第二讲 代词和介词
第二部分 语法专项突破
一 代 词
it
its
题型分类
考题印证
命题解读
语法填空
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using _____ every day.
2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by ______ (it) mother.
1.考查人称代词的主格和宾格;
2.考查物主代词的基本用法;
3.考查it的基本用法;
4.考查不定代词和替代词的基本用法
all→both或去掉all
our→his
题型分类
考题印证
命题解读
短文改错
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.___________________
2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily.___________
1.代词单复数的错用;
2.人称代词与物主代词的错用;
3.不定代词的错用;
4.代词与其所指代的对象不符
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
1.人称代词
人称代词有主格(I ,we, they, he, she, it)和宾格(me, us, them, him, her, it)等之分。主格在句中作主语;宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语,也可作
语或同位语。
◆To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.
只有在不幸时才能真正了解一个人。
2.物主代词
形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)相当于形容词,在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语,不能单独使用。名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,可单独作主语、表语和宾语,也可与of连用作后置定语,但不能单独作定语。
◆(朗文辞典)The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.
我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些。
3.反身代词
(1)反身代词(myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself)在句中可用作宾语或表语、同位语。还可以作名词或代词的同位语,加强语气,表示“亲自,本人”的意思。
◆(上海卷)If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on ourselves.
如果我们父母为我们做任何事,我们就无法学会独立。
(2)含有反身代词的习惯用语:
by oneself
单独地;独自地
for oneself
亲自;为自己
devote oneself to
致力于
apply oneself to
专心致志于
enjoy oneself
过得愉快
help oneself to
随便吃;随便用
make yourself at home
不拘束
seat oneself
坐下
behave oneself
举止得体
come to oneself
恢复知觉;苏醒过来
adapt/adjust oneself to
适应于
abandon oneself to
沉迷于;放纵于
express oneself
表达自己的思想
lose oneself in (=be lost in)
迷失
say to oneself
心里想
talk to oneself
自言自语
us
ourselves
her→his
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1.(2018·江西九江一模)We valued every chance we could to keep ________ (we) both on the right track.
2.(2016·北京卷)We are very proud of ___________ (we) and believe we can do more for a better world.
3.(2016·四川卷)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.___________
不定代词
1.all, both, either, any, none, neither
都
任何一个
都不
部分否定
两者
both
either
neither=
not either
both和
not连用
三者或
三者以上
all
any
none=
not any
all和not连用
◆(2015·福建卷)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.
那个研究团队在那个调查的基础上得出了两个
,但是两个报告里面都没有任何参考价值。
◆(江西卷)—When shall I call, in the morning or afternoon?
——我什么时候(给你)打电话方便,上午还是下午?
—Either. I’ll be in all day.
——都可以,我将一整天都在家。
2.none, nothing, no one/nobody
none
none既指人也指物,后面可接of短语,一般用来回答how many, how much 和which的提问
nothing
nothing只指物,后面不能接of短语,用来回答what的提问
no one/
nobody
no one和nobody只指人不指物,其后不接of短语,一般回答who的提问
◆Even if the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.
尽管这个
好像有点奇怪,但是除了我之外没人怀疑它的正确性。
◆(2015·四川卷)Niki is always full of ideas, but none is useful to my knowledge.
Niki总是会有很多想法,但是就我所知没有一个想法是有用的。
eq \a\vs4\al()
部分否定和全部否定
(1)no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any/either以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定;
(2)all, both, everyone/everybody/everything以及“every+名词”与not 连用时,表部分否定;
(3)not与总括性副词,如everywhere, always, altogether 等连用时,也表示部分否定。
3.other, the other, others, the others, another
other
other泛指“另外一些”,只作定语,常与可数名词复数连用
the other
the other指两个人或物中的“另一个”,常与one连用,构成“one...the other...”(一个……;另一个……)
another
可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。常与one连用,构成one...another...泛指“一个……另一个……”。另外another与数词连用,表示“再,又”,即:another+数词+n.(pl)=数词+more+n.(pl)
others,
the others
others泛指“其余的人或物”,相当于“other+可数名词复数”,不能作定语,常构成some...others...。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”,相当于“the other+可数名词复数”
◆(2015·陕西卷)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.
