修辞学 Session 5 拟人;双关

1.Simile1.1TheTranslationofSimile1.2OtherFormsofSimile2.Metaphor2.1VisibleMetaphor(显露式隐喻）2.2InvisibleMetaphor(非显露式隐喻）2.3ExtendedMetaphor(延伸式隐喻）PreviousSessionILikeforYoutoBeStillIlikeforyoutobestill,itisasthoughyouwereabsent我喜欢你是静静的，仿佛你已不在andyouhearmefromfaraway,andmyvoicedoesnottouchyou.你在远处聆听，而我的声音却无法触及Itseemsasthoughyoureyeshadflownaway似乎你的视线已经飞离远去。anditseemsthatakisshadsealedyourmouth.仿佛一个吻封缄了你嘴Asallthingsarefilledwithmysoul正如所有的事物充满了我的灵魂youemergefromthethings,filledmysoul.你从所有的事物中浮现，充满了我的灵魂Youarelikemysoul,abutterflyofdream,你就像我的灵魂，梦中的彩蝶andyouarelikethewordMelancholy.你如同忧郁这个词Ilikeforyoutobestill,andyouseemfaraway.我喜欢你是静静的，似乎你已远去。Itsoundsasthoughyouwerelamenting,abutterflycooinglikeadove.你似乎在轻叹，如同白鸽呢喃的蝴蝶。Andyouhearmefromfarawayandmyvoicedoesnotreachyou:你在远处聆听，我的声音无法触及你：Letmecometobestillinyoursilence.让我在你的沉默中寂然。Andletmetalktoyouwithyoursilence并且让我借你沉默与你说话thatisbrightasalamp,simpleasaring.你的沉默明亮如灯，简若圆环。Youarelikethenight,withit'sstillnessandconstellations.你就像黑夜，拥有寂静与群星。Yoursilenceisthatofastar,asremoteandcandid.你沉默宛若星辰，遥远而明亮。Ilikeforyoutobestill,itisasthoughyouwereabsent,我喜欢你是静静的，仿佛你已不在distantandfullofsorrowasthoughyouhaddied.遥远而且哀伤，仿佛你已死去。Onewordthen,onesmile,isenough.此时，一个字，一个微笑，已经足够。AndIamhappy,happythatit'snottrue.而我会快乐，因为那不是真的而快乐。智利诗人聂鲁达创作的一首情诗。其中多数直接达了诗人喜爱恋人的沉默与安静，但最后却显露出诗人想打破这种沉静的愿望：哪怕是一个字，一个眼神，让我知道你不是真的死了，或者说，让我知道你爱我，这样我就会幸福。因而此诗在表达诗人的爱恋的同时，重在表现了诗人渴望得到恋人的回应。拟声辞格：Itsoundsasthoughyouwerelamenting,abutterflycooinglikeadove.拟声词coo:作者将他/她轻叹的形象比作一只蝴蝶，然后想象蝴蝶发出鸽子的声音（用拟声词coo），描写诗歌中他/她的轻叹的声音。形象新奇唯美。“这声叹息忽远忽近，使“我”听不真切，以身传情，更加打动读者的内心。”（钱纯静）明喻辞格1.Youarelikemysoul,abutterflyofdream.“作者把ta比作自己的灵魂，深深地表达了ta对作者的重要性/对ta的思念/爱恋之情。”soulmate灵魂伴侣表达了诗人心目中与ta灵魂相通，可以不用言语交流，而心有灵犀。古希腊人把蝴蝶和灵魂合而为一,在他们看来，蝴蝶在痛苦、漫长地净化后所拥有的美丽和轻灵，是人类灵魂的形象写照，是一种精神或者更高层次的象征，以蝴蝶的生命意象，代表改变、蜕变、甚至是美丽的短暂、轻灵的永恒。在基督教的艺术中，蝴蝶经常是人类灵魂复活的象征。InancientGreek,"psyche"meansboth"butterfly"and"soul"2.Youarelikethenight.作者将ta比作黑夜。黑夜漫漫孤寂。形象地表达了诗人内心的落寞，惆怅与漫漫无边的孤单失落感。Youarelikethenight,withit'sstillness(静）andconstellations（美）.“形象地勾画出诗人的失落孤寂，也表现诗人与爱人的距离太过遥远，她是一颗闪亮的明珠，而他只是众多群星中微不足道的一颗”（陈敏杰）“表达出诗人与他所爱之人遥远的距离，但他心中仍有光明和希望，再遥远的距离也无所谓遥远”（丁燕红）3.YouarelikethewordMelancholy.“诗人将ta比作“忧郁”这个词，表达出诗人内心想起ta时的心情之感：忧郁，充满悲伤，象征着这段爱情的悲剧，爱情已逝。”表达出ta的气质特征沉静，忧郁美。4.Andletmetalktoyouwithyoursilence并且让我借你沉默与你说话thatisbrightasalamp,simpleasaring.你的沉默明亮如灯，简若圆环。