历史年份

历史年份 1776: The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is published 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is 1800s: Industrial Revolution in Britain ushers in the Capitalist established, providing basic rules and procedures for reducing Era. tariffs; includes a most-favored nation clause; International 1816: Introduction of the gold standard, pegging all money to Monetary Fund (IMF) begins operation to fix exchange rates and a set amount of gold provide additional loans to war-torn countries. 1817: Principles of Political Economy and Taxation by 1957: Treaty of Rome inaugurates the European Economic David Ricardo is published Community. 1834: Prussia’s Zolverein creates a common market, 1971: United States suspends its commitment to convert dollars establishing an economic basis for subsequent German into gold and resorts to protectionism, indicating the decline of unification. its hegemony. 1848: The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich 1973: Arab nations of OPEC impose an oil embargo on the Engels is published United States, raising oil prices dramatically 1850-1875: European and American industrialization, 1974-1975: Stagflation occurs in many developed countries as a technical innovations, and rapid expansion of foreign trade result of the 1973 oil crisis expedite the growth of the global economy. 1979: Iranian Revolution causes oil prices to go up again, 1867: The first volume of Capital by Karl Marx is published leading to more stagflation. 1870s: Growth of railroads in the United States allows 1981-1982: United States experiences a severe recession that American wheat to be sold in Europe, reducing prices and spreads worldwide, causing Ronald Reagan to push for leading to protectionism economic deregulation and tax cuts – while increasing spending 1914-1918: The First World War brings the first era of – leading to large budget deficits. globalization to an end 1985: Single European Act accelerates economic integration of 1924: Dawes Plan establishes a monetary cycle of loans, EU members. reparations, and loan payments to Germany, the Allies and the 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall, triggering the spread of capitalism United States, respectively throughout the former Soviet bloc; World Wide Web is 1928: Federal Reserve Bank in the United States raises developed by Tim Berners-Lee interest rates, breaking the Dawes Plan cycle and leading to 1990-1991: German unification allows the former East Germany the collapse of Germany’s economy to integrate into West Germany’s strong economic and political 1929: U.S. Stock Market crashes institutions; the Soviet Union dissolves itself 1930: Smoot-Hawley Tariff in the United States leads to 1993: Treaty of European Union (Maastricht Treaty) is ratified by countervailing tariffs and a worldwide collapse of export all member states finalizing their political and monetary union. industries, accelerating and deepening the Great Depression. 1994: North American Free Trade Agreement goes into effect in 1936: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Canada, Mexico, and the United States, beginning the process Money by John Maynard Keynes is published. of eliminating international trade barriers. 1945-1973: Bretton Woods system creates an international 1995: The World Trade Organization (WTO) replaces GATT. monetary system based on a gold/dollar standard; United 2001:UN lays down the Millennium Development Goals States is considered a hegemon in economics and in 2002: Full introduction of the euro providing international security arrangements for its allies. 2007: House prices in the US fall for the first time on record 1946: World Bank begins operation; initially created to help 2008: Market around the world slump after the financial crisis finance reconstruction after the war, its primary task claims investment bank Lehman Brothers; Iceland, Ukraine and eventually becomes lending money to underdeveloped Latvia are among countries forced to seek IMF assistance; the countries. G7 is replaced by the G20 1798: Thomas Malthus publishes Essay on the Principle of 1977: The United Nations organizes the first conference on Population. water, requesting the formation of a worldwide inventory of 1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origins of Species availability of fresh water. 1948: The international Union for the Protection of Nature, 1979: The Iranian Revolution results in the cessation of Iranian now the World Conservation Union is created to work toward oil exports, causing another energy crisis. global environment goals; the World Health Organization is 1980: World Health Organization announces that it has reached organized to control the spread of disease. its goal of eradicating smallpox; another oil crisis occurs as a 1949: The United Nations host the Scientific Conference on result of the Iran-Iraq War. the Conservation and Utilization of Resources to discuss 1984: The worlds worst industrial accident occurs at Bhopal in problems relating to natural resources. India; methyl isocyanate leaks from a pesticide pant killing some 1956: Thousand are poison in because of mercury released 2,800 people and injuring tens of thousands of others. into Minimata Bay, Japan 1986: The World’s worst nuclear reactor accident occurs at 1958: The First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union; large amounts of Sea radioactive material are released into the atmosphere. 