对我国等额选举的认识

对我国等额选举的认识 社会主义国家的宪政框架奉行议行合一的原则，即民选的机构对国家事务享有全权。就我国而言，全国人民代大会在国家机构体系中居于首要地位，其它任何机关都不能超越于全国人民代表大会之上，也不能与它相并列，国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。宪法第二条是这样表述的:中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。这种宪政框架应该说是优于资本主义国家普遍采用的“三权分立”的宪政原则的，因为它更重视民选机构的地位，赋予民选机构更大、更重要的权力,而不像“三权分立”体制那样把直接来源于民意的议会设定为与其它更为间接的方式产生的行政机关和司法机关平等的位置上，并相互严格制衡。但在具体的宪政实践和权力运作过程中，我们的人民代表大会作为人民行使权力的国家机关的权威地位并没有真正地显现出来，尽管拨乱反正，改革开放20多年以来，我们的人民代表大会建设已取得了令人瞩目的成就，但无论是从权力实际运作的效果，还是人民群众的切身体会来看，都与宪法赋予它的权威地位相去甚远。“橡皮图章”的形象始终未能得到根本性的改变。那么，如何使这枚图章变硬起来，真正实现社会主义国家从宪政框架上为它设定的权力呢,我认为，我国现行的选举制度及选举实践中存在的一些缺陷，不利于选出真正无私、公正、负有责任感和使命感的人民代表。选举是代议制民主的基石，只有一个健康、公正、严格的选举制才有可能选出合格的人民代表来，而只有由一个个独立、正直、真正为民请命的代表才有可能组成一个强有力的工作机构，才有可能胜任宪法赋予它的权能和使命。 选举权和被选举权是我国公民一项重要的政治权利，参加选举是公民行使管理国家权利的重要途径。根据国情，我国采用人民代表大会制作为国家的根本政治制度。为了使选民广泛参加各级人民代表的选举，我国制定了适合国情的选举制度。这一选举制度具有以下鲜明的特点: 第一，平等性。宪法和选举法都，除依法被剥夺政治权利的人以外，凡年满18周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权。选举法还规定，每一个选民在一次选举中只有一个投票权。这些规定，既保证了每一位公民都能在平等measuring range of 1.5~2 times the maximum test pressure, essential ... Table 3-1 equipment based and location of allows deviation serial number project allows deviation mm 1 coordinates location (aspect axis) ? 20 2 different plane of elevation-20 3 shape size ? 20 4 convex stage plane shape size-20 5 concave points size +20 6 plane level (including to ping Shang need installation equipment of part each meters 5 full length 10 7 vertical degrees each meters 5 full length 10 8 reserved anchor bolt hole Center location ? 10 Depth of wall thickness of +20 10 9 vertical elevation of pre-embedded anchoring bolts (top) +20 Centre distance ? 2 3.5 Horn group Horn install location and quantity, the following requirements: 3.5.1 General on either side of the anchor bolt should be placed under a set of horns, and as close as possible to the bolt. The local bolt spacing is less than 300mm, and can be placed on the anchor bolts with side a set of horns, the spacing between two adjacent set of horns is generally 500mm around, should be based on loads distribution and structure of the base. Each group pad iron of location should according to equipment load by Xia type determine: a, ? Cx (Q1+Q2) x104/R A--pad iron area (mm2) Q1--due to equipment, of weight added in pad iron group Shang of load (n) Q2--due to anchor bolt twist tight by distribution in the pad iron group Shang of pressure (n), desirable bolt of Xu anti-stress R--based or to ping of units area compressive strength (MPa), desirable concrete design strength C--safety, should be take 1.5~3 a, value calculation out Hou, Can be selected according to the data in the table 3-2. Table tilting pad Teppei 3-2 Horn area cm2 code l a l b material material code a b c helical-1100 1100 50 ? 5 4 ordinary carbon steel 50 ordinary carbon steel 50 oblique 2,120 60 ? 5 6 draw oblique All filled up. 3.7.2.3 second Grouting should be located outside the template, templates are removed, the surface should be flat, and surface treatment. 