“你”的沉默如灯，照亮了我的心房，如环，扣住了我的一生。（钱纯静）EnglishRhetoricpersonification&punArielThefigureofspeech--PersonificationPersonificationisgenerallyconsideredatypeofmetaphorinwhichinanimate[ɪn'ænɪmət]objects,aninals,abstractconceptsoreventsaregivenhumanqualitiesorabilities.所谓拟人，就是赋予无生命物体、动物、抽象概念或事件等以人的特征或能力。ClassificationofPersonification1.动植物拟人化。2.无生命物体拟人化。3.抽象观念或事物拟人化。AnimalsandPlants动植物拟人化Longago,therewasabigcatinthehouse.Hecaughtmanymicewhiletheywerestealingfood.Onedaythemicehadameetingtotalkaboutthewaytodealwiththeircommonenemy.Somesaidthis,andsomesaidthat.Atlastayoungmousegotup,andsaidthathehadagoodidea."Wecouldtieabellaroundtheneckofthecat.Thenwhenhecomesnear,wecanhearthesoundofthebell,andrunaway."Everyoneapprovedofthisproposal,butanoldwisemousegotupandsaid,"Thatisallverywell,butwhowilltiethebelltothecat?"Themicelookedateachother,butnobodyspoke.tobellthecatItisdifficulttogetamantobellthecat.在危险中勇于挺身而出的人是很难找到的。Theinfantfloweropensitsbudandcries,“Dearworld,pleasedonotfade.”幼花的蓓蕾开放了，它叫道：“亲爱的世界，请你不要枯萎！”Fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggletosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.四个角上各有一丛冬青，它们在来自繁忙大街的尘烟中挣扎着生长。InanimateObjects非生物拟人化是把无生命的事物当作人描写。Thewindsighedinthetreetops.微风吹过树顶好像有人在叹息。Themooniswalkinginthesky.月亮在天上赶路。Thestubborndoorwon'topen.这固执的门打不开。Whengunsspeakitistoolatetoargue.等到大炮说话时，争论已经太迟了。Abstrations抽象概念与事件拟人化1.Procrastinationisthethiefoftime.拖延为时间之窃贼。2.Timeisthebestphysician.时间是妙手神医。拟人修辞功能一、有生命的动植物人格化，使描述的动植物获得人的特性，使人产生联想。二、被拟人化的无生命事物，如大自然、天气、季节、等被赋予生命活力，充满生机，使人感到生气勃勃。例：Spring—is—cominghomewithherworldwanderingfeet.春天迈着周游世界的步伐回来了。三、表达作者爱憎之情。例：Tea,althoughanOriental,isagentlemanatleast,cocaisacoward,cocaisabeast.茶虽然是东方人，但至少是一位绅士。可可却是懦夫，可可是坏蛋。France,motherofarts,ofwarriors,andoflaws.法兰西，您是艺术之母，勇士之母和法制之母。四、抽象概念的人格化，可以烘托出一种艺术气氛，加强语言的感染力。如：例：Beaswelltrainedasyoucan.Getasmuchtrainingasyoucan.Opportunityknocksateverydoor.Besurethatwhenitknocksatyourdooryouareready.尽可能成训练有素的人。尽量多参加训练。良机会敲每个人的门。一定要使自己在良机敲门时已作好准备。词性角度分类1）Personificationbymeansofnouns(名词型拟人)Hecouldevenhearthewhisperofleaves.Lieshaveshortlegs.谎言站不住脚。2）Personificationbymeansofverbs(动词型拟人)1.Hereyesdancedwithgreatvivacity[vɪ'væsɪtɪ].她的眼睛很快乐地上下打量着.2.Atlasttheenginebegantowake,grumble,fallasleepandasleepandwakeagain.机器终于醒了过来，大发牢骚，又睡了过去，然后再次醒过来。3.Themightydesertisburningfortheloveofabladeofgrasswhoshakesherheadandlaughsandfliesaway.