论山东民俗文化旅游资源的开发 -李东成(山东师范大学 齐鲁文化研究

论山东民俗文化旅游资源的开发 -李东成(山东师范大学 齐鲁文化研究 论山东民俗文化资源的旅游开发 李东成(山东师范大学 齐鲁文化研究中心，山东 济南，250014) 发表时间: 2004 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 摘要:山东民俗文化因其传承性强、地域特点鲜明、影响广泛而成为山东民俗旅游的重要资源。凭借此资源优势，山东的民俗旅游享誉国内外，成为山东旅游业一个富有潜力的增长点。但在当前的民俗旅游开发实践中也出现了一些亟待解决的问题。本文在山东民俗旅游的特点、类型和山东民俗旅游开发现状的基础上，就目前出现的问题，提出一些有针对性的开发原则和解决对策。 关键词:民俗;民俗文化;民俗旅游;山东 一、民俗文化、民俗旅游的界定 (一)民俗文化的定义 民俗文化，是世间广泛流传的各种风俗习尚的总称，包括存在于民间的物质文化、社会组织、意识形态和口头语言等各种社会习惯、风尚事物。[1] 它是民俗旅游最重要的资源。民俗文化本身就是一种生活文化，因此，也有些学者提出用“生活文化”指代民俗文化。 与精英文化或宫廷文化相比，民俗文化更具有地域性、民族性、独特性、生动性和大众性等特点，这些特点与当代大众旅游的诸多特点相吻合，使得民俗文化成为民俗旅游的主体资源，这也是推动民俗旅游持续发展的主要动力。 (二)民俗旅游的界定 早在20世纪80年代前后，中国就已经开展了民俗旅游，从20世纪90年代起，学者们开始探讨民俗旅游的概念，陆景川、西敬亭、叶涛、李慕寒、刘印其、迟景才、仇学琴、陶思炎、温锦英、吴忠军、巴兆祥、吴必虎等人均对此有所阐述。 1990年,西敬亭、叶涛首先明确提出了“民俗旅游”的概念:“民俗旅游是民俗与旅游的结缘，以民俗事象为主体内容的旅游活动”[2]刘印其提出:“民俗旅游是借助民俗来开展的旅游项目，如寻根祭祖、朝山进香、民间艺术表演、民俗展览、民俗表演 (婚礼表演等)、节庆活动、风味食品、旧式交通工具、住民房等，一句话，就是‘到民间去旅游’，到民俗氛围里去切身体验”。[3]温锦英给民俗旅游下了这样的定义:“民俗旅游就是借助民俗来开展的旅游项目,它以一个国家或地区的民俗事象和民俗活动为旅游资源,在内容和形式上具有鲜明、突出的民族性和独特性,给人一种与众不同的新鲜感,它的魅力就在于其深厚的文化内涵。”[4] 前述诸位学者对民俗旅游界定,虽然有的比较宽泛，有的过于细致和繁琐，但大多认为民俗旅游是以民俗事象为基础的一项旅游活动。笔者认为，民俗旅游之所以成为一项方兴未艾、发 展前景广阔的旅游活动，主要在与其资源主体——民俗文化具有鲜明的民族性和地域性、强烈的传承性，内容贴近民间，形式生动活泼有密切的关系，这是我们界定民俗旅游的立足点;除此之外，理论上的探讨还需结合当代民俗旅游的开发实践。因此，界定民俗旅游的概念，首先要明确民俗旅游的资源主体,其次应表述其属性和基本特征，还要结合民俗旅游开发实践指明其形式。 参照各位学者的定义，笔者把民俗旅游界定如下:民俗旅游是指以民俗事象为主要游览内容的文化旅游活动。它利用民俗文化资源吸引旅游者，是一种具有鲜明的民族性和区域性的新兴旅游活动。常见的游览形式有认知民俗事象、参观民俗建筑(包括民俗博物馆、民俗村和民俗主题公园等)、参与节庆活动、体验民俗风情和参访家庭等。 (三)民俗旅游的分类 对应民俗的分类，陶思炎依据民俗范畴，表现空间、产品性质、服务功能等为标准对民俗旅游的类型作了细致的划分。