毕业论文1 引言

毕业论文1 引言 近年来，PLC在工业自动控制领域应用愈来愈广，它在控制性能、组机周期和硬件成本等方面所表现出的综合优势是其它工控产品难以比拟的。随着PLC技术的发展, 它在位置控制、过程控制、数据处理等方面的应用也越来越多。在机床的实际设计和生产过程中，为了提高数控机床加工的精度，对其定位控制装置的选择就显得尤为重要。永宏FBs系列PLC的NC定位功能较其它PLC更精准，且程序的设计和调试相当方便。本文提出的是如何应用永宏PLC的NC定位控制实现机床数控系统控制功能的方法来满足控制要求，在实际运行中是切实可行的。整机控制系统具有程序设计思路清晰、硬件电路简单实用、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强，具有良好的性能价格比等显著优点，其软硬件的设计思路可供工矿企业的相关数控机床设计改造借鉴。 一，我国数控系统的发展史 1.我国从1958年起，由一批科研院所，高等学校和少数机床厂起步进行数控系统的研制和开发。由于受到当时国产电子元器件水平低，部门经济等的制约，未能取得较大的发展。 2.在改革开放后，我国数控技术才逐步取得实质性的发展。经过“六五"(81----85年)的引进国外技术，“七五”(86------90年)的消化吸收和“八五”(91~一-95年)国家组织的科技攻关，才使得我国的数控技术有了质的飞跃，当时通过国家攻关验收和鉴定的产品包括北京珠峰公司的中华I型，华中数控公司的华中I型和沈阳高档数控国家工程研究中心的蓝天I型，以及其他通过“国家机床质量监督测试中心”测试合格的国产数控系统如南京四开公司的产品。 3.我国数控机床制造业在80年代曾有过高速发展的阶段，许多机床厂从传统产品实现向数控化产品的转型。但总的来说，技术水平不高，质量不佳，所以在90年代初期面临国家经济由性经济向市场经济转移调整，经历了几年最困难的萧条时期，那时生产能力降到50%，库存超过4个月。从1 9 9 5年“九五”以后国家从扩大内需启动机床市场，加强限制进口数控设备的审批，投资重点支持关键数控系统、设备、技术攻关，对数控设备生产起到了很大的促进作用，尤其是在1 9 9 9年以后，国家向国防工业及关键民用工业部门投入大量技改资金，使数控设备制造市场一派繁荣。 三，数控车的工艺与工装削 阅读:133 数控车床加工的工艺与普通车床的加工工艺类似，但由于数控车床是一次装夹，连续自动加工完成所有车削工序，因而应注意以下几个方面。 1. 合理选择切削用量 对于高效率的金属切削加工来说，被加工、切削工具、切削条件是三大要素。这些决定着加工时间、刀具寿命和加工质量。经济有效的加工方式必然是合理的选择了切削条件。 切削条件的三要素:切削速度、进给量和切深直接引起刀具的损伤。伴随着切削速度的提高，刀尖温度会上升，会产生机械的、化学的、热的磨损。切削速度提高20%，刀具寿命会减少1/2。 进给条件与刀具后面磨损关系在极小的范围内产生。但进给量大，切削温度上升，后面磨损大。它比切削速度对刀具的影响小。切深对刀具的影响虽然没有切削速度和进给量大，但在微小切深切削时，被切削材料产生硬化层，同样会影响刀具的寿命。 用户要根据被加工的材料、硬度、切削状态、材料种类、进给量、切深等选择使用的切削速度。 最适合的加工条件的选定是在这些因素的基础上选定的。有规则的、稳定的磨损达到寿命才是理想的条件。 然而，在实际作业中，刀具寿命的选择与刀具磨损、被加工尺寸变化、表面质量、切削噪声、加工热量等有关。在确定加工条件时，需要根据实际情况进行研究。对于不锈钢和耐热合金等难加工材料来说，可以采用冷却剂或选用刚性好的刀刃。 2. 