02.原子、分子和离子

nullnull信息检索与文献阅读 （化学0701-0702） 2009年9月10日null第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读 （20学时） 第二部分 英文阅读材料 （12学时） 第三部分 信息检索 （16学时）null第一章 作为定量科学和物质科学的化学 第二章 原子、分子和离子 第三章 气态 第四章 热化学 第五章 有机化合物和基团的命名 第六章 无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分 析化学化学术语 第一部分 化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）null第二部分 英文阅读材料（12学时）  第一章 松香酸度的测试   第二章 Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶 的超声化学合成   第三章 分子离子材料的计算机模拟   第四章 透射Laue法的X射线衍射 第五章 销售   第六章 专利说明书 null第三部分 信息检索（16学时）  第一章 信息检索基础   第二章 超星图书馆   第三章 中国期刊网   第四章 维普   第五章 工程索引（Ei） 第六章 美国化学文摘（CA）   第七章 专利 null教材和参考书：   1、魏高原， 化学专业基础英语知识（I）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English）， 北京大学出版社，2004。 2、  Reading Materials (自编讲义) 。 3、  陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。 4、  万锡仁， Information Retrieval and Related Reading Materials，（待出版）。 5、  [美] Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注释， 化学专业基础英语（II）， 北京大学出版社，2001。   null课堂教学安排第一节课 教学要求说明 词汇预习 课文阅读理解第二节课 课文阅读理解（续） 答疑 布置课后作业 课堂书面练习 nullChapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 第二章 原子，分子和离子 null一、教学要求 掌握：化学中化合物分子式、化学方程式的表 示；无机化合物的命名；原子质量、分 子质量和摩尔质量关系及简单计算; 常 用原子、分子和离子的英语词汇。 熟悉：原子、分子和离子的英语词汇。 了解：原子和离子的分类和基本概念。  null二、 词汇（New Words and Expressions）combination 化合 compound 化合物 substance 物质 composition 组成 polyatomic 多原子的 refer to …as 称为 anion (anionic)阴离子 cation (cationic)阳离子 chemical formula  化学式null Monatomic Molecules Diatomic Molecules He Helium H2 Hydrogen Ne Neon O2 Oxygen Ar Argon N2 nitrogen Kr Krypton F2 fluorine Xe Xenon C12 chlorine Rn Radon I2 iodine   Polyatomic Molecules P4 Phosphorus As4 Arsenic Sb4 Antimony S8 Sulfur Se8 SeleniumChemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements null subscript 下标  structural formula 结构式 chemical bond 化学键 null Chemical formulas for Some Simple Compoundswater H2O carbon monoxide CO carbon dioxide CO2 sulfur dioxide SO2 silver sulfide Ag2S potassium chloride KCl ammonia NH3 methane CH4 nullNH4+ Ammonium ion NO2- Nitrite ion CN- Cyanide ion NO3- Nitrate ion CO32- Carbonate ion O22- Peroxide ion ClO3- Chlorate ion OH- Hydroxide ion C1O4- Perchlorate ion PO43- Phosphate ion CrO42- Chromate ion SO32- Sulfite ion Cr2O2- Dichromate ion SO42- Sulfate ion MnO4- Permanganate ion CH3COO- Acetate ion Polyatomic Ions nullStructure formulas:nullknown collectively as（统称为） parenthesis (parentheses)括号 salt 盐 binary molecular compound 二元分子化合物 prefix 前缀 nullMn2+ manganese ( II ) ion Mn3+ manganese ( III ) ion Cu+ copper ( I ) ion Cu2+ copper ( II ) ion Cl- chloride ion O2- oxide ion N3- nitride ion N3- azide ion O22- peroxide ion CuCl copper ( I ) chloride CuCl2 copper ( II ) chloride Na3P sodium phosphide A12(SO4)3 aluminum sulfate nullhydrochloric acid HCl(aq) carbonic acid H2CO3 (aq) nitric acid HNO3 perchloric acid HClO4 phosphoric acid H3PO4 sulfuric acid H2SO4 nitrous acid HNO2 (aq) sulfurous acid H2SO3 (aq) phosphorous acid H3 PO3 arsenious acid HAsO2 Acidnullselenious acid H2SeO3 selenic acid H2SeO4 nullChloride ion C1- Carbonate ion CO32- Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3- Nitrate ion NO3- Nitrite ion NO2- Perchlorate ion C1O4- Phosphate ion PO43- Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42- Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4- Hydrogen phosphite ion HPO32- Sulfate ion SO42- Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4- Sulfite ion SO32- Hydrogen sulfite ion HSO3-null -ic …酸 -ite …亚…酸 -ate …酸（盐） -ous …亚…酸(盐) -ide …化物nullGreek and Latin prefix Mono- , 1 Di-, 2 Tri-, 3 Tetra-, 4 Penta-, 5 Hexa-, 6 Hepta-, 7 Octa-, 8 Nona-, 9 Deca-, 10 nullchemical equation 化学方程式 reactant 反应物 product 产物 aqueous solution 水溶液 positive and negative ions 正离子和负离子 dissolution 溶解 dissociation 解离 ionization 电离 nullmolar mass 摩尔质量 Avogadro‘s number （ Avogadro 常数）） microscopic 微观的 macroscopic 宏观的 ozone molecule 臭氧分子 molarity 摩尔浓度 concentration浓度 quantitative 定量的 qualitative 定性的nullsodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠 laboratory 实验室 empirical formula 经验式 potassium 钾 percentage composition 百分组成 cryolite n.冰晶石,氟铝酸钠 fluorine氟 null三、课文的阅读理解 学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。 