智利葡萄酒产区分类(2013)

New Classification of Chile’s Wine-Producing Areas wines of chile President Vinos de Chile rené Araneda. MAnAging direCtor Wines of Chile Claudio Cilveti. PlAnning & reseArCh MAnAger, Wines of Chile Claudia soler. editoriAl CoMMittee Mario Pablo silva, Marcelo retamal, Víctor Costa and Ana María Barahona. editoriAl direCtion Ana María Barahona. JournAlistiC editor Carlos reyes M. Art direCtor Alejandra Machuca e. designer Jenny garcía s. MAPs rodney huerta. PhotogrAPhy lA CAV Archive and Courtesy of Wines of Chile. trAnslAtor Margaret snook. The Guide to Chile’s New Vitivinicultural Zones is a publication prepared (for Wines of Chile) by La CAV, of the Club de Amantes de Vino. All rights are reserved. the contents may not be reproduced without the express authorization of Wines of Chile and its editors. Wines of Chile’s offices are at luis Pasteur 5280, Vitacura, santiago de Chile. telephone: 562-2218-0600 lA CAV is located at Av. la Montaña 776, lampa, Chile. telephone: 562-2393-8100. Wines of Chile | 3 introduction The route to presenting this guide to Chile’s new geographic indications has not been easy, but it has certainly been interesting and educational for the wine industry. We formed a commission tasked not only with defining our country’s new geography and determining how to represent it for each of our wines, but also showing the world Chile’s fantastic diversity as a producer of high quality wines and its resulting sense of origin. One of our objectives took a giant leap forward on September 29, 2012 when it was finally incorporated into an update of the Ministry of Agriculture’s Decree 464. It was an important advance that began to take shape in 2011, when Chile’s wine regions were first divided east to west in relation to the influence of the mountains and the sea by incorporating the use of the terms Andes, Costa, and Entre Cordilleras. It then continued with including new denominations of origin in sectors that already had established vineyards as well as new viticultural zones. There are two, one in the north called the Atacama Viticultural Region, which extends from the Copiapó to the Huasco Valleys, and another in the south, called the Austral Viticultural Region, which extends from Cautín to as far as grapes can grow. This is a great advance toward the larger goal set by the Chilean wine industry in its Plan 2020—to be leaders in the production of Premium, sustainable, and diverse wines from the New World. This guide provides a detailed explanation of the Costa, Andes, and Entre Cordilleras conditions, but it is necessary to specify that wine labels that display a denomination of origin may also include complementary information by using these new terms to reflect the influence of the Andes Mountains, the Intermediate Depression, and the Pacific Ocean, as long as the “sum of at least 85% of the volume of the components of the final blend of the wine come from areas that meet the conditions of the term indicated and that have been declared as such by the Chilean Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG).” Chilean specialists examined data on the highest temperatures registered during the warmest months of the year, the periods of frosts, and analyses of endemic vegetation across all of the zones that produce wine grapes in Chile. This data, accumulated over many years, enabled a precise delimitation of specific areas of communities as depositaries of a climate— with nuances—that confer a special quality to each of these terroirs. A vitivinicultural area is understood as the smallest unit of the zoning decree, which corresponds to one or more communities on Chile’s political map with defined geographical boundaries and that allows viniferous grapes to produce a specific wine, and this system certifies its origin with full guarantees. These additional indications may only be used for wines made and bottled in Chile, although it is important to explain that these indications are not an integral part of a Denomination of Origin system, but rather simply provide additional information. Today, with this expansion of the Decree, Chile moves forward in building its image as a wine- producing nation of international renown with indications that specify the attributes with which we have been naturally blessed. Best Regards—and Cheers! René Araneda President, Vinos de Chile. 