合理选择刀具 1) 粗车时，要选强度高、耐用度好的刀具，以便满足粗车时大背吃刀量、大进给量的要求。 2) 精车时，要选精度高、耐用度好的刀具，以保证加工精度的要求。 3) 为减少换刀时间和方便对刀，应尽量采用机夹刀和机夹刀片。 3. 合理选择夹具 1) 尽量选用通用夹具装夹工件，避免采用专用夹具; 2) 零件定位基准重合，以减少定位误差。 4. 确定加工路线 加工路线是指数控机床加工过程中，刀具相对零件的运动轨迹和方向。 1) 应能保证加工精度和表面粗糙要求; 2) 应尽量缩短加工路线，减少刀具空行程时间。 5. 加工路线与加工余量的联系 目前，在数控车床还未达到普及使用的条件下，一般应把毛坯上过多的余量，特别是含有锻、铸硬皮层的余量安排在普通车床上加工。如必须用数控车床加工时，则需注意程序的灵活安排。 6. 夹具安装要点 目前液压卡盘和液压夹紧油缸的连接是靠拉杆实现的，如图1。液压卡盘夹紧要点如下:首先用搬手卸下液压油缸上的螺帽，卸下拉管，并从主轴后端抽出，再用搬手卸下卡盘固定螺钉，即可卸下卡盘。 四，进行有效合理的车削加工 阅读:102 有效节省加工时间 Index公司的G200车削中心集成化加工单元具有模块化、大功率双主轴、四轴联动的功能，从而使加工时间进一步缩短。与其他借助于工作轴进行装夹的概念相反，该产品运用集成智能加工单元可以使工件自动装夹到位并进行加工。换言之，自动装夹时，不会影响另一主轴的加工，这一特点可以缩短大约10,的加工时间。 此外，四轴加工非常迅速，可以同时有两把刀具进行加工。当机床是成对投入使用的时候，效率的提高更为明显。也就是说，常规车削和硬车可以并行设置两台机床。 常规车削和硬车之间的不同点仅仅在于刀架和集中恒温冷却液系统。但与常规加工不同的是:常规加工可用两个刀架和一个尾架进行加工;而硬车时只能使用一个刀架。在两种类型的机床上都可进行干式硬加工，只是工艺的制造者需要精心设计平衡的节拍时间，而Index机床提供的模块结构使其具有更强的灵活性。 以高精度提高生产率 随着生产效率的不断提高，用户对于精度也提出了很高的要求。采用G200车削中心进行加工时，冷启动后最多需要加工4个工件，就可以达到?6mm的公差。加工过程中，精度通常保持在2mm。所以Index公司提供给客户的是高精度、高效率的完整方案，而提供这种高精度的方案，需要精心选择主轴、轴承等功能部件。 G200车削中心在德国宝马Landshut公司汽车制造厂的应用中取得了良好的效果。该厂不仅生产发动机，而且还生产由轻金属铸造而成的零部件、车内塑料装饰件和转向轴。质量监督人员认为，其加工精度非常精确:连续公差带为?15mm，轴承座公差为?6.5mm。 此外，加工的万向节使用了Index公司全自动智能加工单元。首批的两台车削中心用来进行工件打号之前的预加工，加工后进行在线测量，然后通过传送带送出进行滚齿、清洗和淬火处理。最后一道工序中，采用了第二个Index加工系统。由两台G200车削中心对转向节的轴承座进行硬车。在机床内完成在线测量，然后送至卸料单元。集成的加工单元完全融合到车间的布局之中，符合人类工程学要求，占地面积大大减少，并且只需两名员工看管制造单元即可。 五，数控车削加工中妙用G00及保证尺寸精度的技巧 数控车削加工技术已广泛应用于机械制造行业，如何高效、合理、按质按量完成工件的加工，每个从事该行业的工程技术人员或多或少都有自己的经验。笔者从事数控教学、培训及加工工作多年，积累了一定的经验与技巧，现以广州数控设备厂生产的GSK980T系列机床为例，介绍几例数控车削加工技巧。 一、程序首句妙用G00的技巧 目前我们所接触到的教科书及数控车削方面的技术书籍，程序首句均为建立工件坐标系，即以G50 Xα Zβ作为程序首句。