All_______ispeaceandprogress.A.whatisneeded B.whichisneeded C.thatisneeded D.forourneeds40.Peoplecannotclosetheireyestothefacts_______.A.nolonger B.notanylonger C.anylonger D.notlonger语法》》语法词汇习题(二)1._______borninChina,theboywasbroughtupintheUSA.A.Although       B.Since       C.As         D.When2._______isknowntoall,hastemakeswaste.A.What     B.That         C.As      D.Which3.Thatistheveryoldwoman_______housewasburneddownlastnight.A.which     B.her        C.ofwhom          D.whose4.Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeech_______theaudiencestartedcheering.A.than        B.then        C.when       D.assoonas5._______thebook,hefoundoutsomeanswerstothisquestion.A.Ashereading        B.AthisreadingC.Asreading           D.Onreading6.Thespacecraftwillsendback_______onsurfacewindsandtemperatures.A.manynewinformation             B.somenewinformation             C.anewinformation             D.afewnewinformation7.Thereasonformyrefusalis_______you’reunreliable.A.because      B.that           C.dueto        D.for8.HecameallthewaytoChinaforpromotingfriendship_______formakingmoney.A.otherthan     B.instead   C.apartfrom   D.ratherthan9.Ifyoudon’tmind,I_______domyhomeworkthanplaycardswithyou.A.hadbetter    B.wouldrather       C.prefer    D.wouldlike10.Noone,excepthistwobestfriends, _______whereheis.A.know        B.toknow      C.knows        D.knowing11._______,youwouldhaveseenyourfavoritemoviestar.A.Ifyouarrivedearlier          B.IfyouhadarrivedearlierC.Unlessyouarrivedearlier      D.Unlessyouhadarrivedearlier12.Thedriver’scarelessness_______thedeathofthreepassengers.A.resultedfrom   B.resultedin    C.cameacross   D.cameabout13.InEngland,tea_______withmilkandsugar.A.isserving    B.isserved      C.serves    D.served14.Writteningreathaste,_______.A.thesecretarymadealotofmistakesinthereportB.therewerealotofmistakesinthereportC.wefoundalotofmistakesinthereport                          D.thereportwasfullofmistakes15.It’ssuggestedthateachoneofus_______thetrainingclassesforEnglish.A.takespartin         B.takepartinC.tookpartin          D.wouldtakepartin16.Theonlything_______interestsmeistheprogressofmystudents.A.what        B.that        C.which        D.it17.Peopledonotrealizetheimportanceofgoodhealth_______theyhavelostit.A.until         B.when         C.since         D.as18.Iftherewerenohomeworkatweekends,studentswouldhave_______athome.A.thehappiesttime          B.muchhappiesttimeC.amorehappiertime       D.amuchhappiertime19.Thereasonhewontheelectionis_______heishonestandconfidentofhimself.A.why         B.what          C.that         D.which20.Mr.andMrs.Brown_______asmallrestaurantinChinaTowninNewYork.A.serve          B.start        C.open         D.run21.Hecannot_______acar,forhedoesn’tearnthatmuchmoney.A.obtain         B.get          C.deserve         D.afford22.Itwasin1949_______thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.A.when         B.while          C.as          D.that23.Yourhairneeds_______,you’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cut          B.tocut         C.cutting         D.beingcut24.Bytheendofnextyear,I_______enoughmoneytobuyahouse.A.willsave   B.havesaved    C.mustsave     D.willhavesaved25.Much_______ourrelief,hesurvivedthesevereearthquake.A.to         B.in         C.for         D.with26.Hasn’thearrivedyet?Heis_______tobehereat8.Nowitis8:30.A.regarded     B.supposed       C.considered     D.known27.Itwaskindofyou_______uswhenwewereintrouble.A.tohelp         B.helping          C.whohelp         D.help28.Theengineersoon_______thatsomethinghadgonewrongwiththeproject.A.remembered     B.realized     C.recognized   D.memorized29.Mr.Smithislookingforanexperiencedsecretarywhois_______oforganizingasalesoffice.A.able      B.capable      C.possible     D.responsible30.Fiftydollars_______abigsumofmoneyforaten-year-oldboy.A.are          B.is         C.tobe         D.being31.Thenewbatteries(电池)causelittleenvironmentalproblemsand_______littlespace.A.use         B.hold         C.occupy         D.maintain32.Sobadly_______intheaccidentthathewassenttothehospitalfortreatment.A.hewasinjured          B.heinjuredC.washeinjured        