null3.1 Atoms and Ions in Combination (化合状态中的原子和离子) Molecular and Ionic Compounds ( 分子化合物和离子化合物) null When two or more atoms combine chemically they form a molecule. (A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure substance that has the composition and properties of that substance and is capable of independent existence. ) null The naturally occurring forms of some elements are diatomic molecules (molecules consisting of two atoms) or polyatomic molecules (which contain more than two atoms). null We refer to the compounds composed of molecules as molecular compounds. When an atom gains one or more electrons it acquires a negative charge and is known as an anion; nullwhen an atom loses one or more electrons it acquires a positive charge and is known as a cation. An ionic compound (e. g. NaCl) consists of positive and negative ions (Na+ and Cl-) held together by electrical attraction. The chemical formula of an ionic compound gives the ratio of ions, but individual molecules are not ordinarily present.null2. Formulas for Chemical Compounds (2. 化合物的化学式) A chemical formula gives the symbols for the elements in a compound with subscripts indicating the number of atoms of each element present. null For a molecular compound, the formula represents the number of atoms in one molecule. For an ionic compound, the formula gives the ratio of ions present in the simplest unit, or one formula unit. nullA structural formula is essentially a diagram showing how the atoms in a compound or ion are linked to each other by chemical bonds. The formula Mg2+ (NO3-)2 is read "M-G-N-oh-three-taken-twice."nullnullnull3. Naming Chemical Compounds (3 化合物命名) The rules that govern the naming of chemical compounds are known collectively as（统称为） chemical nomenclature命名法. null In the Stock system, the name of a cation consists of the name of the element, the charge on the ion as a Roman numeral in parentheses (parenthesis，圆括号（单数）), and the word "ion". null The name of a monatomic anion (e.g., Cl-) consists of the name of the element with the ending "ide", followed by the word "ion". A binary compound is one containing atoms or ions of only two elements. nullSalts are ionic compounds formed between cations and the anions of acids. For binary molecular compounds, prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element present.null4. Chemical Equations (4. 化学方程式) The substances that undergo changes in a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the new substances formed are the products. null The chemical change that takes place is represented with symbols and formulas in a chemical equation. All chemical equations must be balanced--the correct coefficients must be used for each species so that all the atoms of each element in the reactants can be accounted for解释；说明 in the products. null Information about the states of reactants and products may be provided by symbols after the formulas. (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for substances in aqueous solution. nullThe transformation of a neutral ionic compound into positive and negative ions, usually by dissolution溶解in water, is called dissociation（解离）. The formation of ions from a molecular compound is known as ionization（电离）. For example,nullnullnullnull3.2 Atomic, Molecular ,and Molar Mass Relationships (3．2 原子、分子和摩尔质量的关系) 1. Molecular Mass(1. 分子质量) null The molecular mass of a chemical compound is the sum of the atomic masses, in atomic mass units, of all the atoms in the formula of the compound. For example, null2. Avogadro's Number, The Mole, and Molar Mass (2. 阿佛加德罗常数，摩尔和摩尔质量) Avogadro's number is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12; it is equal to 6. 022×1023. A mole is a number of anything equal to Avogadro's number. nullThe mole is the unit that provides the connection between masses on the microscopic level (measured in atomic mass units) and masses on the macroscopic level (measured in grams). The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of that substance.nulle.g.1 How many ozone molecules and how many oxygen atoms are present in 48.00g of ozone, O3? null3. Molarity摩尔浓度(M): Molar mass摩尔量 in Solutions (3 摩尔浓度：溶液中的摩尔量) null The concentration of a substance in solution is a quantitative statement of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution. Concentrations are often given in moles per liter of solution, or molarity (M). null e.g.1 An experiment called for the addition of 1.50 mol of NaOH in the form of a dilute solution. The only sodium hydroxide solution that could be found in the laboratory was a 2 L container marked "0.1035M NaOH". nullWhat volume of this solution would be required for the 1.50 mol of NaOH? If the 2 L container was full, would this be enough? nullWhat volume of this solution would be required for the 1.50 mol of NaOH? If the 2 L container was full, would this be enough? (1.50 mol NaOH)(1L / 0.1035 mol NaOH) = 14.5 L Not enoughnull 3.3 Composition of a Chemical Compound, Simplest and Empirical Formulas, and Molecular Formulas (3．