英语段落写作

英语段落写作 两个例子： In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves. By so doing, our world will be full of happiness. This, of course, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience. So now, I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader. 这是一名中国大学生的作文Applause on the Bus中的开头。然而美国编者认为：This is essentially a solid essay. The writer uses an anecdote to make a point„ Now we just need to give it a good, strong topic sentence using the writer’s own ideas to form it. 她给这个开头段拟了下面的主题 句： A little girl taught me, and a busful of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people than of ourselves. One day I took a very crowded bus to school„ 在另外一篇作文Part of My Childhood中，作者开头是这样写的： In my childhood, there were so many things that were worth calling to mind. Some made me happy, some made me excited, and some made me sad. But among them was an unforgettable thing, when I think of it, my good friend Tong Tong will occur to me. 美国编者认为： This is a moving story about friends who have quarreled. It needs a good topic sentence to bring the reader into the feelings and message the writer wants to convey. 这位美国编者提供了这样的开头： One of the most unforgettable experiences of my childhood involves my good friend Tong Tong. It happened when I was eight years old„.. 1）主题句在段首 下面是几个相应的例子： Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background. Jane was born and raised in the West, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the 1 same kinds of subjects in school. Jane likes French, history, and English. In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history and English. Furthermore, both girls want to be teachers. Jane plans to become an elementary school teacher. But Karen wants to be a high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins. Even when we are very careful in the things we do each day, the risk of loss and injury is always with us. Starting the day with a shower, we risk slipping and falling through the glass door. Riding to work, we risk collision. While we are away from our homes, the risk of fire and burglary is greater. Going to school, our children risk being injured. We also loss through unintentional actions of our own that might injure others. Such events may occur regardless of how careful we may try to be, and they can cost us a lot of money. Rather than taking the chance of being wiped out financially, we transfer some or our risks to others, we buy insurance. Eating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes. Because lunch comes in the middle of the day, it gives me a welcome break from studying. At school, lunch means thirty minutes out of class and a chance to rest after the morning’s work. While eating, I can plan what I’m going to do in the afternoon. And besides offering a pleasant break in the day, lunch is always a good meal. 2）主题句在段落中间 The officers of most doctors today are overloaded with people who are convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. At the first sign of pain they run to a doctor, failing to realize that pain is rarely an indication or poor health. We are becoming a nation of pill-grabbers and hypochondriacs who regard the slightest ache as a searing ordeal. Instead of attacking the most common causes of pain such as tension, worry, boredom, frustration, insufficient sleep, overeating, poor diets, smoking, or excessive drinking, too many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers --- aspirins, barbiturates, codeine, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other desensitizing drugs. Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility --- both physical and psychological--- has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. 3）主题句在段落末尾 At the beginning of a writing course, many students earn low grades because they are inexperienced writers. They simply don’t know how to write an effective essay, and in the process of learning to do so, they make mistakes --- and low grades. Such grades affect the students’ confidence and morale, making writing an unpleasant task associated with anxiety and failure. As a result, students are discouraged; instead of working seriously on their writing, they spend time worrying about the easiest way to earn a better grade on the next paper--- usually by writing “safe” papers that are simple and correct but lacking in thought. Therefore, the assigning of traditional grades in a freshman writing course often works against the purpose of the course --- to help students learn to write better. 2 Americans might be embarrassed because their Japanese friends are so formal with them. Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually. Still, the forms of It just happens that Americans and greeting in both countries only show respect for others. Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus have a different way showing respect. 4）段落没有主题句 英文正规的文章，很少没有主题句，没有主题句的情况一般出现在记叙文体中。但是也有作者有意隐而不 说的情况。 The bright child is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty and failure, and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with, because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future. Not so the dull child. He cannot stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he can’t find the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. Such are the children of whom a second-grade teacher once said, “But my children like to have questions for which there is only one answer.” They did; and by a mysterious coincidence, so did she. (Implied topic sentence: To a bright child a puzzle or unanswered question is a challenge, whereas to a dull child it is a threat.) First you must wait for a sunny day. Remember that the rays of the sun are most direct between 11 A.M. and 2 P.M. This is the time when you will tan the quickest. At the right time and on the right day, pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat. You may want to bring along several things: suntan oil, a portable radio, a book or magazine, sunglasses, a pillow. It is a good idea not to stay in the sun too long at first. Begin with a half hour, and then gradually increase the time you spend in the sun. Certain parts of your body will burn more quickly than others. These include the backs of your knees, the inside of your elbows, your shoulders, and your nose. Be sure to cover these spots with suntan oil when you first go outside. Cover them again with oil after you have been outside in the sun for a while. (Possible implied topic sentence: Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning.) 