无垠的沙漠热烈追求一叶绿草的爱，她摇摇头笑着飞开.Thetreescomeuptomywindowliketheyearning（渴望的）voiceofthedumb（哑的）earth.绿树长到了我的窗前，仿佛是喑哑的大地发出的渴望的声音。3）Personificationbymeansofadjectives(形容词型拟人)Loveisblind.a.爱神是蒙着眼睛的。b.爱情是盲目的。c.情人眼里出西施。BlindfoldedCupid4）Personificationbymeansofadverbs(副词型拟人）Notbeingafraidofthestorm,thetreesstoodcalmly.Thedogswerebarkingathimfuriously.在拟人中，常用人称代词she,he等代替非人的东西。5）Personificationbymeansofpronouns(代词型拟人）theearthnaturemoonmorningnightlibertyjusticethesun,ocean,war,death,fear,anger,ApolloPoseidonHadesThanatos塔那托斯ScythePoetryinmotiondancingclosetome.（Toyota丰田汽车）动态的诗，向我舞近。丰田汽车的英文广告口号将丰田汽车隐喻为“poetryinmotion”，给读者以动态美的感受。“dancingclosetome”采用了拟人的修辞手法，极富画面感。“dancing”让受众感受到丰田汽车驾驶者的浪漫柔情。译文沿用英文广告口号的结构与修辞，最大程度地保留了原广告的精髓。WilliamWordsworth(1770–1850)Englishpoet,OneofthegreatEnglishpoets,hewasaleaderoftheromanticmovementinEngland.LakePoetsWordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge柯尔律治Southey骚塞WindermereLake温德米尔湖OnedayWordsworthandhissisterpassedthestripoflandatGlencoyneBay(格林可因湾),ontheirwaybacktoGrasmere（格拉斯米尔）.Theretheywerecaughtbyabeautifulsceneofyellowdaffodils.Laterthedescriptioninhissister’sjournalmadehimtowritethisfamouspoem.TheDaffodilsIwanderedlonelyasacloud我独自游荡，象朵孤云,Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhill,高高地飞越峡谷和山颠：WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,突然我望见密密的一群－－Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;一大片金黄色的水仙;Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,它们在那湖边的树荫里，Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze. 在阵阵微风中舞姿飘逸。Continuousasthestarsthatshine象银河的繁星连绵不断－－Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,辉映着夜空，时暗时亮；Theystretchedinnever-endingline水仙黄灿灿的一片伸向前方，Alongthemarginofabay：就沿着湖湾的岸边；TenthousandsawIataglance,我一眼望去便看见万千－－Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.　一边欢舞一边把头频点。Thewavesbesidethemdanced,butthey水波在旁欢舞，但水仙Outdidthesparklingwavesinglee比闪亮的水波舞得更欢。Apoetcouldnotbutbegay有这样快活的朋友作伴，Insuchajocundcompany!诗人的心儿被快活充满！Igaze–andgazed–butlittlethought我看了又看，却难领悟Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:　这景象给了我什么财富：Foroft,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,因为，有时我心绪茫然，或冥思苦想地躺在榻上，Theyflashuponthatinwardeye这水仙常在我眼前闪现，Whichistheblissofsolitude;这是孤寂中的幸福－－Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,这时我的心被欢乐充满，Anddanceswiththedaffodil.