他以民俗旅游涉及的民俗旅游范畴为标准，将民俗旅游产品划分为物态、动态、心态、语态等民俗旅游类型;以民俗生活空间角度为标准，将民俗旅游划分为市井民俗游、水乡民俗游、山村民俗游、渔村民俗游等环境类型;以产品性质角度为标准，将民俗旅游划分为观览型、参与型、休闲型、运动型等类型。[5]但现实中的民俗旅游活动与理论上的探讨稍有差异，比如心态、语态等民俗很难成为一个独立的民俗旅游类型。王德刚把民俗旅游的开发模式分为品牌经营模式、社区,历史(传统)街区模式、乡村模式、“生态博物馆”模式、主题公园模式和节庆活动模式。[6]这6种模式在山东均有分布，且比较切合中国民俗旅游的实践。笔者依据山东民俗旅游开发的历史及其现状，把山东的民俗旅游产品主要分为以下6种:民俗博物馆旅游、节庆民俗旅游、婚俗旅游、渔家乐、农家乐、民俗村(民俗主题园)旅游，下文将结合山东民俗旅游开发现状对此分别详述。 二、山东民俗旅游的特征 山东民俗旅游的特征主要有以下四个方面。 1、传承性强 传承性是民俗的基本特征之一，没有传承性的风俗习惯不能称之为“民俗”。深受齐鲁文化熏染的山东民俗自其产生后，就一直沿着自身的轨迹发展，其间没有受到外来民俗文化的强烈冲击和替代。虽然历史上发生了数次改朝换代和社会变革，但都没有从根本上改变山东民俗的齐鲁文化根基。这一点在山东民俗旅游的物质民俗旅游资源和社会民俗旅游资源身上表现得尤为明显。传统的生产、生活用具、民居建筑均历史悠久，保留了其固有的传统特色。就婚姻而言，古代“六礼”(纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎)在漫长的封建社会一直是山东婚姻习俗固有的程序。在近现代虽然发生了某些变异，但“六礼”所规定的婚姻的几个基本环节未发生根本改变。就丧葬民俗而言，“三年之丧”在民间仍被完整地遵循。 2、地域特点鲜明 山东各地因其所处的自然环境和文化环境的不同，又具有鲜明的地域特点。胶东受沿海的自然条件和齐文化的影响，海洋民俗旅游和经商习俗比较浓郁。鲁中则受农耕文明和鲁文化的 深刻影响，宗教民俗旅游、家族制度、古典婚俗旅游(曲阜)独具特点。鲁西南，鲁西北以运河民俗旅游为特色，交通相对不便的鲁南(临沂等地)则较多地保留了传统的民俗。 3、影响广泛 齐鲁文化是中华传统文化的主干和核心，山东民俗作为齐鲁文化的中下层文化，其影响非常广泛。凭借齐鲁文化的传播，山东民俗的影响波及整个中国。历史上的数次北人南迁，均把华夏的衣冠制度和山东的齐鲁文化传统带到南方;北方的胡族入侵中原，无不把儒家文化作为其立国之本，这就是中国历史特有的“征服者被征服”的文化现象。这二者均显示了齐鲁文化顽强的生命力。同理，山东民俗也被南北方的人民认可和接受。在旅游开发实践中，潍坊国际风筝节开风气之争，使潍坊一夜成名，继而，全国各地纷纷效仿，“文化搭台，经贸唱戏”，掀起一股节庆旅游热。 4、开发较早 中国的第一个大规模的民俗旅游线诞生在山东，第一个民俗旅游区也诞生在山东。一般认为，中国民俗旅游的热潮始于1991年建成开放的深圳中国民俗文化旅游村，然而，早在1978年，青岛就接待了第一批海外民俗旅游者;同年，安丘石家庄民俗旅游村开始接待外宾，1983年后接待海外旅游者;1984年，潍坊就举办了第一届国际风筝节;1986年，潍坊市开辟了国内第一条千里民俗旅游线;1987年，曲阜开发了古典婚俗旅游，泰安举办了首届国际登山节„„这一切都表明山东开中国民俗旅游风气之先，引领了国内民俗旅游的发展。现在，山东的民俗旅游从资源质量上和开发规模上仍在全国占有重要的地位。 