3.8 the installation quality of the installed pump pump equipment, is very important to the stable 的基础上参加选举，又使得任何人都不能在选举上享有特权。同时，全国人大和地方各级人大中的代表名额，按各民族、各地区、各方面都有适当数量的原则进行分配，也体现了我国各民族和各地区之间的平等。 第二，广泛性。目前我国有99(97,的18岁以上公民享有选举权和被选举权。从参加选举的情况来看，全国的参选率一直都在90,以上;从当选的各级人民代表来看，全国各个民族、各行各业、各个阶层都有自己的代表当选。这种广泛性，保证了各级人民代表大会的权威性。 第三，真实性。我国的选举不受金钱操纵，选民自由讨论、协商，推举出他们信任的候选人，然后进行无记名投票，实行差额选举。参选者是否当选，主要看其对国家和社会实际贡献的大小，看其为人民服务的态度和与人民群众的联系如何。对于选举中出现的贿选和侵犯公民选举权等违法现象，将依照刑法和选举法等有关法律进行处罚。在被选举者当选之后，如果有违法乱纪或严重失职的行为，选民或选举单位都有权罢免自己选出的代表。 第四，直接选举与间接选举相结合。选举法规定，全国人大的代表，由下一级人民代表大会选举，不设区的市、市辖区、县、自治县、乡、民族乡、镇的人大代表，由选民直接选举。这种直接选举与间接选举相结合的方法，不仅考虑到了我国地域辽阔、人口众多和经济文化发展水平还比较低的具体条件，也保证了公民对自己的选举权利的充分行使。 我国1953年制定的选举法规定，各级人大代表的选举实行等额选举。差额选举作为一项基本的选举原则，是从1979年选举法、地方组织法修改后开始实行的。等额选举是指候选人数与应选人数相等的选举。目前我国实行等额选举的地方，主要有党的中央政治局委员、中央政治局常务委员会委员、中央纪律检查委员会常务委员和书记、副书记、党的地方各级委员会和纪律检查委员会书记、副书记。而党的基层组织的书记、副书记如果经上级党组织批准，也可以实行等额选举。 接下来浅谈一下等额选举与差额选举的关系: (一)等额选举与差额选举并存。《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》(以下简称《地方组织法》)第二十二条第一款规定，“„„正职领导人员„„的候选人数一般应多一人，进行差额选举;如果提名的 --pad iron area (mm2) Q1--ase. Each group pad iron of location should according to equipment load by Xia type determine: a, ? Cx (Q1+Q2) x104/R Athe b e spacing between two adjacent set of horns is generally 500mm around, should be based on loads distribution and structure ofle to the bolt. The local bolt spacing is less than 300mm, and can be placed on the anchor bolts with side a set of horns, threments: 3.5.1 General on either side of the anchor bolt should be placed under a set of horns, and as close as possibembedded anchoring bolts (top) +20 Centre distance ? 2 3.5 Horn group Horn install location and quantity, the following requi-ation of prel elevees each meters 5 full length 10 8 reserved anchor bolt hole Center location ? 10 Depth of wall thickness of +20 10 9 verticae +20 6 plane level (including to ping Shang need installation equipment of part each meters 5 full length 10 7 vertical degr20 5 concave points siz-20 3 shape size ? 20 4 convex stage plane shape size-xis) ? 20 2 different plane of elevation1 equipment based and location of allows deviation serial number project allows deviation mm 1 coordinates location (aspect a-l ... Table 3measuring range of 1.5~2 times the maximum test pressure, essentiarface treatment. 3.8 the installation quality of the installed pump pump equipment, is very important to the stableup. 3.7.2.3 second Grouting should be located outside the template, templates are removed, the surface should be flat, and su1100 1100 50 ? 5 4 ordinary carbon steel 50 ordinary carbon steel 50 oblique 2,120 60 ? 