3 化合物的组成，最简式和经验式和分子式) null The percentage (by mass) of each element present in a chemical compound is its percentage composition. The simplest formula of a compound gives the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms it contains. null An experimentally determined simplest formula is called an empirical formula; it can be determined from the percentage composition and the molar masses of the elements present. The molecular formula of a compound represents the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule. nullTo find the molecular formula of a compound it is necessary to know both its empirical formula and its molecular or molar mass, which is usually some multiple of the mass calculated from the empirical formula.nulle.g. 1 A 3.91 g sample of potassium metal when burned in oxygen formed a compound weighing 7.11 g and containing only potassium and oxygen. What is the percentage composition of this compound? null(K) = (3.91 g K / 7.11 g compound) (100%) = 55.0% (O) = (1 - 0.55) (100%) = 45.0% null e.g. 2 The mineral cryolite n.冰晶石,氟铝酸钠contains 33% by mass of Na, 13% by mass of Al, and 54% by mass of F （fluorine）. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. null e.g. 3 The empirical formula for a substance was determined to be CH. The approximate molar mass of the substance was experimentally found to be 79 g. What is the molecular formula of this molecular compound? What is the exact molar mass? null四、答疑 一般情况下，争对学生提出的问进行个别答疑。null 1. Translate the technical terms in the text into Chinese by referring to relevant dictionaries. 2. (page 24-25 )01( (a),(b) );02 ( (a), (b) );05;10 3. Translate this text into Chinese. 五、课后作业nullExercises01 Write the formula for each of the following simple cations and anions, simple binary compounds, salts of polyatomic ions, and more complex binary molecular compounds: (a) sodium ion, zinc ion, silver ion, mercury ( I ) ion, iron ( II ) ion, lithium ion, bismuth [化]铋(Ⅲ) ion, iron ( I ) ion, chromium (Ⅲ) ion, potassium ion, phosphide磷化物ion, sulfide ion, telluride碲化物ion, chloride ion, and iodide ion; (b) sodium fluoride, zinc oxide, barium peroxide, magnesium bromide, hydrogen iodide, sodium azide, calcium phosphide, iron ( II ) oxide, silver fluoride, copper ( I ) chloride, potassium azide, manganese (Ⅳ) oxide, and iron ( Ⅲ ) oxide;null02 Write a chemical equation representing each of the following reactions: (a) solid aluminum sulfide reacts with liquid water to give solid aluminum hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen sulfide and (b) gaseous ozone reacts with gaseous nitrogen monoxide to produce gaseous nitrogen dioxide and gaseous oxygen.null05 What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a number of A13+ ions equal to Avogadro's number? What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a total number of ions equal to. Avogadro's number? What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a total number of atoms equal to Avogadro's number? null10 A 1.000 g sample of an alcohol was burned in oxygen and produced 1.913 g of CO2 and 1.174 g of H2O. The alcohol contained only C, H, and O. What is the empirical formula of the alcohol? null预习内容： 复习内容： 1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇； 2、本课文的全文翻译。 Chapter 3 The Gaseous Statenull六、课堂练习 null 请将下列英文翻译成中文： Mang metals are used in conditions where they may be affected by the atmosphere and moisture, so corrosion by the attack of these two media is the most familiar kind. For example, the steelwork of a landing-stage at the seaside tends to become badly corroded because the regular immersion in sea water with the rise and fall of the tide causes even more intense corrosion than there would be if the steel were permanently covered by the sea. A railwayline in a country district may last seventy years but in a tunnel the life may be only 3 to 8 years. null将下列词汇翻译成中文：combination compound substance composition polyatomic refer to… as anion (anionic) cation (cationic) chemical