根据该指令，可设定一个坐标系，使刀具的某一点在此坐标系中的坐标值为(Xα Zβ)(本文工件坐标系原点均设定在工件右端面)。采用这种方法编写程序，对刀后，必须将刀移动到G50设定的既定位置方能进行加工，找准该位置的过程如下。 1. 对刀后，装夹好工件毛坯; 2. 主轴正转，手轮基准刀平工件右端面A; 3. Z轴不动，沿X轴释放刀具至C点，输入G50 Z0，电脑记忆该点; 4. 程序录入方式，输入G01 W-8 F50，将工件车削出一台阶; 5. X轴不动，沿Z轴释放刀具至C点，停车测量车削出的工件台阶直径γ，输入G50 Xγ，电脑记忆该点; 6. 程序录入方式下，输入G00 Xα Zβ，刀具运行至编程指定的程序原点，再输入G50 Xα Zβ，电脑记忆该程序原点。 上述步骤中，步骤6即刀具定位在XαZβ处至关重要，否则，工件坐标系就会被修改，无法正常加工工件。有过加工经验的人都知道，上述将刀具定位到XαZβ处的过程繁琐，一旦出现意外，X或Z轴无伺服，跟踪出错，断电等情况发生，系统只能重启，重启后系统失去对G50设定的工件坐标值的记忆，“复位、回零运行”不再起作用，需重新将刀具运行至XαZβ位置并重设G50。如果是批量生产，加工完一件后，回G50起点继续加工下一件，在操作过程中稍有失误，就可能修改工件坐标系。鉴于上述程序首句使用G50建立工件坐标系的种种弊端，笔者想办法将工件坐标系固定在机床上，将程序首句G50 XαZβ改为G00 Xα Zβ后，问题迎刃而解。其操作过程只需采用上述找G50过程的前五步，即完成步骤1、2、3、4、5后，将刀具运行至安全位置，调出程序，按自动运行即可。即使发生断电等意外情况，重启系统后，在编辑方式下将光标移至能安全加工又不影响工件加工进程的程序段，按自动运行方式继续加工即可。上述程序首句用 G00代替G50的实质是将工件坐标系固定在机床上，不再囿于G50 Xα Zβ程序原点的限制，不改变工件坐标系，操作简单，可靠性强，收到了意想不到的效果。中国金属加工在线 二、控制尺寸精度的技巧 1. 修改刀补值保证尺寸精度 由于第一次对刀误差或者其他原因造成工件误差超出工件公差，不能满足加工要求时，可通过修改刀补使工件达到要求尺寸，保证径向尺寸方法如下: a. 绝对坐标输入法 根据“大减小，小加大”的原则，在刀补001,004处修改。如用2号切断刀切槽时工件尺寸大了0.1mm，而002处刀补显示是X3.8，则可输入X3.7，减少2号刀补。 b. 相对坐标法 如上例，002刀补处输入U-0.1，亦可收到同样的效果。 同理，对于轴向尺寸的控制亦如此类推。如用1号外圆刀加工某处轴段，尺寸长了0.1mm，可在001刀补处输入W0.1。 2. 半精加工消除丝杆间隙影响保证尺寸精度 对于大部分数控车床来说，使用较长时间后，由于丝杆间隙的影响，加工出的工件尺寸经常出现不稳定的现象。这时，我们可在粗加工之后，进行一次半精加工消除丝杆间隙的影响。如用1号刀G71粗加工外圆之后，可在001刀补处输入U0.3，调用G70精车一次，停车测量后，再在001刀补处输入U-0.3，再次调用G70精车一次。经过此番半精车，消除了丝杆间隙的影响，保证了尺寸精度的稳定。 3. 程序编制保证尺寸精度 a. 绝对编程保证尺寸精度 编程有绝对编程和相对编程。相对编程是指在加工轮廓曲线上，各线段的终点位置以该线段起点为坐标原点而确定的坐标系。也就是说，相对编程的坐标原点经常在变换，连续位移时必然产生累积误差，绝对编程是在加工的全过程中，均有相对统一的基准点，即坐标原点，故累积误差较相对编程小。数控车削工件时，工件径向尺寸的精度一般比轴向尺寸精度高，故在编写程序时，径向尺寸最好采用绝对编程，考虑到加工及编写程序的方便，轴向尺寸常采用相对编程，但对于重要的轴向尺寸，最好采用绝对编程。 