并随着那水仙起舞翩翩。OscarWilde(1854–1900)wasanIrishauthor,playwrightandpoet.Afterwritingindifferentformsthroughoutthe1880s,hebecameoneofLondon'smostpopularplaywrightsintheearly1890s.Childrenusedtoplayinthegiantgardenwhenthegiantwasonthevisittohisfriend.Whenthegiantreturned,hedrovethechildrenawayfromhisgarden,andafterthatspringnevercametothegarden.Thechildrencrepedintothegardenandbroughtbackthespring.Thegianthelpedalittleboytoclimbthetreeandbecamefriendswiththechildren.ButtheSpringnevercame,northeSummer.TheAutumngavegoldenfruittoeverygarden,buttotheGiant’sgardenshegavenone.‘Heistooselfish,’shesaid.Soitwasalwayswinterthere,andtheNorthWind,andtheHail,andtheFrost,andtheSnowdancedaboutthroughthetrees.可是春天始终没有来，夏天也没有来。秋天给每个花园带来金色果实，但巨人的花园却什么也没有得到。“他太自私了。”秋天这样说。因此冬天永远留在那里，还有北风，还有雹，还有霜，还有雪，他们快乐地在树丛中跳舞。gavesaiddancedO.Henry(欧.亨利)（1862～1910）,America'squitepopularwithreadersasashortstorywriter（短篇小说家）.Heisawardedasa"Manhattanlaureatepoet“(曼哈顿的桂冠诗人).WorksTheGiftofMagiTheLastLeafTheCopandtheAnthemTheFurnishedRoom……ThepooryounggirlpainterJohnsyunfortunatelycaughtpneumonia(肺炎).HergoodfriendSuetriedherbesttolookcareofJohnsy,butdidnotimprovedisease.Johnsylostthewilltoliveandmadeuphermindtosoughtdeathwhenthelastleaffalls.Inordertosavethispoorgirl,theoldpainterBellmanclimbedoverthewallandpaintedaleafintherain.Soonhecoughtpneumoniaanddiedtwodayslater.InNovemberacold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorscalledPneumonia,stalkedaboutthedistrict,touchingonehereandtherewithhisicyfingers.Overontheeastsidetheravagerstrodeboldly,smitinghisvictimsbyscores.到了11月，一个冷酷的、肉眼看不见的不速之客，在艺术区里徘徊----医生管它叫“肺炎”、医生们叫做“肺炎”。他用冰冷的手指这儿碰碰、那儿摸摸。在广场的东面，这个坏家伙明目张胆地踏着大步，被他击倒的受害者一打又一打。v.stalkedabout(roamedabout)touchingstrode(stride:walkwithlongsteps)smiting(hittinghard)n.stranger;fingers;ravager(destructor)adj.coldadv.boldlypron.whomhis在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义或同音的条件，有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意在彼，这种修辞手法叫做双关。Thefigureofspeech--PunClassificationofPun1)利用同形异义词构成的词义双关。Homographic[,hɔməu'ɡræfik]puns2）利用同音异义词的谐音双关。Homophonic[,hɔməu'fɔnik]punslight(光）/light(轻的）ball(球）/ball（舞会）bark(吠）/bark(树皮）tear(眼泪）/tear(撕）flower/floursaw-sore-soarchilli/chillysent-cent-scentFinnish/finishrays-raise-raze(将...