5 6 draw oblique All filled -2 Horn area cm2 code l a l b material material code a b c helical-2. Table tilting pad Teppei 3-lected according to the data in the table 3safety, should be take 1.5~3 a, value calculation out Hou, Can be se--based or to ping of units area compressive strength (MPa), desirable concrete design strength C--stress R-tribution in the pad iron group Shang of pressure (n), desirable bolt of Xu antidue to anchor bolt twist tight by dis--due to equipment, of weight added in pad iron group Shang of load (n) Q2- 2 - 候选人只有一人，也可以等额选举。„„副职领导人员的候选人数应比应选人数多一人至三人„„进行差额选举。”第二十四条第三款规定:“另行选举„„副职领导人员时，依照本法第二十二条第一款的规定，确定差额数，进行差额选举。”第二十五条规定“„„补选„„，候选人数可以多于应选人数，也可以同应选人数相等。选举办法由本级人民代表大会决定。”从法律的规定来看，不管是国家机关正职领导人员，还是副职领导人员的选举，都存在等额选举与差额选举并存的现象。 (二)等额选举是有条件的。以上所引用的法律规定，有两个地方出现了“也可以”的提法，一是正职领导人员如果提名的候选人只有一人，也可以等额选举;二是补选，候选人可以多于应选人数，也可以同应选人数相等。应该说，进行等额选举是有条件限制的。对正职领导人员来说，要进行等额选举，它的前提条件必须是:如果提名的候选人只有一人，即没有代表联名提出候选人，可以进行等额选举。但是，如果有代表联名提出候选人，就不能进行等额选举，而是要依法进行差额选举;还有，补选时，是进行差额选举，还是进行等额选举，不是可以随意，而是必须由本级人民代表大会决定，因此，等额选举是有条件的，要注意把握等额选举的条件限制，不能无视法律的明确规定而随意扩大等额选举的范围。 (三)可以另选他人。选举不同于任免和决定人选的重要标志有两个，一个是代表可以依法联名提出候选人，另一个是可以另选他人。关于可以另选他人的问题，《地方组织法》第二十三条规定，“„„代表对于确定的候选人，可以投赞成票，可以投反对票，可以另选其他任何代表或者选民，„„。”这就是说，在写票时，对主席团或代表联名提出的候选人，代表认为不满意的，还可以根据自己的意愿另选他人。这是选举工作中体现民主的重要一环。 根据我国现行选举法和地方组织法的规定: 1、全国人大代表和地方各级人大代表的选举一律实行差额选举。具体的差额幅度为，由选民直接选举的代表候选人名额，应多于应选代表名额三分之一至一倍;由地方各级人民代表大会选举上一级人大代表候选人的名额，应多于应选代表名额五分之一至二分之一。 2、人大常委会主任、秘书长，乡、民族乡、镇的人大主席，人民政府正职领 --ent load by Xia type determine: a, ? Cx (Q1+Q2) x104/R A, should be based on loads distribution and structure of the base. Each group pad iron of location should according to equipmroundan be placed on the anchor bolts with side a set of horns, the spacing between two adjacent set of horns is generally 500mm ashould be placed under a set of horns, and as close as possible to the bolt. The local bolt spacing is less than 300mm, and c rements: 3.5.1 General on either side of the anchor boltembedded anchoring bolts (top) +20 Centre distance ? 2 3.5 Horn group Horn install location and quantity, the following requi-ocation ? 10 Depth of wall thickness of +20 10 9 vertical elevation of prength 10 7 vertical degrees each meters 5 full length 10 8 reserved anchor bolt hole Center l20 5 concave points size +20 6 plane level (including to ping Shang need installation equipment of part each meters 5 full le-e ? 20 4 convex stage plane shape size20 3 shape siz-xis) ? 20 2 different plane of elevation1 equipment based and location of allows deviation serial number project allows deviation mm 1 coordinates location (aspect a-uring range of 1.5~2 times the maximum test pressure, essential ... Table 3measump equipment, is very important to the stablepump pate, templates are removed, the surface should be flat, and surface treatment. 3.8 the installation quality of the installed arbon steel 50 oblique 2,120 60 ? 5 6 draw oblique All filled up. 3.7.2.3 second Grouting should be located outside the templ1100 1100 50 ? 