b. 数值换算保证尺寸精度 很多情况下，图样上的尺寸基准与编程所需的尺寸基准不一致，故应先将图样上的基准尺寸换算为编程坐标系中的尺寸。如图2b中，除尺寸13.06mm外，其余均属直接按图2a标注 尺寸经换算后而得到的编程尺寸。其中， φ29.95mm、φ16mm及60.07mm三个尺寸为分别取两极限尺寸平均值后得到的编程尺寸。 4. 修改程序和刀补控制尺寸 数控加工中，我们经常碰到这样一种现象:程序自动运行后，停车测量，发现工件尺寸达不到要求，尺寸变化无规律。如用1号外圆刀加工图3所示工件，经粗加工和半精加工后停车测量，各轴段径向尺寸如下:φ30.06mm、φ23.03mm及φ16.02mm。对此，笔者采用修改程序和刀补的方法进行补救，方法如下: a. 修改程序 原程序中的X30不变，X23改为X23.03，X16改为X16.04，这样一来，各轴段均有超出名义尺寸的统一公差0.06mm; b. 改刀补 在1号刀刀补001处输入U-0.06。 经过上述程序和刀补双管齐下的修改后，再调用精车程序，工件尺寸一般都能得到有效的保证。 数控车削加工是基于数控程序的自动化加工方式，实际加工中，操作者只有具备较强的程序指令运用能力和丰富的实践技能，方能编制出高质量的加工程序，加工出高质量的工件。 六，数控机床故障排除方法及其注意事项 由于经常参加维修任务，有些维修经验，现结合有关理论方面的阐述，在以下列出，希望抛砖引玉。 一、故障排除方法 (1)初始化复位法:一般情况下，由于瞬时故障引起的系统报警，可用硬件复位或开关系统电源依次来清除故障，若系统工作存贮区由于掉电，拔插线路板或电池欠压造成混乱，则必须对系统进行初始化清除，清除前应注意作好数据拷贝，若初始化后故障仍无法排除，则进行硬件诊断。 (2)参数更改，程序更正法:系统参数是确定系统功能的依据，参数设定错误就可能造成系统的故障或某功能无效。有时由于用户程序错误亦可造成故障停机，对此可以采用系统的块搜索功能进行检查，改正所有错误，以确保其正常运行。 (3)调节，最佳化调整法:调节是一种最简单易行的办法。通过对电位计的调节，修正系统故障。如某厂维修中，其系统显示器画面混乱，经调节后正常。如在某厂，其主轴在启动 和制动时发生皮带打滑，原因是其主轴负载转矩大，而驱动装置的斜升时间设定过小，经调节后正常。 最佳化调整是系统地对伺服驱动系统与被拖动的机械系统实现最佳匹配的综合调节方法，其办法很简单，用一台多线记录仪或具有存贮功能的双踪示波器，分别观察指令和速度反馈或电流反馈的响应关系。通过调节速度调节器的比例系数和积分时间，来使伺服系统达到即有较高的动态响应特性，而又不振荡的最佳工作状态。在现场没有示波器或记录仪的情况下，根据经验，即调节使电机起振，然后向反向慢慢调节，直到消除震荡即可。 (4)备件替换法:用好的备件替换诊断出坏的线路板，并做相应的初始化启动，使机床迅速投入正常运转，然后将坏板修理或返修，这是目前最常用的排故办法。 (5)改善电源质量法:目前一般采用稳压电源，来改善电源波动。对于高频干扰可以采用电容滤波法，通过这些预防性措施来减少电源板的故障。 (6)维修信息跟踪法:一些大的制造公司根据实际工作中由于设计缺陷造成的偶然故障，不断修改和完善系统软件或硬件。这些修改以维修信息的形式不断提供给维修人员。以此做为故障排除的依据，可正确彻底地排除故障。 二、维修中应注意的事项 (1)从整机上取出某块线路板时，应注意记录其相对应的位置，连接的电缆号，对于固定安装的线路板，还应按前后取下相应的压接部件及螺钉作记录。