为了暖和自己,那个海员坐在火堆前,两只光脚丫互相蹭着。
◆(福建卷)In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others, knives and forks.
在一些国家,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另外一些国家,人们用刀叉吃饭。
Neither
another
Somebody→Nobody
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/短文改错
1.___________ Tom nor Mary can help me, for they are very busy.
2.—Is he leaving tomorrow?
—No. He’ll continue to stay here for ___________ four or five days.
3.(2018·江西六校联考)Failure is part of our life. Somebody has achieved great success without lots of failures._________________
it的用法
1.指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等,也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
◆(北京卷)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.
由于当地政府的努力,大城市的就业率不断上升。
eq \a\vs4\al()
替代词(it, that, one)的用法区别
it
特指前面提到过的同一个人或物
that
替代上文出现的“the+不可数名词或单数可数名词”,表特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为those
one
替代上文出现的“a/an+单数可数名词”,表泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones
2.it用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当
◆(天津卷)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
很明显,对学生来说他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。
◆(山东卷)The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.
这两个女孩长得很像,陌生人很难把她们区分开来。
eq \a\vs4\al()
1.it作形式主语或形式宾语的常考句式:
(1)It is a pity/shame that...
真可惜……
It is no wonder that...
难怪……
It seems/appears that...
似乎/看来……
It looks/seems as if/as though...
看起来好像……
It happens that...
碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...
某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that... 据说/据报道……
It is no use/good doing... 做……没有用/好处。
It takes sb. some time to do... 做……花费某人多长时间。
It is certain that... ……是一定的。
It turns out that... 结果是……
(2)think/consider/believe/find/make/feel+it+adj./n.+to do/doing/that...
(3)主语+like, enjoy, prefer, love, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on/rely on, see to+it+that/if/when...
2.含有it的常考短语或句型:
(1)It depends. 视情况而定。
Take it easy. 别着急。
believe it or not 信不信由你
make it 成功,做到,约定时间
take it for granted that... 认为……是理所当然的
as someone puts it 像某人所说的那样
When it comes to... 当涉及/谈到……
owe it to sb.that... 把……归功于某人
keep it in mind that... 把……铭记在心
(2)It’s (high) time that sb. should do/did sth.
是某人该做某事的时候了。
It’s the first/second/...time that sb. have/has done sth. 是某人第一次/二次/……次做某事。
It is/has been... since... 自从……多久了
It will be/was... before... 要过……时间才……
It is/was+时间点+when... 当……时候,时间是……
强调句型:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who...
it
it
在find后加it
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/短文改错
1.(2018·湖南衡阳八中、永州四中联考)I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air, and _______ seemed a long time.
2.(2018·安徽望江中学月考)He admitted that when ______ comes to repairing a computer, he had little knowledge of it.
3.Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some slow learners may even give up learning English.___________________
eq \a\vs4\al()
代词与语法填空
人称、物主、反身代词词类:“成分”是关键
(1)如果句中缺主语,则用人称代词的主格;
(2)如果句中缺宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格;
(3)如果句中缺定语,则用形容词性物主代词;
(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,则用反身代词。
不定代词类:“范围”要搞清
(1)二者选其一用either;都不选用neither;都选用both;
(2)三者或以上的任何一个用any;都不选用none;都选用all。
it类:“指代”要辨明
(1)如果指代上下文同一事物,用it;
(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离,用it;
(3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语,用it。
代词与短文改错
分析句子成分,看句中主语或宾语是否有缺失或者多余。如果缺少主语,则需要添加人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;如果缺宾语,则可以添加人称代词宾格;如果宾语和主语指同一个人,则应用反身代词。
检查搭配,看名词前是否需要代词。如果名词前需要代词,则需添加形容词性物主代词。
通读全文,通过上下文的语境检查代词指代是否一致。
根据句式结构,判断句子是否为it的特殊句式,it作形式主语、形式宾语或在强调句中。一些固定句式中it的用法也要注意。
对不定代词的考查主要集中在其指代范围,这就需要分析上下文意义,看代词是肯定还是否定,是指代两者还是三者或三者以上,从而确定不定代词的使用是否合适。
二 介 词
in
on
题型分类
考题印证
命题解读
语法填空
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ____ engineering or architecture.