三、山东民俗旅游开发现状 山东的民俗文化资源丰富，以此为基础的民俗旅游活动也类型多样，丰富多彩，而且各地的民俗旅游内容、形式不一，因此，很难全面、确切地描述山东民俗旅游开发现状。参照山东民俗旅游产品的分类，笔者只是粗线条地勾勒出山东民俗旅游的概貌。 (一)民俗博物馆旅游 这是比较易于操作的民俗旅游形式。它主要是把各种民俗器物陈列、展览给旅游者观赏。主要有安丘的石家庄民俗博物馆、潍坊风筝博物馆、青岛民俗博物馆、淄博陶瓷博物馆、临淄中国古车博物馆等。 山东是中华民族文明的发祥地之一，地下蕴藏着许多珍贵文物，这些文物为各具特色的博物馆提供了丰富的素材。目前山东省已经有170多个博物馆，不仅数量在全国各省市名列前茅，而且种类齐全。各类综合性博物馆，历史、自然、科技、艺术、人物、民俗及遗址博物馆应有尽有，已初步形成了一个类型齐全的“博物馆旅游网”。除了上文提及的外，山东省博物馆、济南市博物馆、青岛海军博物馆、青岛海产博物馆、临淄齐国历史博物馆、中国甲午战争博物馆也是各地比较有代表性的博物馆。 (二)节庆民俗旅游 这是山东民俗旅游的主体，数量最多，规模最大，时间最长，效益最好。其下又可分为传统节庆旅游，现代节庆旅游、新兴节庆旅游、假日旅游(如双休日、黄金周等)。山东主要的旅游节庆有潍坊国际风筝节、济南千佛山庙会、趵突泉灯会、大明湖荷花节、青岛国际啤酒节、泰山国际登山节、曲阜国际孔子文化节、淄博陶瓷琉璃艺术节、烟台国际葡萄酒节、菏泽国际牡丹花会、青岛海云庵糖球会、天后宫民俗文化庙会、荣成国际渔民节等。 (三)婚俗旅游 对于旅游者来说，婚俗旅游主要有三种方式:一是参观博物馆等景点陈列的有关婚姻习俗的器物，二是观赏婚俗表演，三是亲自参与婚俗活动。新婚旅游是山东婚俗旅游中的主体，它主要包括两方面的内容:一是为旅游者表演山东传统婚礼，二是为旅游者举办山东传统的结婚典礼，它富有乡土气息，具有浓郁的地域和民族色彩。 曲阜于1987年推出的古典婚俗旅游独具特色。新郎家设在孔府饭店，新娘家设在阙里宾舍，按鲁国传统婚仪举行婚礼，一路吹吹打打，欢天喜地，煞是热闹。微山湖举办和表演水上人家的婚礼。安丘石家庄民俗旅游村和青云山民俗旅乐园等地也为游客操办婚礼，表示抢新娘等活动。 (四)渔家乐 “渔家乐”在长岛、威海和日照开展得较好。长岛县是山东唯一海岛县，其“渔家乐”的民俗旅游活动让游客观赏渔家民俗文化，品渔家生活风情，游客还可以参观渔民网箱养鱼和筏式养殖项目，观看和参与渔民舞龙、扭秧歌、吹渔家号子、尝渔家风味小吃等民俗活动。日照王家皂民俗旅游村则推出了以“吃渔家饭，乘渔家船，住渔家屋，干渔家活”为内容的民俗旅游。威海的环翠区、荣成河口、石岛等地也开展了“住渔家屋，吃渔家饭”、垂钓、赶海等渔家生活民俗旅游。 (五)农家乐 山东的“农家乐”民俗旅游颇负盛名，旅游者可住农家炕，吃农家饭、做农家活，欣赏农家小戏，参观民俗博物馆，体察民风乡情，领略田园风光。“农家乐”在泰安、枣庄、临沂开展得较好。地处内陆地区的安丘、泰安、枣庄、临沂等地则因地制宜地开展“农家乐”民俗旅游。安丘石家庄民俗旅游村推出的“住农家房、吃农家饭、做农家活、随农家俗”的旅游项目，吸引了众多中外游客。泰安的埠阳庄也开展了“同吃、同住、同劳动”的民俗旅游活动。近年来，枣庄、临沂也开展示以农村家庭为主体的民俗旅游，如峄城“万亩石榴园”内的王府山村、蒙阴的桃花峪村和八达峪村等。 (六)民俗村、民俗主题园旅游 本类以民居建筑为基础，包括古村落、民俗村、民俗主题公园等形式。