夷为平地）-rase(消除）caught/court音同形同音同形异1881年，王尔德坐船横跨大洋来到美利坚，进关的时候傲然地对海关官员翻了个白眼说：(Ihavenothingtodeclareexceptmygenius.)declare:1）申报(在国外所购之物)2）宣布词义双关HomographicPunsTimeflieslikeanarrow,fruitflieslikeabanana.这句话乍一看，好像是说：时光像箭一样飞逝，水果像香蕉一样飞逝。其实这句话后半部分的真正意思是：果蝇喜欢吃香蕉，也就是fruitflies/like/abanana。InWittyRemarks俏皮话Marriagerequiresamantopurchasefourtypesof"Ring"-engagementring,weddingring,sufferingandenduring.Marriageisaninstitutioninwhichamanloseshisbachelor'sdegreeandthewomangetshermaster's.婚姻是这样一所学校：男人会失去学士学位/单身汉的地位，而女人会获得硕士学位/征服者的地位。AfterBushisdead,hestilllies.InJokesAprofessortappedonhisdeskandshouted,“Gentlemen,order!”Theentireclassyelled,“Beer!”Judge:"Tellmewhyyouparkedthere."Driver:"Because,YourHonor,itsaid'FineforParking'"BrainTwisters1.AtwhattimeofdaywasAdamborn?JustbeforeEve.2.Whenisapieceofwoodlikeaking?Whenit'smadeintoaruler.3.Whichtwowordshavethemostlettersinthem?Postoffice.4.What'stheworstweatherformice?Whenitrainscatsanddogs.如果有辆车正在路上行驶，A坐在主驾驶，B坐在副驾驶，C坐在后排，请问这车是谁的？是如果的。谐音双关Homophonicpuns1.OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaypreyonyou.今天为你祈祷，明天将你欺凌。2.Sevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.七天不喝水，虚的拉不动腿。Chinese这是我国的一首，非常有意境。卧春宋沙律卧梅又闻花，卧枝绘中天。鱼吻卧石水，卧石答春绿。HedrovehisexpensivecarintoatreeandfoundouthowtheMercedesbends.InWittyRemarks俏皮话他违章超速驾驶，结果将昂贵的名车撞到树上，他终于看到他的奔驰车(Mercedes)是怎样撞弯(bends)的。这句话的幽默基于bends与Benz读音的相近。Note：借助发音相似的单词也可构成谐音双关。Abicyclecan’tstandonitsownbecauseitistwo-tyred.这句话的表面意思是：自行车自己站不起来，因为它只有两个轮胎(two-tyred)。而这句话的另外一个意思是：这辆自行车被它的主人骑了很长时间，它现在太累了(tootired)。InJokesAwomanwasdrivinginhercaronanarrowroad.Shewasknittingatthesametime,soshewasdrivingveryslowly.Amancameupfrombehindandhewantedtopassher.Heopenedthewindowandyelled,"Pullover!Pullover!"Theladyyelledback,"No,it'sasweater!"pullover：steeravehicletothesideoftheroadBoyfriend:Whatisyourfavoritemusicgroup?Girlfriend:IloveU2!Boyfriend:Iloveyoutoo,butwhatisyourfavoritemusicgroup?SCENE:TheOvalOffice.GeorgeBushandCondolezzaRice.(场景)椭圆形办公室,乔治布什和国家安全顾问康多里扎赖斯George:Condi!Nicetoseeyou.What'shappening?Condi:Sir,IhavethereportaboutthenewleaderofChina.George:Great.Let'shearit.Condi:HuisthenewleaderofChina.胡(谁)是中国的新领导人George:That'swhatIwanttoknow.Condi:That'swhatI'mtellingyou.George:That'swhatI'maskingyou.WhoisthenewleaderofChina?...George:WillyouorwillyounottellmethenameofthenewleaderofChina?布什:你到底愿不愿意告诉我谁(胡)是中国的领导人?Condi:Yessir.