拆卸下的压件及螺钉应放在专门的盒内，以免丢失，装配后，盒内的东西应全部用上，否则装配不完整。 (2)电烙铁应放在顺手的前方，远离维修线路板。烙铁头应作适当的修整，以适应集成电路的焊接，并避免焊接时碰伤别的元器件。 (3)测量线路间的阻值时，应断电源，测阻值时应红黑表笔互换测量两次，以阻值大的为参考值。 (4)线路板上大多刷有阻焊膜，因此测量时应找到相应的焊点作为测试点，不要铲除焊膜，有的板子全部刷有绝缘层，则只有在焊点处用刀片刮开绝缘层。 (5)不应随意切断印刷线路。有的维修人员具有一定的家电维修经验，习惯断线检查，但数控设备上的线路板大多是双面金属孔板或多层孔化板，印刷线路细而密，一旦切断不易焊接，且切线时易切断相邻的线，再则有的点，在切断某一根线时，并不能使其和线路脱离，需要同时切断几根线才行。 (6)不应随意拆换元器件。有的维修人员在没有确定故障元件的情况下只是凭感觉那一个元件坏了，就立即拆换，这样误判率较高，拆下的元件人为损坏率也较高。 (7)拆卸元件时应使用吸锡器及吸锡绳，切忌硬取。同一焊盘不应长时间加热及重复拆卸，以免损坏焊盘。 (8)更换新的器件，其引脚应作适当的处理，焊接中不应使用酸性焊油。 (9)记录线路上的开关，跳线位置，不应随意改变。进行两极以上的对照检查时，或互换元器件时注意标记各板上的元件，以免错乱，致使好板亦不能工作。 (10)查清线路板的电源配置及种类，根据检查的需要，可分别供电或全部供电。应注意高压，有的线路板直接接入高压，或板内有高压发生器，需适当绝缘，操作时应特别注意。 最后，我觉得:维修不可墨守陈规，生搬理论的东西，一定要结合当时当地的实际情况，开阔思路，逐步分析，逐个排除，直至找到真正的故障原因。 综上所述，数控技术的发展是与现代计算机技术、电子技术发展同步的，同时也是根据生产发展的需要而发展的。现在数控技术已经成熟，发展将更深更广更快。未来的CNC系统将会使机械更好用，更便宜。 可编程序控制器在机床数控系统中应用探讨 1 引言 近年来，PLC在工业自动控制领域应用愈来愈广，它在控制性能、组机周期和硬件成本等方面所表现出的综合优势是其它工控产品难以比拟的。随着PLC技术的发展, 它在位置控制、过程控制、数据处理等方面的应用也越来越多。在机床的实际设计和生产过程中，为了提高数控机床加工的精度，对其定位控制装置的选择就显得尤为重要。永宏FBs系列PLC 的NC定位功能较其它PLC更精准，且程序的设计和调试相当方便。本文提出的是如何应用永宏PLC的NC定位控制实现机床数控系统控制功能的方法来满足控制要求，在实际运行中是切实可行的。整机控制系统具有程序设计思路清晰、硬件电路简单实用、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强，具有良好的性能价格比等显著优点，其软硬件的设计思路可供工矿企业的相关数控机床设计改造借鉴。 2 数控机床组成结构及工作过程 本例数控机床由输入、输出装置、数控装置、可编程控制器、伺服系统、检测反馈装置和机床主机等组成，如图1所示。 图1 数控机床组成机构图 输入装置可将不同加工信息传递于计算机。在数控机床产生的初期，输入装置为穿孔纸带，现已趋于淘汰;目前，使用键盘、磁盘等，大大方便了信息输入工作。输出指输出内部工作参数(含机床正常、理想工作状态下的原始参数，故障诊断参数等)，一般在机床刚工作状态需输出这些参数作记录保存，待工作一段时间后，再将输出与原始作比较、对照，可帮助判断机床工作是否维持正常。数控装置是数控机床的核心与主导，完成所有加工数据的处理、计算工作，最终实现数控机床各功能的指挥工作。它包含微计算机的电路，各种接口电路、CRT显示器等硬件及相应的软件。