比如济南的朱家峪、九顶塔民俗游乐园，潍坊的杨家埠、青云山民俗游乐园，淄博的原山等地。这一类型的民俗旅游在山东尚处于起步阶段，目前的景点或景区还不多，但发展潜力很大。 四、山东民俗旅游开发中存在的问题 山东民俗旅游发展到今天，取得了显著的成就，不仅类型丰富多样，在开发内容上也逐步深入，形成了一批知名度和美誉度都比较高的民俗旅游品牌，成为山东旅游又一个较有活力和发展前景的专项旅游产品，但不可否认的是，虽然山东建立了许多民俗旅游村、数条民俗旅游线及民俗旅游区，但目前山东民俗旅游业也有一些亟待解决的问题。本节就当前山东民俗旅游存在的问题加以分析，在此基础上提出有针对性的解决对策和下一步的开发思路。 有些问题在整个旅游业中是普遍性的，如对民俗旅游资源重开发不重保护，重经济效益轻文化效益和社会效益，有些景点(景区)的管理体制还没有完全理顺等;也有一些具体问题，如景点(景区)各自为政，重个体得失轻共同发展等。就目前山东民俗旅游实践来讲，主要有以下几个问题。 1、管理体制的分割所带来的矛盾 近年来，山东有数处景点(景区)出让经营权限，把景点(景区)交给公司经营开发，由此导致了诸如文物保护、收益分配等一系列问题;还有同一个景点(景区)分属不同的管理部门，各自为政，破坏了景点(景区)的完整性和旅游开发的协调一致性。 (1)“三孔”管理体制变更所带来的旅游开发与文物保护问题。 曲阜“三孔”随着文物管理体制的变动，“三孔”等文物景点划归旅游公司经营管理。在2000年12月6日至13日的卫生清理活动中，孔庙、孔府、颜庙等处出现了用水冲刷、硬物摩擦和掸抹、擦拭文物的现象，使3处古建筑群的22个文物点不同程度受损，有的损坏严重。 很明显，这种“水洗三孔”的做法不是文物保护专业人员所为。就此事件，国家文物局文物司有关人士称，冲洗古建筑及文物严重违反了基本文物保护常识，这在文物保护工作中是非常罕见的。北京大学世界遗产研究中心谢凝高教授也认为:“把世界遗产和国家文物交给旅游部门管理是错误的，不符合国家文物保持法”。[7] 事后，曲阜市委、市政府对文物管理体制进行了重新确定:“三孔”文物景区的保护管理工作由市文管会统一负责，孔子国际旅游股份有限公司对“三孔”的管理立即退出，原来从文管会划出的干部职工划归文管会管理。[8] (2)蒲松龄故居与聊斋园的管理体制分割 蒲松龄故居是山东省省级重点文物保护单位，属国家所有;聊斋园属蒲家庄所有。1989年，蒲家庄为发展旅游，投资3000万元在该村村外建设了以展现聊斋故事为主要内容的聊斋园。长期以来，二者各自为政，游客对这二者各收门票意见很大。它们之所以不能联合，其深层原因在于管理体制的不同和旅游收益的分配。 2、企业化运作带来的弊端 不可否认的是，企业化运作不失为一种行之有效的旅游开发手段，目前山东甚至全国很多旅游景点都以企业化运作的方式进行开发和经营。但是，企业所追求的是经济效益的最大化，与可持续旅游发展原则背道而驰，破坏了旅游市场的有序和统一，也破坏了整个旅游业的协调性和一致性。如何处理这个矛盾，我们认为关键是找到个体效益和整体效益、经济效益和 社会效益的平衡点。 2001年11月，曲阜“三孔”、蓬莱阁、刘公岛先后宣布门票要涨价，由此不仅引发了省外一些组团社在报价单中将我省这些景点“甩”掉，还导致了济南等地60家旅行社的抗议。天津、北京、河南、河北、广东等地旅游团队在接待单上明确指出报价不含涨价景点门票或门票客人自理。以蓬莱阁为例，不少团队的客人只是远远看看蓬莱阁，或者乘船在海上看看蓬莱阁就算到此一游。