1959: A water-sharing agreement between Egypt and Sudan 1987: The Montreal Protocol requires signatory states to phase regulates the use of the Nile. out the use of importation of chlorofluorocarbons; the World 1961: The World Wild Fund is created in Switzerland Health Organization establishes the Global Program on AIDS to 1968: The Club of Rome, a multinational group of economists unify national and international efforts against the disease and other specialists, is formed to warn of the dangers of 1992: Rio Earth Summit occurs population growth and pollution 1994: UN conference on Population and Development succeeds 1972: The United Nations Conference on the Human in approving a plan to limit the world’s population. Environment in Stockholm pledges continued worldwide 1996: UN World Food Summit sets the goal to reduce the discussion and cooperation on environmental issues, number of hungry people in the world by half by 2015 establishes an action plan, and approves the Declaration on 1997: The Kyoto Protocol calls for more stringent limits on the Human Environment carbon emissions by industrialized countries. 1973: Arab oil producers institute an oil embargo, causing an 2000: UN lays down the Millennium Development Goals energy crisis. 2002: Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable 1974: The United Nations Environmental Program and the Development sets targets which included improved access to United Nations Conference on the Trade and Development family planning services, health care, and primary education. meet in Mexico to discuss environmental problems and the 2003: The United Nations declares 2003 the International Year distribution of the world’s resources; the International Energy of Fresh Water Agency is created among major industrial states to develop an 2011. Nuclear emergency follows explosion at Fukushima emergency system for sharing oil. Nuclear Plant in Japan. 1899: Hague Convention outlaws the use of poisonous gases, 1987: Montreal Protocol builds on the Vienna Convention by exploding bullets, and explosive discharged from balloons. calling for a phase-out of CRCs by the end of 1995 1919: League of Nations is created by the Treaty of Versailles; 1988: UN Peacekeeping operations awarded the Noble Peace when the U.S. Senate rejects membership, the League’s Prize ability to facilitate cooperation and prevent wars is 1989: Helsinki declaration proposes halting production and use immediately inhibited. of CFCs by the year 2000 1925: Geneva Protocol outlaws the use of chemical weapons 1990: Iraq occupies Kuwait: UN Security Council approves 1945: United Nations is created to safeguard the military action to restore Kuwait’s sovereignty; UN World Summit independence and integrity of member states and to promote for Children is held in New York. international law. 1991: U.S – led coalition frees Kuwait from Iraqi occupation; 1946: Nazi leaders are prosecuted for “crimes against United States and Soviet Union sign START treaty humanity” at the Nuremberg Trials. 1992: UN Conference on Environment and Development (the 1950-53: Korean War occurs, providing the first opportunity for “Earth Summit”) in Rio de Janeiro UN Security Council-sponsored military action 1993: More than 120 nations sign the Chemical Weapons 1957: European Economic Community Is established by the Convention to ban production, stockpiling, and use of chemical Treaty of Rome to facilitate European economic cooperation. weapons. 1959: Antarctic Treaty is signed, banning military activity and 1994: UN Conference on Population and Development is held in setting guidelines for scientific research in Antarctica Cairo; nearly 189 nations adopt a plan to prevent the world 1960: Seventeen new states, sixteen of which are from Africa, population from exceeding 7.2 billion people over the following are admitted to the UN two decades. 1967: Outer Space Treaty bans territorial claims in space and 1995: The World Trade Organization (WTO) takes over as space-based weapons of mass destruction successor to GATT; The World Summit for Social Development 1971: General Assembly votes to seat representative of the meets in Copenhagen to renew the commitment to combating People’s Republic of China poverty, unemployment and social exclusion 1972: UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1996: UN General Assembly adopts the Comprehensive Stockholm approves Declaration on the Human Environment. Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty 1974: UN Declaration on a New Economic Order (NIEO) aims 1998: UN General Assembly votes to create a permanent at reducing economic inequalities between the North and International Criminal Court to prosecute crimes against South. humanity 1982: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea regulates the 1999: WTO summit in Seattle is disrupted by massive protests finite resources of the ocean 2001: Al-Qaeda militants crash passenger jets into the World 1985: Vienna Convention establishes framework of worldwide Trade Centre and the Pentagon cooperation for pollution control.