2.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ______ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
1.考查常用介词的基本用法;
2.固定搭配中的介词使用
on→of
去掉第二个of
题型分类
考题印证
命题解读
短文改错
1.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.___________
2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.____________________
1.介词与名词、动词或形容词搭配不当;
2.介词的多余;
3.介词的缺失;
4.习惯搭配中介词的错用
常考介词的用法
1.表示时间的介词
介词
用法
at
表示时间的一点,时刻等。at 6:00 o’clock在6点钟;at daybreak在黎明
on
表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常由前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午;on a rainy day morning在一个雨天的上午
介词
用法
in
表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning在上午
since+
时间点
自从……以来
for+时间段
长达……
during
在……期间
until/till
直到……
介词
用法
by
到……为止;不迟于……
in/after+
时间段
在……之后。“in+时间段”常与将来时连用;“after+时间段”常与过去式连用
before
在……之前
over
在……期间;直到……结束
♦(北京卷)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.
Jane很着急,因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。
♦(安徽卷)In Britain, it’s not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.
在英国,早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。
eq \a\vs4\al()
(1)当时间名词前有this,that,last,next,every,each等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。
(2)“on/upon+名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
2.表示方位的介词
介词
用法
at
后常接相对较小的地方
in
后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内
on
“在……上”(↔beneath)
across
表示“从……的表面穿过”;在……对面
through
表示“从……的内部穿过”
over
表示“从……的上面跨过”(↔under)
above
指离开物体表面而在其上方,但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过,多于,大于”(↔below)
♦(陕西卷)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little scream.
狗跳过几丛灌木看到小溪。
♦(上海卷)The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.
阳光透过天窗,照亮了整个房间。
3.表示方式的介词
表示使用的工具、手段、材料时,with,by,in,on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官;by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具;in指使用某种语言、笔墨等;on 多用于固定词组中。
by train
乘火车
on the radio
通过收音机
on TV
通过电视
with a pencil
用铅笔
4.表示“除……之外”的介词(短语)
介词
用法
besides
意为“除……之外(还有)”,相当于in addition to
except
意为“除……之外(别无)”,可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句
but
意为“除……之外”(=except)
apart from
既可相当于besides或in addition to,也可相当于except for
other than
意为“除……之外(别无)”
♦(福建卷)Apart from good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
除了优质的服务外,这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。
eq \a\vs4\al()
(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式时,如果前有实义动词do,则不定式中的to省略
(2)besides还可作副词,意为“另外,而且”,在句中常作插入语。
5.表示原因的介词(短语)
for,because of,due to,thanks to,owing to, on account of, as a result of
♦(浙江卷)The openair celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.
因为天气不好,这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。
♦(上海卷)Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
由于天气恶劣,航班延误了好几个小时。
eq \a\vs4\al()
上述短语中due to不仅可作状语还可作表语外,其他短语只能作状语。thanks to 表示“多亏,幸亏”,多位于句首。
6.其他常考的介词
介词
用法
against
违背,反对;倚靠;以……为背景,衬托
beyond
(范围、限度)超出,为……所不能及
by
程度或增减的幅度;按……计
despite
尽管
介词
用法
for
(表示目的)为了;(表示对象或用途)给;因为;从……来看;赞成,支持
with
和……在一起;和,跟;具有,带有;(表示伴随)随着
within
(范围、程度)在……之内
without
没有
off
(表示位置)在……的外面;(表示方向)偏离;从……离开
♦(重庆卷)She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.
她在转弯处开得如此快,以至于车差点偏离公路。
♦(福建卷)Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.
任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。
in
with
去掉at
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1.(2017·北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living ________ fishing industry.
2.(2018·河北武邑中学一调)It’s of great urgency that we need to make the relative laws, _________ the rapid growth of online shopping.