威海刘公岛也出现了这种情况，有的团队只是隔海看一眼景点，就把客人带到别的景点去了。景点都把目光盯在门票上，不断涨价，使得我省旅游线路的总体报价水涨船高，这种做法对景点而言，反而是失去了财源。 3、“内讧”式的不规范竞争 相似区域共享的民俗旅游资源被不规范的内部竞争分割，不仅抹煞了民俗旅游的特色，同时分流了客源市场。 (1)胶南、龙口的徐福节 胶南市和龙口市分别举办纪念徐福东渡日本庆典、徐福故里文化节，它们的旅游资源、活动内容和客源市场均大同小异，而且二者同属于胶东半岛，地理位置非常近，这就加剧了对同类目标客源市场的分流，影响了二者的旅游收益。更值得我们重视的是，在江苏等其他省份，也开发了以徐福东渡为主题的民俗旅游。 (2)中国民俗旅游第一村之争 安丘石家庄民俗旅游村被誉为“中国民俗旅游第一村”，日照王家皂民俗旅游村却定位在“山东民俗旅游第一村”。首先，二者都以“民俗旅游第一村”命名，不利于突出特色;其次，石家庄民俗旅游村既然被誉为“中国民俗旅游第一村”，毫无疑问，它也是“山东民俗旅游第一村”，王家皂以此定位，不但重复，而且笼罩在石家庄民俗旅游村的“阴影”之下，给旅游者的印象是:王家皂民俗旅游村只是山东第一，石家庄民俗旅游村才是中国第一，如此以来，不利于对外宣传促销。 4、开发滞后，对外竞争不力 虽然山东有很多富有竞争力的民俗旅游资源，但由于开发滞后，导致对外竞争不力。 (1)运河民俗旅游必须迎头赶上 运河文化是山东省重要的民俗旅游资源，在山东境内有众多的文化景观和文化遗迹。南方的苏州、无锡、扬州等地，运河文化旅游开展得如火如荼。相较于他们，山东的运河民俗旅游开发已经远远地落后于他们。山东省重点文物保护单位汶上分水龙王庙等运河文化遗迹，如不抓紧抢修，将会造成不可弥补的损失。水体污染、经费不足等因素严重制约了运河民俗旅游的发展，也使相当数量的运河文化遗迹得不到有效保护。 (2)梁祝婚俗旅游有待大力开发 济宁建设文化大市，在加强对始祖文化、儒家文化、运河文化、水浒文化研究的同时，应重视对梁祝文化的研究，因为梁山伯、祝英台的故里在济宁，梁祝文化内涵比较丰富，儒家的“孝道”观，尊重知识、重视礼仪的思想，对梁祝故事的产生、发展、流传产生了很大的影响，重视对梁祝文化的研究，对于开展家庭美德教育，树立孝敬父母、重视爱情的社会风气，对于倡导冲破世俗观念的束缚，树立改革创新意识，都具有十分重要的意义。浙江的梁祝文化旅游已建有梁祝婚俗园，举办了数次梁祝婚俗文化节，且正在申报世界非物质文化遗产，这对于我们来说，大力开发梁祝婚俗旅游迫在眉睫。 (3)水浒旅游:墙内开花墙外香 山东是水浒文化的源头，但限于种种原因，中央电视台《水浒传》把摄影基地选在无锡，无锡“水浒城”随着电视剧《水浒传》的热播而扬名海内外，给他们带来了源源不断的客流。在各种旅游推介会上，无锡打出了以武大郎、潘金莲等水浒人物为代表的水浒牌，相反，鲜见山东这样做。 (4)菏泽牡丹要做大做强 目前国内做牡丹旅游的主要是洛阳和菏泽，由于交通的可进入性、经济发达程度等原因，洛阳在宣传促销、旅游开发等方面后来居上。但菏泽有自己的优势:它是中国的牡丹之乡，栽培牡丹始于明代嘉庆年间，距今已有400多年的历史，是目前世界上种植面积最大、品种最多的牡丹生产基地、科研基地、出口基地和观赏基地。尽管自1992年始每年一度的牡丹花会使菏泽在山东旅游中占有一席之地，但令人遗憾的是，菏泽除了牡丹再无其他自然景观能让游客流连忘返，而几个牡丹园半天时间便可游完，每次游客在菏滞留时间最多不超过两天，再加上牡丹花期的季节性限制，一年之中除了谷雨前后有外地游客外，其余时间游人稀少。