主题句的写作要注意两个基本要求：第一是要包含主导思想(the controlling idea)；第二是要做到概括 和具体的统一。 例如我们不能说：“We had a pleasant summer vacation but summer vacation always seems short.”。 3 在具体的写作中，最容易出现的现象就是主题句过于概括的现象。请看下面的病例： I want to talk about my father. He is strict with his children, especially me. He won’t let men out of the house unless I’ve done all my homework. He is a tall and rather skinny man. Some people say he is good-looking. He has a nice streak of gray in his hair. He laughs a lot and enjoys life. My father is interesting. 扩展句和主题句之间至少要注意以下两点：第一，意义的相关性（unity）；第二，逻辑的一致性(coherence)。 The report indicates that babies of fathers who smoke are likely to be smaller and weaker than babies of non-smoking fathers. Of course it is already well known that pregnant women who smoke can damage the health of their babies. My sister smoked twenty cigarettes a day when she was expecting her first child. Another worrying point is that smoking just before the start of the pregnancy can affect the baby later. I heard recently that certain foods harm unborn babies. The main school building contains most of the classrooms. That was our “second home”, the place where my classmates and I worked, studied, and learned for three years. Beyond that is the science building. That’s where we did all our laboratory work for chemistry and physics. On the right side of science building is a library, where there are a large collection of books and periodicals. We all enjoyed reading, and from this we got a great deal of benefits. Since our teachers were rich in knowledge and taught us very earnestly, we had always done better than students of other schools in joint examinations. Watching TV too much is harmful to your eyes. If you stay in front of TV for too long time your eyes might get hurt. You will be near-sighted. You cannot see clearly when you read. You even cannot see clearly a friend when you meet him in street. Our school is an Army school, so we must obey many rules. Because of this my house is special in some ways. First, our house is very clean, have no piece of paper on the ground. Everything in my house is neat. Perhaps some other house is dirty, but if my house is dirty we would be punished and forced to clean it. 4 1. a. Computers speed up registration by providing up-to-date information on open classes. b. They assist instructors by marking multiple-choice tests. c. Computers now perform many tasks on my campus. d. Computers can supply advisors with instant and complete information on requirements, career information, and personal data while they are talking to a student. e. Computers keep records for the bookstore, library, cafeteria, and maintenance department. 2. a. My new Future camera has several features that I like. b. It advances the film after each shot and automatically rewinds it after each roll. c. Compared to other cameras, it is inexpensive. d. If I get too close to the subject, it alerts me with a buzzer. e. It beams out an infrared ray that focuses for me, even in the dark. f. It is lightweight and compact. 3. a. Sometimes rapidly, sometimes slowly, they went relentlessly upward. b. Last week the Labor Department reported, however, that the economy’s seventeen-year inflationary spiral had, for one month at least, finally been broken. c. During March, inflation actually went down instead of up. d. This turned a trend of what economists call disinflation into outright deflation. e. Since 1965, prices in the U.S. economy have been heading one way. 4. a. Moving back home with his parents would save him quite a bit. b. He was glad that he no longer had to work full-time while going to school. c. His income tax refund was enough to cover his expenses for the rest of the semester. d. The dean’s office approved his student loan, and he could cut his working hours. e. He had finally paid off his car. f. Things were beginning to look up. 5 5. a. Two young girls took turns throwing their Frisbee to their dog, which leaped into the air to catch it. b. A family of tourists stood in front of the fountain, studying a map and trying to remember where they had left their car. c. It was a typical May Sunday afternoon at the park. d. From the freeway that circled the park the sound of a fire engine could be heard. e. A couple sat on a blanket, their baby crawling on the nearby grass. The reason why I read books is that „ What a satisfying career should be „ The stupidity of the nuclear arms race. The thrill of a big city. Owning a car is expensive. Spring is the most pleasant season of the year. People take part in sports for various reasons. Traffic is one of the essential activities in our society. Smoking is harmful to health. Television presents a vivid world in front of us. Of all the subjects that I study in school, I think that English is the most important one. Rivers play a very important part in our life. There are three reasons why solar energy has not been made use of widely. Several factors have contributed to the difficulty in traveling in China, but in general, there are three major causes. Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages. 6 Men and women are equal at home now. Although both are sources of energy, solar power is quite different from coal. Getting up early can help you to keep healthy. Mr. Wang is a very responsible teacher. When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life. But the over growth of population presents a threat to the existence of human society. But automobiles have also given rise to a series of problems. One of the reasons I love my school is that „„ My roommate Paul possesses the characteristics of a good student. Although working is good for us, as it helps train our body and mind, yet there should be a limit. Besides, people do not live only to work. Admittedly, machines play a very important part in our daily life. A computer can save a lot of work. Necessity is the mother of invention. (1)Adventure is very popular in the west country, but there are few people love adventure in China. Many people think adventure is too dangerous, but I think adventure is a spirit of conquering the nature. Succeeded adventure need luck and spirit brave. If you are weak, I think you will never succeed. Just with the spirit adventure, many famous scientist invented many things. In our lives, we just poor in the spirit adventure, if we have spirit adventure, I think we will live happier. (2)There is a kind of people in the world. They doesn’t wanted quiet and comfortable life. They enjoy the adventure and unique experience. So, they always try to conquer all kinds of danger. This is a spirit of never satisfied with what he has achieved. One can’t make a progress if one is afraid of difficulties. Only adventure can defeat the difficulties. We are youth of over the century. We must dare to face the difficulties and defeat it. So, we must learn how to adventure. 7 (3)Watching TV too much is bad for our eyes. We use the eyes to watch TV. If we watch TV too long, our eyes might tire. So it is bad for our eyes if we watch TV too much. If you want to watch TV more, you must spend more time for it. So you might have no time, or have not enough time for studying. Then you might fail in exam. So watch TV too much is disadvantageous. (4)My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He won’t let men out of the house unless I’ve done all my homework. Frankly, I don’t care whether I go to school or not. School is such a waste of time. There aren’t any good jobs, anyway. My mother doesn’t agree with my father. They quarrel a lot. Sometimes I wish they would get a divorce, but then who would I live with? (5)Watching TV has many advantages, but paying too much time on TV would have many disadvantages. Watching TV can help us receive many important information. For example, watch TV news, and it may improve our study. But if you pay too much time on TV set, it occupies most of your time, then, your time for study is not adequate, this would influence your study. I propose that first we should have adequate time for study and then we can watch TV, this would bring us more advantages. 记叙就是把一连串的事件按照时间顺序记录下来。它是最基本但又是最难的一种写作方式。 经常用到的过渡词有： first, second, third, etc. / now, before, after(ward), later, until, while, when(ever), then, soon, sometimes, /next, last, finally, /immediately, suddenly, gradually, meanwhile I saw a young cyclist, about 20 years old, hold the handle bars tight, and pedal along as quickly as he could. Obviously he wanted to turn left and tried to rush through the green light before it changed to red. He was in such a hurry that he forgot to put his left hand out. And then the driver of the lorry behind him, on seeing that, made a prompt response and slowed down. But a car coming up from behind overtook the lorry and tried to cut in. An accident was inevitable! 本段是一个学生的考试作文，是对一次车祸的发生的客观记述。但是好的记叙文并非都是完全客观的，有 的作者也会把人的感情和观点也加入进去，这样的文章读起来有的时候会更生动有趣。例如下文： I was lying in my bed thinking how boring this school is and how I can’t wait till I get out of this place when some guys asked me to play soccer with them. So I said “Why not?” and followed them to the field. I didn’t have anything to do anyway. It was a nice summer evening; the sun was getting cool and the grass had been nicely dried. It didn’t take long for us to divide up the team and begin playing. I was playing the center-field, a very important offense position I was proud of. We must have been playing for about ten minutes when I fell down hurting my right 8 ankle. I had accidentally stepped into a small hole. I felt tremendous pain in my ankle, as if someone was hopping on it as hard as he could with porcupine shoes. Trying to forget the pain, I bit my tongue so hard that I bled. All the guys gathered around to see what was happening. “Hey, Joe, are you all right?” Jim asked. 在写记叙性文章的时候，一定要注意过渡词的使用： Yesterday at the swimming pool everything seemed to go wrong. Soon after I arrived, I sat on my sunglasses and broke them. Later my bathing suit caught on the rough edge of a chair, tearing a hole in the side of the suit. But my worst moment came when I decided to climb up to the high diving tower to see what the view was like. Once I was up there, I realized that my friends were looking at me because they thought I was going to dive. I decided I was too afraid to dive from that height. So I climbed down the ladder, feeling very embarrassed. Yesterday I went to the zoo. I entered the zoo in the morning. I found there were many people already there. I bought a ticket and went in. I saw a lot of monkeys playing with each other. One of the monkeys was bathing himself in the sun. I think it is interesting. After this, I went to see a tiger. I took many photos of him. He was so strong and beautiful. I suddenly felt he was so pity. He was in the cage all days. Forest is his home. I feel very sad about that! Yesterday I met a car accident. It was so frightening! I was walking along the