可编程控制器对主轴单元实现控制，将程序中的转速指令进行处理而控制主轴转速;管理刀库，进行自动刀具交换、选刀方式、刀具累计使用次数、刀具剩余寿命及刀具刃磨次数等管理;控制主轴正反转和停止、准停、切削液开关、卡盘夹紧松开、机械手取送刀等动作;还对机床外部开关(行程开关、压力开关、温控开关等)进行控制;对输出信号(刀库、机械手、回转工作台等)进行控制。检测反馈装置由检测元件和相应的电路组成，主要是检测速度和位移，并将信息反馈于数控装置，实现闭环控制以保证数控机床加工精度。数控机床的工作过程如图2所示。 图2 数控机床的工作过程框图 数控加工的准备过程较复杂，内容多，含对零件的结构认识、工艺分析、工艺方案的制订、加工程序编制、选用工装及使用方法等。机床的调整主要包括刀具命名、调入刀库、工件安装、对刀、测量刀位、机床各部位状态等多项工作内容。程序调试主要是对程序本身的逻辑问题及其设计合理性进行检查和调整。试切加工则是对零件加工设计方案进行动态下的考察，而整个过程均需在前一步实现后的结果评价后再作后一步工作。试切成功后方可对零件进行正式加工，并对加工后的零件进行结果检测。前三步工作均为待机时间，为提高工作效率，希望待机时间越短越好，越有利于机床合理使用。该项指标直接影响对机床利用率的评价(即机床实动率)。 3 机床数控系统需要解决的几个问题 机床是由机械和电气两部分组成，在设计总体方案时应从机电两方面来考虑机床各种功能的实施方案，数控机床的机械要求和数控系统的功能都很复杂，所以更应机电沟通，扬长避短。机床控制系统选件、装配、程序编制及操作都应该比较合理，精度和稳定性都必须满足使用要求。同时为便于调试和检修，各项操作均设手动功能，如手动各轴快慢移动、主轴高低速旋转、切削液及润滑开关等。PLC按照逻辑条件进行顺序动作或按照时序动作，另外还有与顺序、时序无关的按照逻辑关系进行联锁保护动作的控制，PLC发展成了取代继电器线路和进行顺序控制的主要产品,在机床的电气控制中应用也比较普遍。 在实际控制中如何既能提高定位速度，同时又能保证定位精度是一项需要认真考虑并切实加以解决的问题。精度是机床必须保证的一项性能指标。位置伺服控制系统的位置精度在很大程度上决定了数控机床的加工精度。因此位置精度是一个极为重要的指标。为了保证有足够的位置精度，一方面是正确选择系统中开环放大倍数的大小，另一方面是对位置检测元件提出精度的要求。因为在闭环控制系统中，对于检测元件本身的误差和被检测量的偏差是很难区分出来的，反馈检测元件的精度对系统的精度常常起着决定性的作用。高精度的控制系统必须有高精度的检测元件作为保证。当现场条件发生变化时，系统的某些控制参数必须能作相应的修改，为满足生产的连续性，要求对控制系统可变参数的修改应在线进行。尽管使用编程器可以方便快速地改变原设定参数，但编程器一般不能交现场操作人员使用;所以，应考虑开发其他简便有效的方法实现PLC的可变控制参数的在线修改。另外为了防止电压过高损坏PLC，电源输入端加上压敏电阻。为了防止过热, PLC不许安装在变压器等发热元件的正上方，变频器与PLC、伺服驱动器等保持一定距离。在元件间留有适当的空隙，以便散热，并且在配电箱上安装风扇降温。此外，为保证控制系统的安全与稳定运行，还应解决控制系统的安全保护问题，如系统的行程保护、故障元件的自动检测等。 4 永宏FBs系列PLC的NC机床定位伺服控制系统分析 数控机床是一种高精度、高效率的自动化设备，提高数控机床的可靠性就显得尤为重要。可靠度是评价可靠性的主要定量指标之一，其定义为:产品在规定条件下和规定时间内，完成规定功能的概率。对数控机床来说，这里的功能主要指数控机床的使用功能，例如数控机床的各种机能，伺服性能等。