虽有一些其他人文景观，但因为缺少开发，菏泽旅游业在一年之中大多数时间门前冷落。 5、民俗旅游节庆的相似性和庸俗化 节庆是民俗旅游中数量最多、影响最大的项目，然而各地蜂拥而上致使节庆出现了“千人一面”的现象，更有甚者，一些不健康的民俗文化的糟粕也被冠以“民俗旅游”堂而皇之地进入旅游景点(景区)。某些景点(景区)的民俗旅游节庆(如庙会、灯会、文化旅游节等)的旅游活动大同小异，大多是一些类似的民间艺术、民间绝活、民族歌舞，同质化的竞争导致了多败俱伤。 以济南为例，春节黄金周期间，大明湖搞了春节民俗文化旅游庙会，趵突泉灯会也随后登场。两大名胜都打民俗牌，并且一个有“乾隆游趵突”，一个有“乾隆游大明湖”。两个名胜的同质化竞争导致两者黄金周的收入都没有大的作为。虽然2003年大明湖公园正月初一到初七春节民俗文化旅游庙会的游人数达到了10万人，但比2002年春节庙会的游人数却下降了。分析其原因，一方面是相距不远的趵突泉公园也大打民俗牌，另一方面，“泉城广场民俗庙会”差不多是同时举行，展卖的是老济南切糕、胶东大饽饽、天津茶汤、捏面人等传统小吃和手工艺品，与大明湖庙会上的小吃和民间曲艺有许多相同的地方，分流了不少游客。 五、山东民俗旅游开发原则和对策 (一)、山东民俗旅游开发原则 1、文化原则 “文化是明天的经济”，民俗旅游本身就是一种文化旅游，它的魅力在于民俗旅游景观所承载和体现的深厚的民俗文化内涵。随着山东旅游业的深度发展，以文化为内涵的旅游将会超越以观光为内涵的旅游，对山东民俗旅游而言，齐鲁文化和山东民俗文化是其开发的灵魂，因此，开发山东民俗旅游必须遵循文化原则。具体来说，主要有以下几点:首先，开发和经营者应具有较强的文化意识，对民俗文化有较全面的理解，对民俗文化在民俗旅游中的重要性有充分的认识，能从多学科的角度研究各类民俗事象，发掘民俗旅游资源。其次，民俗旅游项目应创造和实现民俗文化氛围，以便让旅游者得到深刻的文化体验和感受。最后，民俗旅游项目开发不仅要具有民俗的“神”，还要具有民俗的“形”，做到“神”、“形”合一，把民俗文化的精华完整地表现出来。[9] 2、本土化原则 民俗旅游利用民俗文化吸引游者，具有鲜明的民族性和地方性。因此，在开发过程中必须以民俗文化为根基，避免过于商业化的运作和不切实际的模仿与开发。本土化原则包括两个方面，一是因地制宜，挖掘当地的民俗文化资源，突出“原汁原味”，不要轻易仿制。当然，这并不排除以此为目的的适当提炼和加工，在实际的开发和经营中，这样做往往是必要的;二是对于移植的外来民俗文化，则要充分考虑当地的接受能力和接受程度，某些与当地民俗文化背景有冲突的民俗文化资源，在强调新奇性的同时，必须经过本土化的改造，否则不宜移植。 3、特色性原则 特色性是旅游资源的基本属性，民俗旅游资源尤其如此。失去特色，民俗旅游资源也就不复存在。在民俗旅游开发实践中应以特色为依据，突出各地区的民俗旅游特点，和推出与众不同的旅游产品、旅游线路和旅游购物品。突出特色性原则也是提升旅游区的品位，提高竞争能力的有效手段。 4、游客中心原则 游客是民俗旅游的主体，因此，民俗旅游应以游客为中心，按照游客的需求开发适销对路的民俗旅游产品。游客的旅游心理复杂多样，但最基本的还是求新、求异、愉悦身心，针对游客的这些基本旅游心理，我们要开发新奇、参与性和体验性强的民俗旅游产品。 5、多样性与专题性结合原则 多样性与专题性既对立又统一，二者充分结合会起到相得益彰的效果。多样性不仅不会冲淡专题性，而且还能衬托、突出专题性;多种专题也能丰富多样性，使多样性既有深度又有广度。 