street. I suddenly heard a great sound; I found a car was turning right. Its speed was great; the driver must be a drunkard. It suddenly hit another car. It was damaged greatly. The driver must be dead. On Sunday I went to a bookstore. There are many people there. Some were young and some were old, some were women some were men. I picked one book from the shelf and began to read. I found it was very interesting, so I decided to buy it. It was about a famous foreign politician who I admire in my heart. He had been in prison for many years, but later he was released because many people supported him. Now he becomes a famous man in the world. But when I felt in my pocket, I found my money was missing. I had to put it back. I felt very miserable, really miserable. where (ever), behind, before, under, in, out, over, above, within, outside, around, upon, in front, in back, to the left, to the right, at the top, at the bottom, to the north (south, east, etc), up, down, through 9 As I entered Professor Walta’s office, I could see that it is a reflection of his brisk, efficient personality. On the left wall, bookcases from floor to ceiling contain neat rows of books arranged in order by their subject. Diirectly ahead, two windows look out over the quad, their shades drawn precisely level, their curtains ted neatly back on either side. Centered on the wall on both sides of the windows are prints of Greek statues. In front of the windows are two modernistic chairs of chrome and vinyl, looking as though they have never been occupied, their backs reflecting the glare from the windows. On the right is Professor Walta’s desk, on which are neatly places a pipe-holder, a black vase with a single red rose, and, in the center of the desk, a square notebook that lies open as if waiting to record every breath taken in that room.(空间顺序) Autumn may be considered to begin with the month of September and to end in November. In its early part, the weather is very warm and pleasant, but later on it becomes colder and the nights longer. People think this period is the most enjoyable time in the year, and prefers to have their holidays. Crops and fruit-trees are now ripe; the fields are waving with yellow corn; and the trees and hedges change their color form a bright green to a muddy brown. In the middle of the season, the country presents a lively picture with the harvesting. It is the time for us to gather the fruits of our labor. Towards the end of the season, there is a touch of romance in the glorious hues of falling leaves. The trees begin to lose their foliage, and the branches gradually become bare. The ground is strewed with withered leaves. Our campus is very beautiful. There are three teaching buildings. They are red brick buildings. We have our classes there. We also have a library. It is said to be built in 1979. There are many books in it, so we students often read books and magazines there. And our gate was a new gate, and I think it is very beautiful. Our dormitories are beautiful too, we also have a playground, we often play there to make our body stronger. My English teacher in high school was loved by all of us. We admired him because he was so handsome; We loved him because he was so responsible; We liked him because he was very gentle to us. He also taught us with different kinds of methods. Sometimes he would sing an English song in class. Because of him, we were all interested in English. 例证经常用到的过渡词有：for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, such as , like, as 10 Home is where I can find similar ways of life. When I go shopping I can find clothes that Chinese people wear. I can buy things that are related to my culture. At home, I can speak my own language. I can express myself better. Communicating with others in my own language. gives me a sense of closeness. This is also true when I listen to Chinese songs on the radio. Sometimes the songs move me. When I turn on the television set, I can see familiar faces --- black hair and dark eyes. I can see people of my own origin --- in culture and in nationality. The movies reflect the real life of Chinese people and I enjoy watching them. English grammar is just one of many things you know subconsciously far better than you know consciously. When you walk up a flight of stairs, for example, you can do so wihtout having to think about how to do it. You can climb stairs while carrying on a conversation, while composing a love sonnet, even while walking in your sleep. Although many hundreds of muscles are finely coordinated in the task of climbing stairs, you perform it effortlessly and even gracefully, and without any apparent mental effort. Yet if you or I were asked to describe how we climb stairs we would do it very inaccurately at best: “Let’s see,” we might say. “First you bring the right leg up and bend the knee. You point the toe up, shift your weight forward, and bring the sole down on the next step. Then „” Of course you would not have begun to describe which muscles you use when you bend the knee. Your description is a long way from capturing the directions your brain gives to your body as you move. The fact is that unless your are a highly trained physiologist, you do not “know” much about how you climb stairs. And yet in another sense you “know” how to do it quite well, since you do it all the time. Your conscious knowledge of the task cannot come close to matching what you know subconsciously. Richard Velt, Discovering English Grammar 运用例证法往往会犯两种错误：第一是举例不当；第二是例子没有主次顺序。 Population control is a fundamental policy in China. If the country is overcrowded too much, the government has to spend more money than they can afford to support them; Overcrowded, the country may seek more land to support its people, therefore it may want to have a war against other country„. 