墨西哥与美国

墨西哥与美国 1.墨西哥与美国，巴西与美国和欧盟贸易等同，墨西哥贸易》巴西 According to the gravity model Tij=A*Yi*Yj/Dij,Mexico is quite close to the U.S., but it is far from the European Union . So we can get a conclusion, Mexico trades largely with the U.S. Brazil is far from both, so its trade is split between the two. Mexico trades more than Brazil because it is so close to a major economy (the U.S.) and it is a member of a free trade agreement with a large economy (NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement). Brazil is farther away from any large economy and is in a free trade agreement with relatively small countries. 2.东亚经济增长，与内中东贸易增加， According to the gravity model ,the GDP takes an essential part when one country’s GDP has grown up,undoubtedly the vaue of trade between the country and others will become larger .So when the share of world GDP which belongs to East Asian economies grows, that means the size of the East Asian economy has grown. This makes the trade relationships with East Asian countries larger over time. The logic is similar for why the countries trade more with one another. Previously their markets were too small to import a substantial amount. As they became more wealthy and the consumption demands of their populace rose, they were each able to import more. Thus, while they previously had focused their exports to other rich nations, over time, they became part of the rich nation club and thus were targets for one another’s exports. For example when Vietnam and Kingdom of Cambodia were both small, the product of their GDPs was quite small, meaning despite their proximity, there was little trade between them. Now that they have both grown considerably, their GDPs predict a considerable amount of trade. 3.国内总L2400，生产一个橘子需6，而梨4 b.What is the opportunity cost of oranges in terms of pear The opportunity cost of orange in terms of pears is 3/2. It takes three units of labor to harvest an orange but only two units of labor to harvest a pear. If one forgoes harvesting an orange, this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 pears. c(In the absence of trade, what would the price of oranges in terms of pears be? Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price of good equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equals the wage times the unit labor requirement for orange divided by the wage times the unit labor requirement for pears. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 oranges per 2 pears. 4.国外L1600，O要10，P 2 b(Construct the world relative supply curve The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of oranges relative to the supply of pears at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which oranges are harvested is 3 oranges per 2 pears. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of oranges supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 pears and no oranges, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest oranges. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat t the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity. 5(Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demand for bananas = price of bananas/price of apples. b(What is the equilibrium relative price of apples? The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS curves. 1x,y RD: x,[0,0.5)y,1.5, ,x,0.5y,[1.5,5], ,x,(0.5,，,]y,5, RS: ? x,0.5y,2 Thus the equilibrium relative price is 2. C(Describe the pattern of trade. In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the orrange production, export orange and import pears. Foreign will specialize in the pears production, export pears and import orange d(Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three pears by foregoing two oranges, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five oranges. Trade allows each country to trade eight oranges for four pears. Home could then gain four oranges by foregoing two pears while Foreign could gain one pears by foregoing only two oranges. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade. 6(”Chinese workers earn only $7.50 an hour; This statement is just an example of the pauper labor argument discussed in this chapter. The point is that the relative wage rates do not come out of thin air, they are determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand of goods. The box in the chapter provides data which shows the strong connection between wages and productivity. China’s low wage presumably reflects the fact that China is less productive than the United States in most industries. As the test example illustrated, a highly productive country that trades with a less productive, low-wage country will raise, not lower, its standard of living. 7.In the Canada where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle Why or why not? 1. The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in production, not on the ratio of land or labor to output. The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land-intensive in other countries as well if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. Comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for this purpose. 8.Suppose that at current factor prices cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for each a.Suppose that the economy’s total resources are 600 hours of labor and 60 acres of aLC / aTC , (LC /QC) / (TC /QC) ,LC /TC,LC ,20TC aLF / aTF , (LF /QF) / (TF /QF) ,LF /TF,LF ,5TF We can solve this algebraically since L=LC+LF=1200 and T=TC+TF=120.The solution is LC=800, TC=40, LF=400 and TF=80. b.L 1600 然后2000 然后2400 L,800: TC,33.33, LC,666.67, TF,26.67, LF,133.33 L,1000: TC,46.67, LC,933.33, TF,13.33, LF,66.67 L,1200: TC,60, LC,1200, TF,0, LF,0. (complete specialization). c.At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices would have to change, or there would be unemployment. .What would happen if the labor supply were to increase even further? 9.法国向德国出口鱼，德向法出口手机 Note how welfare in both countries increases as the two countries move from production patterns governed by domestic prices (dashed line) to production patterns governed by world prices (straight line). 10.suoth korea 主要进口原。出口加工产品 The terms of trade of south korea, a manufactures (M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer, is the world relative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (pM/pR). The terms of trade change can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers, world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large, such that changes affect the world relative price. A.石油。 Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating south korea’s terms of trade. b. 中国china increased automobile production increases the supply of manufactures, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating south korea’s terms of trade. c. 英国British. development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. This increases world RD, and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving south korea’s terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in south korea since world demand for raw materials falls. d. 美国丰收失败A harvest failure in America decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out. Also, America ’s demand for manufactures decreases, which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forces decrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate south korea’s terms of trade. e. A reduction in south korea’s tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures. This price change will increase south korea’s RS and decrease south korea’s RD, which increases the world RS and decreases the world RD (i.e., world RS shifts out and world RD shifts in). The world relative price of manufactures declines and south korea’s terms of trade deteriorate.