6、可进入原则 各地区民俗文化不同，表现为各个旅游景区(点)是一种大分散、小集中的格局，且民俗活动多在农村开展。因此开发时要考虑距离远近、可进入程度、交通状况等问题，以便作到各旅游片、区内各景区(点)相对集中、联系较紧密，各片、区间交通顺畅，可进入性好。这样有利于设计旅游线路，方便游客进行各种民俗旅游活动。 7、可持续发展原则 在民俗旅游规划和开发中，更要注重对民俗旅游资源的挖掘、抢救和保护，不要杀鸡取卵、竭泽而渔，要有长远眼光，保持民俗旅游的可持续发展。因为随着中国经济建设的进一步发展，城市化进程呈加速度增长的势头，民俗文化赖以存在的风俗习惯和古民居、古建筑遭到建设性破坏，因此，对民间文化遗产的抢救迫在眉睫，旅游开发是保护民间文化遗产的重要途径和手段，但要注意避免重蹈城市化的覆辙。 8、经济效益、社会效益和文化效益的统一原则 旅游规划与开发要充分考虑自然资源、人文资源和社会资源的有机结合，充分协调经济发展、资源保护和社会进步的关系，坚持经济效益、社会效益和文化效益的统一，促进山东省民俗旅游健康、高效持续的发展。 (二)、山东民俗旅游开发对策 1、挖掘、突出山东民俗旅游的齐鲁文化内涵 旅游具有文化性和经济性双重属性，而齐鲁文化自其产生之日起一直是中华传统文化的主干和核心，它也是山东民俗旅游的立身之本。在目前大多数民俗旅游景点日益走向庸俗化、企业化的时候，挖掘、突出文化内涵是提升民俗旅游景点品味的良好手段。山东的民俗文化包罗万象，除了其以民间建筑、民间技艺、民间游戏为代表的物质层面和以婚丧嫁娶为代表的制度层面外，以民间传统、宗教信仰、人文素质为代表的精神层面也同样不容忽视，在民俗旅游的开发实践中，后者尤其要引起民俗旅游开发者和经营者的重视。 2、理顺管理体制，加强文物保护 文物作为物质民俗的一个重要组成部分，是进行民俗旅游开发的重要载体，“皮之不存，毛之焉附”?破坏文物就毁灭了民俗旅游的基础，失去了旅游可持续发展的根基。 从理论上来讲，旅游开发与文物保护的关系是相辅相成的，保护文物是为了更好地进行开发，有了旅游开发的收益才能更好地保护文物。在处理二者的关系上，应当把相关文物的保护工作置于主导地位。然而，在实践中，二者的关系不是如此。某些单位和个人把旅游开发的收益中饱私囊，不愿对文物保护投资。对此，必须加强旅游管理方面的分工负责，统一协调，理顺管理体制，同时，正确贯彻《文物保护法》，加大对文物的保护力度。 3、树立鲜明的形象，打造民俗旅游品牌 独特性是民俗旅游资源的重要特征，俗话说“一招鲜，吃遍天”，只有这样，才能形成卖点，不致被替代。青岛在民俗旅游方面即有多个卖点，不能互相替代，形成了多赢。 关于石家庄、王家皂中国民俗旅游第一村之争，其实，二者在民俗旅游内容和开发历史有很大不同，石家庄以“农家乐”著名，王家皂以“渔家乐”为主;石家庄因其开发较早，影响较大，王家皂却是新开发的民俗旅游村。称石家庄为“中国民俗旅游第一村”是合适的，王家皂可定位在“中国海洋民俗旅游第一村”，从笔者目前掌握的看，国内还没有如此定位的。这样既可避免石家庄带给王家皂的“阴影效应”，还可突出王家皂的海洋民俗特色。最好的竞争是避免竞争，在这方面，杨家埠做得比较好，它定位为以特色民俗为主题的“中国民间艺术遗产村庄”，突出了自己鲜明的特色。 4、对内联合，对外竞争 面对来自江苏等其他省份以徐福东渡为主题的民俗旅游，胶南、龙口的徐福节庆首要的是在协调的基础上联合起来，一致对外竞争。因为二者的资源特点类似，地理位置较近，内部竞争只能导致两败俱伤。