再看另外一个例子： Environment Pollution must be curbed for the benefit of people. I have traveled through half of China from south to north, I found that I can not see a clear river or lake. When I looked up in the sky, I found its color was not blue at all, it is gray! We have lost the beautiful globe for ever, I thought. So I think we have to take some measures to fight pollution. 11 这种展开方法经常用到的过渡词有： like, likewise, similarly, in the same way, too, also, correspondingly, equally., as however, but, yet, nevertheless, / / on the contrary, in contrast, where as, on the one hand„on the other hand/ instead, still, rather, / although, though, even though/ Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks ; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many Americans open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person’s behavior toward another person. In all countries, it is good manners to behave considerably toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 运用这种展开手段时，作者经常会忽略以下几个问题：对比不当；对比不全面； 它常用到的词汇有：divide into, classify , group, there are „ kinds/ sorts/ types/ groups/ ect. There are medium friends, and pretty good friends, and very good friends indeed, and these friendships are defined by their level of intimacy„ .We might tell a medium friend, for example, that yesterday we had a fight with our husband. And we might tell a pretty good friend that this fight with our husband made us so mad that we slept on the couch. And we might tell a very good friend that the reason we got so mad in that fight that we slept on the couch had something to do with that girl who works in his office. But it’s only to our very best friends that we’re willing to tell all, to tell what’s going on with that girl in his office. Judith Viorst, “Friends, Good friends” 在使用分类法的时候，最重要的是确定正确的分类，切忌以不同的标准进行分类。 There are many kinds of books such as literature books, science books, children books, story books, paperback books, etc. They all can bring us happiness, joy and sometimes sorrow. They can also make us wise. Books are people’s friends. 12 它常用到的过渡词有：therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result, hence, so that, thus/ since, because, for, due to, for this reason, owing to, Why are there changes in people’s diet? There are two major reasons, I think. First, nowadays people can afford to buy much more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people now pay more attention to the quality of it., because they know it is of great benefit to their health to diet in a scientific way. Therefore they try their best to improve the structure of their food. 使用这个展开方法最重要的当然是不要将没有因果关系的两个事物牵强附会在一起。 Children are becoming cleverer and cleverer because of television. I often find the neighbor children say some adult words which are often heard from TV. I once heard a boy of five say to a girl of about four that it was not easy for me to say that I love you. Children are really growing faster than ever before. In recent years the crime rate is getting higher and higher and the reason, according to me, is that man is getting meaner and meaner. Some people say that man is not as honest as before, and I think that is right. If they are not honest, they will do something wrong, and that would cause the crime rate rise to a high level. Falling in love is an experience that almost everyone has at least once and usually several times. To fall into love is to fall into a profound set of emotional experiences. There may be a range of physical symptoms such as dry mouth, pounding heart, flushed face, and knotted stomach. The mind may race, and fantasy, especially about the loved one, is rampant. Motivation to work, play, indeed for anything except the lover, may fall to zero. As the love feelings develop, strange feelings of passion may occur. In fact, passionate love is essentially the same as romantic love, except that the focus is more specifically on the emotional intensity and sexual passion. To make wine, begin with grapes that have not been washed. (This is important because the skin contains a natural yeast which will aid in the fermentation process.) In a crock crush the grapes by hand so that the skins crack and the juice runs out. Leave the grapes at room temperature (or slightly warmer) to begin fermenting. Cover the crock, to keep fruit flies from getting into the 13 wine. In a day or two the pulp should be at the top and the juice at the bottom. Stir, so that pulp and juice are mixed. At the end of five days, press the mass so that the liquid remains, and the solids are removed. If you have no winepress, you can squeeze the mass through cheesecloth ( a material full of fine holes, like a screen), wringing the juice out of the cloth by hand. At this point, if you want sweet wine add one or two pounds of sugar per gallon of wine, and let it dissolve in the juice. To get the most out of his textbooks, a student should follow several steps very carefully. He should make a survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. He should read for understanding and formulate questions. He should make notes of the major points of each chapter. He should test himself to be sure that he can answer questions likely to be raised in class and in examinations. He should review his notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to him. 比较： To get the most out of his textbooks, a student should follow several steps very carefully. First, he should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, he should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as he reads. Next, he should make notes of the major points of each chapter. After that, he should test himself to be sure that he can answer questions likely to be raised in class and in examinations. Finally, he should review his notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to him. 14