赖斯:是的,长官（亚瑟尔）George:Yasser?YoumeanArafatisinChina?IthoughthewasintheMiddleEast.布什：亚瑟尔?你是说阿拉法特在中国?我以为他在中东呢Condi:That'scorrect.赖斯：没错。George:ThenwhoisinChina?布什：那么谁（胡）在中国?Condi:Yes,sir.赖斯：是的长官（亚瑟尔）George:YassirisinChina?布什：亚瑟尔在中国?Condi:No,sir.赖斯：不,长官George:Thenwhois?布什：那么谁（胡）在?Condi:Yes,sir.赖斯：是的长官（亚瑟尔）George:Yassir?布什：亚瑟尔?Condi:No,sir赖斯：不,长官.George:Look,Condi.IneedtoknowthenameofthenewleaderofChina.GetmetheSecretaryGeneraloftheU.N.onthephone.Ibetheknows.布什：听着,赖斯．我要知道中国新领导人的名字,给我接联合国秘书长．我觉得他会知道Condi:Kofi?赖斯：科费（咖啡）?George:No,thanks.布什：不,谢谢Condi:YouwantKofi?赖斯：你要科费（咖啡）?George:No.布什：不!Condi:Youdon'twantKofi.赖斯：那么你不要科费（咖啡）。George:No.Butnowthatyoumentionit,Icoulduseaglassofmilk.AndthengetmetheU.N.布什：不,但是既然你提到它,我要杯牛奶就可以了,然后给我接联合国。(Condipicksupthephone.)（赖斯拿起电话）Condi:Ricehere赖斯：赖斯在这（这有米饭）George:Rice?Goodidea.Andacoupleofeggrolls,too.布什：米饭?好主意,在来点鸡蛋吧!Whatisblackandwhiteandredallover.Whyshouldyouneverplaypokerinthejungle?InBrainTwistersNewspaper.BecausetheremaybeCheetahs.InTongueTwisterAfleaandaflyweretrappedinaflue,andtheytriedtofleefortheirlife.Thefleasaidtothefly"let'sflee!"andtheflysaidtotheflea"Let'sfly!Finallyboththefleaandflymanagedtofleethroughaflawintheflue.一只跳蚤和一只苍蝇被困进了一根管子里，它们努力逃命。跳蚤对苍蝇说：“让我们逃吧!”苍蝇对跳蚤说：“让咱们飞吧!”最后，两个都设法通过那管子的一个裂隙逃走了。InLiteratureYoupromisedtotellmeyourhistory,youknow,'saidAlice,'andwhyitisyouhate--CandD,'sheaddedinawhisper,halfafraidthatitwouldbeoffendedagain.“你记得吗，你答应过讲你的历史，”爱丽丝说，“作为什么恨……恨‘M’和‘G’呀，”她压低声音，说完了这句话，她怕说出猫和狗这两个字惹老鼠生气，于是只说出猫和狗两字的拼音字头。'Mineisalongandasadtale!'saidtheMouse,turningtoAlice,andsighing.“我的故事是个结尾悲伤的长故事，”老鼠对爱丽丝叹息着说。'ItISalongtail,certainly,'saidAlice,lookingdownwithwonderattheMouse'stail;'butwhydoyoucallitsad?'爱丽丝没有听清这句话，她看着老鼠的尾巴纳闷了：“它确实是根长尾巴，可为什么说尾巴是悲伤的呢？”InAdvertisementsGiveyourhairatouchofspring.给你的头发洒满春色;让你的头发富有弹性。Moneydoesn’tgrowontrees.Butitblossomsatourbranches.这是LioydBank(英国劳埃德银行)所做的户外广告。广告字面意思是：树上是长不出钱来的，但它会在我们的树枝上开花结果。这则广告里的branch这个词有两层含义，第一层含义是字面意思，即树枝；而更深一层含义是指该银行的各个支行。该广告蕴含的意思则是：如果你把钱存到劳埃德银行，你的钱就会不断增值。就像枝头上的蓓蕾一样年年不断的绽放、开花、结出累累硕果，永不枯竭。ThefunctionsofpunsTomakethelanguagemoreattractive(advertisement)用于广告中，语言更具吸引力。Toenrichthelanguagebyincreasingtheinformation增加信息，丰富语言。Tomakethelanguagemorevivid,humorousandimpressive.生动幽默。Assignment分析以下三个广告用语采用的双关辞格（属于那种类型的双关）及其表达效果（为什么要用双关辞格...）。Trustus.Over5000earsofexperience.Spoilyourselfandnotyourfigure.Welead.Otherscopy．(理光复印机）