数控机床的功能部件对机床的功能扩展和性能的提升起着极为重要的作用，因此，它不同于一般配套件和附件的选用，不仅须与数控机床的整体结构谐和协调，融入整机系统具有最佳的匹配性能，而且还能很好地彰显出该数控机床的个性化特征。用于高速化的数控系统不能仅是提高数据处理能力，而是应具备热误差补偿单元以及能实现速度前瞻控制、位置环前馈控制和加减速平稳控制等先进控制技术的功能。所以必须选择稳定可靠的控制单元才能保证数控机床正常高效运行。 鉴于以上各项要求，笔者采用台湾永宏电机股份有限公司的FBs-44MN PLC作为该机床控制主单元，该型机具有较高的性价比，体积小，使用起来非常方便，接线简捷。其编程软件WinProladder有梯形图大师之称，易学易用且功能强大，编辑、监视、除错等操作非常顺手，按键、鼠标并用及在线即时指令功能查询与操作指引，使编辑、输入效率倍增。同时配以人机界面进行程序参数修改、设定以及运行状态显示监控，可编程设置人机界面的内容。该控制系统具有可靠性高，价格便宜，结构紧凑等特点，非常适合机床的控制要求，具体控制思路如图3所示。 图3 采用永宏PLC FBs-44MN 的NC 机床定位电气控制系统图 可编程逻辑控制器是该机床各项功能的逻辑控制中心，集成于数控系统中，主要是指控制软件的集成化，而PLC硬件则在规模较大的系统中往往采取分布式结构。由图3可以看出，系统控制中心采用永宏PLC FBs-44MN控制，并配以人机界面进行程序参数修改、设定，以及运行状态显示监控，可编程设置人机界面的内容。三轴均为全数字交流伺服系统，各轴伺服电机通过连轴器带动滚珠丝杠，以移动配有直线导轨的工作台和主轴铣头，其定位准确，速度快。主轴铣头由变频器控制，根据刀具及工件和进给量，来设置主轴合理的转速，并在程序中设定它的启动停止。各轴均设二端极限传感器和原点传感器，冷却和润滑也都有异常检测，在报警灯和人机界面处显示报警信息由光栅、感应同步器等位置检测装置测得的实际位置反馈信号，随时与给定值进行比较，将两者的差值放大和变换，驱动执行机构，以给定的速度向着消除偏差的方向运动，直到给定位置与反馈的实际位置的差值等于零为止。闭环进给系统在结构上比开环进给系统复杂，成本也高，对环境室温要求严。设计和调试都比开环系统难。但是可以获得比开环进给系统更高的精度，更快的速度，驱动功率更大的特性指标。早期使用一般电机作为定位控制，由于速度不快、或者精度要求不高，所以足够应对所需场合;当机械运转为了获取效率而将速度加快时，当产品质量、精度要求越来越高时，电机停止位置的控制就不是一般电机所能达到的了。解决这一问题的最佳方法是采用NC定位控制配合步进或伺服电机作定位控制。但在过去，由于它的价格很高，而限制了它使用的普遍性，近年来由于技术的发展及成本的降低，其价位已被用户所接受，使用数量也越来越多。为配合这一趋势，永宏PLC FBs系列将目前市面上专用的NC定位控制器功能整合在PLC内部SoC芯片内，除了免掉PLC与专用NC 定位控制器之间复杂的数据交换与连结程序外，更大幅降低整体成本，为用户提供一种价廉物美、简单方便的PLC整合NC定位控制的方案。永宏PLC FBs-44MN内部的SoC芯片含有多轴高速脉冲输出以及高速硬件计数器，并且提供简易使用和设计的定位程序编辑，对于这方面的应用，更是如虎添翼、如鱼得水、得心应手了。PLC结合伺服驱动器所构成的NC闭环回路控制系统中，PLC负责发送高速脉冲命令给伺服驱动器，除了装在伺服电机的位移检测信号直接反馈到伺服驱动器外，外加位移检测器装在传动机构之后，真正反映实际位移量，并将此信号反馈到PLC 内部的高速硬件计数器，这样就可作更精确的控制，并且可避免上述半闭环回路的缺点。