自然杂志-微生态

自然杂志-微生态 胃肠道是细菌的“大仓库” 。这里共生着500,1000种1000万亿个细菌(1X1014)，总重量超过1.5公斤，若以单个细菌排列，可围绕地球两圈。它们与人体互利共生: 它们一方面利用人体消化的食物残渣和胃肠道，作为自身生存的条件和环境;另一方面又为人体提供着各种维生素(B1.2.6.12.叶酸.VitH和VitK)、必须的氨基酸和一些抗菌素与多肽;它们一方面可以分解体内一些有毒和有害物质(如亚硝胺、硫化氢和乳酸等)，抑制蛋白质的腐败;另一方面又可参与人体肠上皮的生长、分化、存活、炎症、免疫反应，抑制有害病菌的繁衍和生长。它们还可参与人体的能量代谢，促进能量的贮存，降解胆固醇，促进Ca、Mg、Fe的吸收，维持肠道的pH,促进肠道蠕动，维持肠道微环境的内稳定。因此，肠道细菌不仅是人体的“好朋友”和“好住户”，还是附着人体的一个重要的“器官”，辅助人体的营养、代谢、生长、免疫、防御和调节功能。肠道细菌失调不仅会产生多种胃肠道疾病如腹泻、便秘、痢疾、激惹性肠炎(IBD)、溃疡性结肠炎(UD)和Crohn病等，还会诱发肥胖、衰老、癌症、糖尿病、代谢综合症和心血管病等。因此，有人称它们是人体的“Driver of homeostasis and diseases”, “We monitor them; They monitor us.”,相互依存，共生共利，互利互惠。 肠道细菌80%以上都是对人体有益的细菌，如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、乳链球菌等等。但是也有少数是对人体有害的细菌，如产气荚膜杆菌、假单孢菌、威尔斯菌、葡萄球菌、绿脓菌等等。在正常状态下，肠道细菌维持着菌群稳定，有益细菌抑制着有害细菌的生长和繁殖，发挥着“体外器官”的作用。随着环境、年龄、生理。食物、药物等条件的改变，肠道的菌群谱亦会相应发生改变。近年来研究证明，肠道菌群成分、结构和比例，与人体健康和疾病发生有着密切关系。不同的肠道菌群谱可以致病，亦可以防病: 可以致癌，也可以抗癌;可以致肥胖，也可引起消瘦;可以诱发糖尿病，也可以防糖尿病;可以促进衰老，亦可以延年益寿;------不同的菌群谱，产生不同的生理和病理效应。它们既是健康和疾病的诱发或始发因素;亦是健康和疾病的“晴雨计”。有人估计，约有90%的疾病都与肠道细菌有关，成为研究人体健康、疾病发生和防治疾病的新领域、新靶点。正如公元前400年Hippocreates所预言的一样:“Death site in Bowels”，它是人类“Rool at all evil”。肠道细菌再次引起人们的高度关注。近十年来，有关文献报道，增长了三倍。未来我们将有可能利用肠道菌群谱来认识和诊断疾病，调整肠道菌群来治疗和预防疾病，应用肠道菌群谱来开发新的药物和防治方法。 最近由我国科学家参与完成的人肠道细菌基因组计划(MetaHit计划)，证明人体肠道细菌群约有300万个基因，而人体的基因仅有2万个，它是人体基因的150倍 (Natrure464:59,2010)。这对诠释肠道细菌和人体健康的关系，研究肠道细菌在疾病的发病中的作用，监控、预防、干预肠道细菌，开发新药都具有重要意义。一个研究人体微生物 的高潮正在兴起。 这里我们搜集了一些近期发的有关肠道细菌的综述，供大家参考。 Number of publications related to the intestinal microbiota (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009) Members of the intestinal microbiota in the different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract (10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.004 ) The composition of bacterial communities (10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101330 ) Spatial and temporal aspects of intestinal microbiota composition (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 ) Characterization of the minimal gut genome and metagenome (10.1038/nature08821 ) Intestinal bacteria in mammalian health and disease (10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101330) Association of microbiota with diseases outside of the gastrointestinal tract (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 ) The complex web of gut microbiota contributions to host physiology (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 ) Cellular consequences to bacterial stimuli (10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.080 ) Innate and Adaptive Immune Feedback Loops Cooperate to Regulate Bacterial Interactions with Mucosal Surfaces (10.1016/j.immuni.2009.08.009 ) Factors that influence the infant gut microbiome and early immune development (10.1586/ERI.10.14 ) gut microbiota and metabolism (10.1007/s00125-010-1662-7 ) Gut microbiota and metabolic disorders (10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.016 ) intestinal microbiota contribute to obesity (10.4065/83.4.460 ) Gut microbiota helps harvesting energy from the diet and increases lipogenesis (Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(13):1546-58.) Gut microbiota systemic translocation and associated diseases (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 ) Microbiota-dependent carcinogenesis (10.1152/physrev.00045.2009) Impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota of critically ill patients High-Throughput Quantitative Analysis of the Human Intestinal Microbiota with a Phylogenetic Microarray A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease Gut microbes- from bugs to drugs. Gut microbiota mining for therapeutic potential. Human intestinal microbiota and healthy ageing Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. microbial organ in the gut as a driver of homeostasis and disease. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass Gut Microbiota and Its Possible Relationship With Obesity Gut microbiota and probiotics in modulation of epithelium and gut-associated lymphoid tissue function. Gut microbiota metagenomics to study complex ecology Bacterial-modulated host immunity and stem cell activation for gut homeostasis Gut Microbiota, Lipopolysaccharides, and Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Cardiovas how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Immune responses to the microbiota at the intestinal mucosal surface. Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease Microbial control of regulatory and effector T cell responses in the gut. obesity and associated metabolic disorders- new insights into the gut microbiota Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health stimulated immune mechanisms to maintain gut homeostasis. The gastrointestinal microbiome- a malleable, third genome of mammals. The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease Complex Glycan Catabolism by the Human Gut Microbiota