5 4 ordinary carbon steel 50 ordinary c-2 Horn area cm2 code l a l b material material code a b c helical-2. Table tilting pad Teppei 3-, should be take 1.5~3 a, value calculation out Hou, Can be selected according to the data in the table 3safety--based or to ping of units area compressive strength (MPa), desirable concrete design strength C--stress R-due to anchor bolt twist tight by distribution in the pad iron group Shang of pressure (n), desirable bolt of Xu anti--up Shang of load (n) Q2due to equipment, of weight added in pad iron gro--pad iron area (mm2) Q1- 3 - 导人员，人民法院院长，检察院检察长的候选人数一般应多1人，进行差额选举;如果提名的候选人只有1人，也可以等额选举。人大常委会副主任，乡、民族乡、镇的人大副主席，人民政府副职领导人员的候选人数应比应选人数多1至3人，人大常委会委员的候选人数应比应选人数多十分之一至五分之一。 具体差额数由本级人大根据应选人数在选举办法中规定，进行差额选举。如果提名人数超过差额数，实行直接选举的要经过选民反复酝酿、讨论、协商按多数人意见确定正式代表候选人;实行间接选举的则应在酝酿、讨论的基础上先进行预选。 差额选举的实施，不仅为选举人依法行使选举权提供了选择的余地，而且也在被选举人的选择上形成了相应的竞争，有助于从制度上切实提高选举的民主化程度，也有利于人才的选拔，使优秀人才得以脱颖而出。 等额选举的优缺点: 综上所述，可以得出结论:等额选举和差额选举并存，等额选举是有条件限制的，不管是差额选举还是等额选举都可以另选他人。 等额选举的优点: 可以充分考虑当选者的结构的合理性,而且在当选人给民 投票比较集中，有利于选举的顺利进行;缺众的一个交代同时也得到法律承认。 点是选民或代表在选举前没其他选择余地。 等额选举的缺点: 一定程度上限制选民的自由选择,使选民误以为当选者事先内定,影响其积极性. 等额选举是候选人名额与应选名额相等的选举。各方面提出的候选人多于应选名额，需经过酝酿、讨论、协商，根据多数人的意见或预选，按应选名额确定正式候选人，然后再进行选举。 随着城市化的推进，一些乡镇改为街道办事处，随之镇乡的人大主席消失，而街道一级又没有人民代表大会的工作机构，使人大工作脱节断档。一些乡镇在村或街道居委会组织代表参政议政，反映社情民意方面，搞了代表活动室，定期组织代表参加活动，但这种活动只局限在县、乡一级的代表，市、县或全国人大代表的活动都缺乏载体，活动就更差一些。因此，如何充分发挥人大代表的作用仍值得探索。 加强基层民主政治建设的内容很广，方式方法也很多，最直接的就是要把具 due to anchor bolt twist tight by dis--due to equipment, of weight added in pad iron group Shang of load (n) Q2--pad iron area (mm2) Q1--ase. Each group pad iron of location should according to equipment load by Xia type determine: a, ? Cx (Q1+Q2) x104/R Athe b e spacing between two adjacent set of horns is generally 500mm around, should be based on loads distribution and structure ofle to the bolt. The local bolt spacing is less than 300mm, and can be placed on the anchor bolts with side a set of horns, threments: 3.5.1 General on either side of the anchor bolt should be placed under a set of horns, and as close as possibembedded anchoring bolts (top) +20 Centre distance ? 2 3.5 Horn group Horn install location and quantity, the following requi-ation of prel elevees each meters 5 full length 10 8 reserved anchor bolt hole Center location ? 10 Depth of wall thickness of +20 10 9 verticae +20 6 plane level (including to ping Shang need installation equipment of part each meters 5 full length 10 7 vertical degr20 5 concave points siz-20 3 shape size ? 20 4 convex stage plane shape size-xis) ? 20 2 different plane of elevation1 equipment based and location of allows deviation serial number project allows deviation mm 1 coordinates location (aspect a-l ... Table 3measuring range of 1.5~2 times the maximum test pressure, essentiarface treatment. 3.8 the installation quality of the installed pump pump equipment, is very important to the stableup. 3.7.2.3 second Grouting should be located outside the template, templates are removed, the surface should be flat, and su1100 1100 50 ? 5 4 ordinary carbon steel 50 ordinary carbon steel 50 oblique 2,120 60 ? 