D.injuredhe33.Theyweresoangrythattheywentovertotherestaurantmanagerto_______theservicetheyhadreceived.A.complain     B.complainabout       C.argue    D.argueabout34.Tooursurprise,thefashionableyoungladywemetinthehotel_______tobeathief.A.turnedup    B.turnedover    C.turneddown   D.turnedout35.TheteacherhadJohn_______atthedoorforanhourbecausehewaslateforclass.A.stand          B.tostand           C.stood         D.stands36.Thepriceofapples_______from＄2to＄4perkiloinsupermarket.A.differed      B.ranged     C.changed      D.altered37.Fortwomonths,Ihave_______everydaysittingbyhisbedside.A.taken         B.cost         C.spent          D.paid38.The29thOlympicGames,_______inBeijingin2008,wasagreatsuccess.A.held     B.whichheld    C.tobeheld       D.washeld39.Whenit_______toAmericanhistory,heknowslittleaboutit.A.talks          B.speaks          C.comes         D.tells40._______,schoolsincityprovidebettersurroundingsforstudents.A.Generallyspeaking     B.GenerallyspokenC.Tospeakgenerally       D.Speakinggenerally翻译》》英语考试翻译题六大法则  1）合句法 　　把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。 　　例：她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。 　　例：他们有遵守交通规则，机器出了故障。例：WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.2)正译法　　就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语相同的表达方式译成英语。 　　例：我们强烈反对公司的新政策。 　　例：人不可貌相。3)分句法 　　把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。 　　例：八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。 　　例：他为人单纯而坦率。 　　例：Themothermighthavespokenwithunderstandableprideofherchild.（adj通常可以翻译成n） 例Iwrotefourbooksinthefirstthreeyears,arecordnevertouchedbefore.(名词短语拆开)4)顺序法 　　顺序法翻译不改变原文表达语序，不会影响对原文容的理解。 　　例：即使在我们关掉床头灯甜甜地进入梦乡时，电仍然为我们工作：开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室空调机继续运转（besidelamp,fastasleep,refrigerator，air-condition）。 在句子中，句子前半部分是一个让步状语从句，后半句的“开动”，“加热”，“使……运转”都是“电在为我们工作”的具体容。因而在译文中，译者将这三个并行动作处理成了V-ing形式，补充说明working的容。译文按照原句的语序完全传达了原文的意思，采用顺序法翻译，达到了“精确，通顺”的目的。 　　例：ItwasaSaturdayevening,whenTomwaslyingonthebenchoftheschoollistening 　　toablackbird(画眉鸟)andcomposing（写作）alyric（抒情诗）,thathesawthegirlsrunningamongthetrees. （原句里一连串出现了一系列的动词如：lying,listening,composing,saw，这是按汤姆进行这些动作的先后顺序来描述的，如果在译文中打乱这些顺序，就反而会显得凌乱，没有逻辑。） 5)逆序法 　　逆序法根据目标语使用者表达习惯与目标语读者的认知能力，按原文语序反向翻译，以便更好地传达原文的容。 　　例：他经常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐在老地方。　　请读者比较下面两句译文，你认为哪一句较好? 　　译文1:Whenheattendedworship,healwaystookacertainseat,buttheyfoundthathetookadifferentonethatday. 　　译文2:Theyremarkedhowhetookadifferentseatfromthatwhichheusuallyoccupiedwhenhechosetoattendworship. 　　两种译文都忠实传达了原文容。第一种为顺序翻译，第二种为逆序翻译。第一种显得有些冗长拖沓，且前后简单句主语不一致(前半句主语为he，后半句主语是they)，给人表述混乱之感。第二种由于采用了逆序法将原句意思用一个复合句表达出来，容清晰，结构紧凑。 顺序法和逆序法主要是针对翻译长句而言，六级新题型汉译英题不会涉及此类译法，但作为翻译策略之一，应有所了解6)反译法 　　就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语相反的表达方式译成英语。 　　例：酒吧间只有五个顾客还没有走。 　　例：这台机器一点儿也不复杂。由上可见，正译法和反译法主要体现在汉语里是否使用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没有”、“未”、“否”等字眼，或是在英语里是否使用no,not等词或带有dis-，im-，in-，un-，-less等带否定含义的词缀。读者也可将例1，例2试着用反译法表达出来。结果就是：Westronglydisapprovethecompany'snewpolicy.和Appearancesaredeceptive.至于两种译法得出的两个译文究竟哪一个更好，就要看译文是否准确规，简练精辟，是否符合该语言使用者的表达习惯了。翻译训练（1）1.IshouldsayHenryis______________(与其说是个作家不如说是)asareporter. 2.IntheChinesehousehold,grandparentsandotherrelatives______________(起着不可缺少的作用)inraisingchildren. 3.Mr.Johnsonmadefullpreparationfortheexperiment____________________(以便实验能顺利进行). 4.Pricesaregoinguprapidly.Petrolnow__________________________(价格是几年前的两倍). 5.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren__________________(有很强的影响)thecharacterofthechildren.翻译训练（2）1._______________(通过体育锻炼)，wecanalwaysstayhealthy.2.Accordingtothescientificresearch,_____________(听音乐能使我们放松).Isthisreallytrue?3.______________(我们绝对不能)ignorethevalueofknowledge. 4.Asisknowntoall,______________(假冒伪劣商品)harmtheinterestsofconsumers. 5.Facedwithfailure,somepeoplecanstanduptoit,_____________(从失败中汲取教训)andtryhardtofulfillwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.翻译训练（3）1.Inthisway,Ibelievethatallthepeoplemaybeableto_______________（像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣）.2.Bypracticingthese,Ihavebeenableto_____________（在智育方