formula null   Monatomic Molecules Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic Molecules Helium Hydrogen Phosphorus Neon Oxygen Arsenic Argon Nitrogen Antimony Krypton Fluorine Sulfur Xenon Chlorine Selenium Radon Iodine   Chemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements null subscript  structural formula chemical bond null Chemical formulas for Some Simple Compoundswater carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide silver sulfide potassium chloride ammonia methane nullNH4+ Ammonium ion NO2- Nitrite ion CN- Cyanide ion NO3- Nitrate ion CO32- Carbonate ion O22- Peroxide ion ClO3- Chlorate ion OH- Hydroxide ion C1O4- Perchlorate ion PO43- Phosphate ion CrO42- Chromate ion SO32- Sulfite ion Cr2O2- Dichromate ion SO42- Sulfate ion MnO4- Permanganate ion CH3COO- Acetate ion Polyatomic Ions nullStructure formulas:nullknown collectively as parentheses (parenthesis) salt binary molecular compound prefixnullMn2+ manganese ( II ) ion Mn3+ nanganese ( I ) ion Cu+ copper ( I ) ion Cu2+ copper ( II ) ion Cl- chloride ion O2- oxide ion N3- nitride ion N3- azide ion O22- peroxide ion CuCl copper ( I ) chloride CuCl2 copper ( II ) chloride Na3P sodium phosphide A12(SO4)3 aluminum sulfate nullhydrochloric acid HCl(aq) carbonic acid H2CO3 (aq) nitric acid HNO3 nitrous acid HNO2 (aq) perchloric acid HClO4 phosphoric acid H3PO4 sulfuric acid H2SO4 sulfurous acid H2SO3 (aq) phosphorous acid H3PO3 arsenious acid HAsO2Acidnullselenious acid H2SeO3 selenic acid H2SeO4nullChloride ion C1- Carbonate ion CO32- Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3- Nitrate ion NO3- Nitrite ion NO2- Perchlorate ion C1O4- Phosphate ion PO43- Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42- Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4- Hydrogen phosphite ion HPO32- Sulfate ion SO42- Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4- Sulfite ion SO32- Hydrogen sulfite ion HSO3-nullGreek and Latin prefix Mono- , 1 Di-, 2 Tri-, 3 Tetra-, 4 Penta-, 5 Hexa-, 6 Hepta-, 7 Octa-, 8 Nona-, 9 Deca-, 10 nullchemical equation reactant product aqueous solution positive and negative ions dissolution dissociation ionizationnull molar mass Avogadro’ number microscopic macroscopic ozone molecule molarity concentration quantitative qualitative nullsodium hydroxide laboratory empirical formula potassium percentage composition cryolite fluorine null01 Write the formula for each of the following simple cations and anions, simple binary compounds, salts of polyatomic ions, and more complex binary molecular compounds: (a) sodium ion, zinc ion, silver ion, mercury ( I ) ion, iron ( II ) ion, lithium ion, bismuth [化]铋(Ⅲ) ion, iron ( I ) ion, chromium (Ⅲ) ion, potassium ion, phosphide磷化物ion, sulfide ion, telluride碲化物ion, chloride ion, and iodide ion; null(b) sodium fluoride, zinc oxide, barium peroxide, magnesium bromide, hydrogen iodide, sodium azide叠氮化物, calcium phosphide, iron ( II ) oxide, silver fluoride, copper ( I ) chloride, potassium azide, manganese锰(Ⅳ) oxide, and iron ( Ⅲ ) oxide; null(c) potassium sulfite, calcium permanganate, barium phosphate, copper ( I ) sulfate, ammonium acetate, iron ( II ) perchlorate, potassium nitrite, sodium peroxide, ammonium dichromate, sodium carbonate, silver nitrate, uranium (IV) sulfate, aluminum acetate, and manganese ( II ) phosphate; null(c) potassium sulfite, K2SO3 calcium permanganate, Ca(MnO4)2 barium phosphate, Ba3(PO4)2 copper ( I ) sulfate, Cu2SO4 ammonium acetate, NH4(CH3COO) iron ( II ) perchlorate, Fe(ClO4)2 potassium nitrite, KNO2 sodium peroxide, Na2O2 ammonium dichromate, (NH4)C2Cr7 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 uranium (IV) sulfate,U(SO4)2 aluminum acetate, Al(CH3COO)3 and manganese ( II ) phosphate; Mn3(PO4)2 null(d) diboron trioxide, silicon dioxide, phosphorus trichloride, sulfur tetrachloride, bromine trifluoride, iodine monobromide, dinitrogen pentasulfide, phosphorus triiodide, silicon monosulfide, and tetra-sulfur dinitride. null(d) diboron trioxide, B2O3 silicon dioxide, SiO2 phosphorus trichloride, PCl3 sulfur tetrachloride, SCl4 bromine trifluoride, BrF3 iodine monobromide, IBr dinitrogen pentasulfide, N2S5 phosphorus triiodide, PI3 silicon monosulfide, SiS tetra-sulfur dinitride. S4N2 null05 What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a number of A13+ ions equal to Avogadro's number? (M*NA/2) What mass of A12(SO4)3