5 6 draw oblique All filled -2 Horn area cm2 code l a l b material material code a b c helical-2. Table tilting pad Teppei 3-lected according to the data in the table 3safety, should be take 1.5~3 a, value calculation out Hou, Can be se--based or to ping of units area compressive strength (MPa), desirable concrete design strength C--stress R-tribution in the pad iron group Shang of pressure (n), desirable bolt of Xu anti- 4 - 有国家身份和法律地位与担负人民重托的人大代表作用充分发挥好。首先要提高人大代表的议政能力和参与决策的能力，如对财政预算的审查能力，改变代表看不懂预算的局面，使政府和财政的“钱袋子”权力转移到人大手中，实现权力“归位”。这就要求必须切实加强对人大代表的培训，包括政治思想上的提高，法律基本知识的培训，以及人大代表必须具备的知识和技能的培训。要逐步使人大代表职业化，改变现在政府官员中人大代表所占比例偏多的现象。只有这样，社会主义的政治文明才能保持旺盛的生机和活力，才能吸引广大人民群众积极参与的政治热情，只有在各个阶层，各方面的利益得到协调和保障，他们的权利得到充分尊重的时候，社会主义和谐社会才有可能建立起来。 实践证明，我国实行的选举制度(例如:等额选举，差额选举等)有利于发扬民主，使人民真正选出自己了解、信得过的人民代表，保障了各族人民行使管理国家的权利。 rements: 3.5.1 General on either side of the anchor boltembedded anchoring bolts (top) +20 Centre distance ? 2 3.5 Horn group Horn install location and quantity, the following requi-ocation ? 10 Depth of wall thickness of +20 10 9 vertical elevation of prength 10 7 vertical degrees each meters 5 full length 10 8 reserved anchor bolt hole Center l20 5 concave points size +20 6 plane level (including to ping Shang need installation equipment of part each meters 5 full le-e ? 20 4 convex stage plane shape size20 3 shape siz-xis) ? 20 2 different plane of elevation1 equipment based and location of allows deviation serial number project allows deviation mm 1 coordinates location (aspect a-uring range of 1.5~2 times the maximum test pressure, essential ... Table 3measump equipment, is very important to the stablepump pate, templates are removed, the surface should be flat, and surface treatment. 3.8 the installation quality of the installed arbon steel 50 oblique 2,120 60 ? 5 6 draw oblique All filled up. 3.7.2.3 second Grouting should be located outside the templ1100 1100 50 ? 5 4 ordinary carbon steel 50 ordinary c-2 Horn area cm2 code l a l b material material code a b c helical-2. Table tilting pad Teppei 3-, should be take 1.5~3 a, value calculation out Hou, Can be selected according to the data in the table 3safety--based or to ping of units area compressive strength (MPa), desirable concrete design strength C--stress R-due to anchor bolt twist tight by distribution in the pad iron group Shang of pressure (n), desirable bolt of Xu anti--up Shang of load (n) Q2due to equipment, of weight added in pad iron gro--pad iron area (mm2) Q1--ent load by Xia type determine: a, ? Cx (Q1+Q2) x104/R A, should be based on loads distribution and structure of the base. Each group pad iron of location should according to equipmroundan be placed on the anchor bolts with side a set of horns, the spacing between two adjacent set of horns is generally 500mm ashould be placed under a set of horns, and as close as possible to the bolt. The local bolt spacing is less than 300mm, and c- 5 -