3.(2018·皖南八校联考)It was almost at 10:30 p.m., when a family who had attended the same wedding passed by in their car.___________
常考介词短语及搭配
高考中的语法填空和短文改错将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查,介词与名词、形容词与介词、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考的介词短语及固定搭配有:
1.与名词的搭配
at a time
每次,一次
at a loss
困惑,不知所措
at first sight
乍一看
at table
在吃饭
beyond description
无法形容
beyond one’s reach
够不着
by accident/chance
偶然
by mistake
错误地
by the way
顺便说
by hand
手工地
in advance
在前头,事先,预先
in charge
主管,看管
in return
作为回报
in turn
依次,转而
in shape
健康状况良好
in the long run
从长远来看
in trouble
处于困境中
on purpose
故意地
on holiday
在度假
in time
及时,迟早
on time
准时
on average
平均
on the contrary
相反地
out of breath/balance/date/control
上气不接下气/失去平衡/过时/失去控制
to one’s surprise/astonishment
令某人惊奇/吃惊的是
under construction/consideration/discussion
在建设/考虑/讨论中
at the cost of
以……为代价
in honour of
为了纪念……
in memory of
为纪念……
in place of
代替
in support/favor of
支持,支援
in addition to
除……之外
in terms/view of
鉴于,根据
for the sake of
为了
for the purpose of
为了……的目的
for the benefit of
为了……的利益
on account of
由于
on behalf of
代表
on the way to
在去……的路上
on the basis of
以……为基础
by means of
借助
reason for
……的原因
approach to
……的方法
visit to
到……的访问
(a) lack of
缺乏……
2.与动词的搭配
answer for
对……负责
apply for
申请
call at
拜访(地点)
date from/back to
追溯到
keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth.
阻止某人做……
protect...from
保护……不受伤害
result from
由于
suffer from
遭受
approve of
赞成
complain of
抱怨
consist of...
由……组成
dream of
梦到
think of
想起;考虑到
call on
拜访(某人)
depend/rely on
依靠
result in/lead to
导致
succeed in
在……方面成功
belong to
属于
refer to
谈到;涉及;查阅
3.与形容词的搭配
be ashamed of
对……感到羞耻
be aware of
意识到
be proud of
以……为荣
be sure of
对……有信心;确信
be tired of
厌倦
be angry with sb.
与某人生气
be familiar with sth.
熟悉……
be familiar to sb.
为某人所熟悉
be patient with
对……有耐心
be pleased/satisfied with
对……满意
be popular with sb.
受某人欢迎
be strict with sb.
对某人严格
be addicted to
对……上瘾;沉溺于
be available to
对……可用;可供……使用
be beneficial to
对……有益处
be devoted to
致力于,献身于
be similar to
与……相似
be confident in
对……有信心
be eager for
渴望
be absent from
缺席
be anxious about/for
忧虑,担心
be crazy about
热衷;着迷
be curious about
对……好奇
be particular about
挑剔
be suitable for/to
适合于
4.其他搭配
after all
毕竟,终究
ahead of
(时间,空间)在……前面;领先
far from
远非
once in a while
偶尔
up to
达到;由……决定
in spite of
尽管;虽然
eq \a\vs4\al()
易错用的介词
with the help of
在……的帮助下
under the leadership of
在……的领导下
the article in the newspaper
报纸上的文章
a hole in the wall
墙上的洞
a bird in the tree
树上的鸟
apples on the tree
树上的苹果
tickets for the concert
音乐会的票
in the direction of
朝着……的方向
set an example to sb.
给某人树立榜样
In
Under→With
Because后加of
[对点演练]——单句语法填空/单句改错
1.(2017· 天津卷)We offer an excellent education to our students. ________ return, we expect students to work hard.
2.(2018· 江西南昌调研)Under his help, we have learned immediately how to analyze and settle problems.___________
3.(2018· 甘肃重点中学协作体联考)Because the help you gave me that summer, my life changed.________________
eq \a\vs4\al()
介词与语法填空
“是否宾语”作依据
介词必须要接宾语,宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词或what从句充当。若空格后是名词、代词或动名词且它们在句中不作主语和动词的宾语,则要考虑介词。
“四种方法”来确定
(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;
(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法;
(3)根据特殊的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;
(4)根据介词与动词等的搭配。
介词与短文改错
熟练掌握介词的基本用法,即介词后用名词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子作宾语;解题时,观察句中是否有这一类词,以此确定所改词是否是介词或句子中介词是否缺失或多余,以便添加或删除;
观察句中名词、动词、形容词等的前后的搭配,然后根据介词与它们的搭配来判断是否误用,还是多词或漏词,解题的关键是掌握一些固定搭配和固定短语;
检查副词前是否多加了介词。