在实际操作中可采取两地每年轮流举办徐福节庆，或以一地为主，一地为辅的方式;也可把每年的徐福节时间分开，两地分别举行，从而避免同一时段举办徐福节庆。 这种方法也适用于“济南三胜”的春节黄金周。“济南三胜”在春节黄金周均举办大同小异的民俗旅游活动，与其拼内耗，不如联手一致对外。如果把千佛山、趵突泉、大明湖三大名胜分开来看，都不及泰山、西湖等著名旅游景点有影响力，但如果“山、泉、湖”强强联手，进行资源优势互补，让游客以优惠的价格一票通游，将对游客产生更大的吸引力，形成泉城民俗旅游的拳头产品，会吸引更多的游客来济南。 5、整合旅游资源，做大做强 以菏泽为例。菏泽作为全国最大的牡丹生产基地，完全可以在每年冬季举办一次全国牡丹催花展。既可以让人们在寒冬观赏到牡丹的芳姿，又可以进行花木交易，可谓一举两得。此外，菏泽是著名的“戏曲之乡”和“武术之乡”，枣梆、柳子戏、山东梆子等十几个地方戏种同时并存，这在全国同级地市中尚不多见。菏泽的面塑、鲁锦等独特民俗，也可以重点开发为“民俗博物馆”和民俗生态保护区，和牡丹一起构筑菏泽旅游的四季文章。 菏泽市目前正在选聘有关专家编制旅游发展规划，以牡丹、水浒、黄河旅游为主线，涵盖全市民俗文化和人文景观，以期构造全年有景的格局，做活四季文章。如果菏泽牡丹与黄河、水浒结亲成功，将从根本上摆脱当地旅游业多年来单靠牡丹一条腿走路的尴尬。 6、加大旅游开发力度 在这方面，运河民俗旅游、水浒民俗旅游和黄河三角洲民俗旅游比较迫切需要加大旅游开发力度。为加强对梁祝文化的研究，可成立梁祝文化研究学会，在对梁祝文化的开发利用上，可将梁祝读书处——峄山建成爱情摇篮之山;将微山县马坡梁祝墓所在地恢复明代梁祝祠，建梁祝爱情文化园。通过对梁祝文化的研究和开发利用，为济宁文化大市建设创造更为有利 的条件。梁山虽然没有以前的“八百里梁山水泊”，但有水浒民俗文化，可从民俗旅游入手，吸引鲁西南、鲁西北和全国的游客。 7、编制全省民俗旅游规划 截至目前，全省还没有专门的民俗旅游规划，这与山东的民俗旅游资源大省、民俗旅游大省的地位很不相称。国外旅游专家在为山东做全省的旅游规划时曾说，潍坊是山东民俗旅游的中心，可在“千里民俗旅游线”的基础上把山东全省的民俗旅游进行统一规划，东引山东的海洋民俗旅游，西联鲁西南的运河民俗旅游、水浒民俗旅游和菏泽的民间艺术旅游，形成横贯山东全省的民俗旅游线。如此以来，势必盘活山东全省的民俗旅游活动，扩大山东民俗旅游在全国的地位和影响，促进山东民俗旅游的跨越式发展。 注释: [1]:钟敬文《民俗文化学发凡》，《北京师范大学学报》，1992年第5期。 [2]:西敬亭、叶涛《民俗旅游,一个尚待开拓的领域》，《民间文艺季刊》，1990年第3期。 [3]:刘印其《让游客到民俗气氛中去感受异域风情》，《民俗研究》，1995年第1期。 [4]:温锦英《文化,民俗旅游开发的灵魂》，《广东民族学院学报》,1997年第3期。 [5]:陶思炎《略论民俗旅游》，《旅游学刊》，1997年第2期。 [6]:王德刚《民俗旅游开发模式研究——基于实践的民俗旅游开发利用模式探讨》，《民俗研究》，2003年第1期。 [7]:张楠、贡平《旅游不是“文物杀手”》，《北京青年报》，2001年2月9日第37版。 [8]: 卢新宁《山东处理“三孔”文物受损事件》，《人民日报》，2001年5月18日第6版。 [9]:巴兆祥《中国民俗旅游》福建人民出版社1999年版，第272页。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.