永宏PLC FBs系列的定位功能将市面上专用NC定位控制器整合在PLC内，使PLC与NC控制器能共享相同的数据区，而不需要作两个系统之间的数据交换与同步控制等复杂的工作，但仍可用一般常用的NC 定位控制指令(例如DRV、SPD…等)。PLC控制4轴的定位工作，并可作多轴同动控制，除了提供点对点的定位速度控制，还提供了各轴间直线插补功能。当系统应用超过4轴时还可利用永宏PLC的CPU LINK功能达到更多的定位运动控制。数控机床对位置系统要求的伺服性能包括:定位速度和轮廓切削进给速度;定位精度和轮廓切削精度;精加工的表面粗糙度;在外界干扰下的稳定性。这些要求主要取决于伺服系统的静态、动态特性。对闭环系统来说，总希望系统有较高的动态精度，即当系统有一个较小的位置误差时，机床移动部件会迅速反应。在数控机床的加工中，伺服系统为了同时满足高速快移和单步点动，要求进给驱动具有足够宽的调速范围。 单步点动作为一种辅助工作方式常常在工作台的调整中使用。伺服系统最高速度的选择要考虑到机床的机械允许界限和实际加工要求，高速度固然能提高生产率，但对驱动要求也就更高。此外，从系统控制角度看也有一个检测与反馈的问题，尤其是在计算机控制系统中，必须考虑软件处理的时间是否足够。全闭环伺服系统是将位置检测元件置于被测坐标轴的终端移动部件上，以检测机械传动链中螺距误差、间隙及各种干扰所造成的传动误差，并进行反馈补偿控制，从而提高机床的位置控制精度。在全闭环伺服控制系统中，对位置检测元件和反馈元件的选择很关键。感应同步器具有精度高、重复性好、抗干扰能力强，耐油耐污及维护简单等优点，特别适合于高精度全闭环数控机床的工作场合。数控机床要求具备稳定性、快速性和准确性，而大型数控机床的机械传动装置转动惯量较大，固有频率低，要使其大大高于系统截止频率很困难，全闭环包括了该进给系统轴几乎所有不稳定的非线性因素，调整不当很容易使机床产生抖动现象。 因此数控机床全闭环伺服系统在保证快速性的基础上主要是解决机床进给运动的稳定性而获得比半闭环伺服系统高的位置精度。伺服电机的编码器将位移检测信号反馈到伺服驱动器，驱动器将输入信号的脉冲频率和脉冲数与回馈信号的频率和脉冲数，经内部的偏差计数器与频率转电压电路处理后，得到脉冲偏差值与转速误差值，这样使控制伺服电机实现高速、精密的速度与位置闭环回路处理系统。伺服电机的转速与输入信号的脉冲频率成正比，而电机的移动量则由脉冲数决定。图4是PLC控制下的伺服电机工作示意图。 图4 数控机床伺服电机工作示意图 5 相关程序设计与操作 PLC通过编程器输入程序，达到控制目的。由于PLC工作过程是循环，所以程序执行速度很快。另外软件故障检测设计在采用硬件设计的基础上采用软件检测外部行程开关状态，当行程开关失灵后，通过程序控制停止机床的运行，有效地减少了机床因元件失灵造成的事故。 图5是使用编程软件WinProladder编辑定位程序参数设定指令图，图6是具体操作加工程序图。 图5 定位程序参数设定指令图 图6 加工程序图 6 结束语 我国是一个机床生产和应用大国，但数控技术的应用水平还不高，严重制约着我国制造业水平的提高。国际上的相关开发计划对我国的数控技术的发展提出了严峻的挑战，同时也带来了机遇。只有选择合适的PLC才能使定位达到预期的效果。永宏FBs系列PLC的NC定 位功能在机床数控系统设计中占有重要的地位，该机床经过长期运行表明，整个系统设计合理，控制精度高，运行可靠，提高了生产的自动化水平，减小了操作人员的劳动强度。 由于采用了PLC控制，使电气部分的抗干扰能力增加，提高了机床的运行可靠性，因而增加了设备的柔性，提高了设备的使用效率。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.