4 | Wines of Chile Chile’s unique geography image courtesy of origo editions, Map of Chilean Wine regions. The cool sea air is partially blocked by the Coastal Mountains, although it finds its way inland by following the course of the transversal river valleys. During the day, sea breezes carried by the cold Humboldt Current penetrate inland, and each night, cold air descends from the snow- covered peaks of the Andes. Considering that orography is the part of physical geography that deals with the description of mountains and that geomorphology is concerned with the earth’s relief, a thorough review of both, particularly in Chile’s wine country, shows that relief to be composed of a longitudinal intermediate depression flanked by two mountain ranges, the Andes Mountains to the east and the Coastal Range to the west. P a c i f i c O c e a n ELQUI VALLEY COPIAPO VALLEY HUASCO VALLEY COStA ArEAS EntrE COrdILLErAS ArEAS AndES ArEAS COQUIMBO rEGIOn AtACAMA rEGIOn LA SErEnA VALPArAISO SAntIAGO rAnCAGUA tALCA COnCEPCIÓn tEMUCO ACOnCAGUA rEGIOn CEntrAL VALLEY rEGIOn SOUtH rEGIOn AUStrAL rEGIOn LIMArI VALLEY CHOAPA VALLEY CASABLAnCA VALLEY SAn AntOnIO VALLEY MAIPO VALLEY COLCHAGUA VALLEY LOntUE VALLEY tUtUVEn VALLEY LOnCOMILLA VALLEY CACHAPOAL VALLEYLEYdA VALLEY tEnO VALLEY CLArO VALLEY rAPEL VALLEY CUrICO VALLEY MAULE VALLEY ItAtA VALLEY BÍO-BÍO VALLEY MALLECO VALLEY CAUtIn VALLEY OSOrnO VALLEY Costa areas. Entre Cordilleras areas. Andes areas. Subregion. Zone. ACOnCAGUA VALLEY the new Vitivinicultural Zonification Key } } }}} }} } } } LOCALLY KnOW AS SUB VALLEYS, OFFICIALLY COnSIdErEd ZOnE. Chile’s Coastal influence 6 | Wines of Chile S H U T T E R S TO C K .C O M Chile possesses a stunning 4,000 plus kilometer coastline that is the envy of the world and its influence has had a major impact on the quality of Chile’s wines. Wines of Chile | 7 CostA Key Specific areas within the Costa indication. ELQUI VALLEY LA SErEnA CUrICO VALLEY tEnO VALLEY VICHUQUEn MAULE VALLEY CLArO VALLEY EMPEdrAdO CUrEPtO LIMArI VALLEY OVALLE CASABLAnCA VALLEY CASABLAnCA SAn AntOnIO VALLEY MArGA MArGA rAPEL VALLEY COLCHAGUA VALLEY LOLOL PArEdOnES PUMAnQUE LItUECHE ItAtA VALLEY COELEMU POrtEZUELO ACOnCAGUA VALLEY ZAPALLAr QUILLOtA Costa Areas P a c i f i c O c e a n COQUIMBO rEGIOn ACOnCAGUA rEGIOn CEntrAL VALLEY rEGIOn SOUtH rEGIOn } } } LA SErEnA VALPArAISO SAntIAGO rAnCAGUA tALCA COnCEPCIÓn tEMUCO LEYdA VALLEY SAn JUAn SAntO dOMInGO CArtAGEnA ALGArrOBO Subregion. Zone. Wines of Chile | 9 There is not a foreigner who hits our shores that is not amazed by Chile’s broad and cools coasts. With a shoreline of more than 4,000 kilometers, a large part of Chile is caressed by the Pacific Ocean, making it a paradise for water sports as well as a dream-come-true for those who love seafood—and wine. In the eyes of national and international wine lovers alike, Chilean wines were said to flourish on fertile plains and the steep hillsides of the majestic Andes Mountains—until Casablanca made its debut in the early 1980s. That was just the beginning for a new chapter in Chilean wine, and today we have examples of the “complementary indication of quality”. Costa that not only allow us to offer greater diversity, but a wide range of previously unimaginable new styles of wines as well. In accordance with objective and internationally recognized parameters for what is understood by “cool climate”, the new indication Costa now beginning to appear on Chilean wine labels in- cludes the areas of La Serena (Elqui); Ovalle (in Limarí); San Juan and Santo Domingo (Leyda); Zapallar, Quillota, Cartagena, Algarrobo and Marga Marga (San Antonio); Lolol, Paredones, Pumanque and Litueche (Colchagua); Vichuquén (Curicó); Empedrado and Curepto (Maule) and Portezuelo and Coelemu (southeastern Itata); as well as the entire sub-region of the Casablanca Valley. It is important to note that in order to use the indication Costa, at least 85% of the grapes must come from the communities in- cluded in the new zone. The Chilean coastline is significant, but its role in the wine world is also dependent upon the cooling effects of the Humboldt Current that moves northward from southern Chile and makes the sea particularly cold. When it hits the coastline in northern Chile it causes fog despite the total absence of clouds, and therefore prevents the abundant rays of sun that shine over much of the country from reaching the vines and therefore helps them ripen properly. Today, as Chile defines its coastal condition, it significantly extends its offer; the maritime influence not only defines its climate, but the soils on which the vines grow as well. This results in the mineral and even salty characteristics that come from soils with large calcareous components that have given our wine country a new dimension. Chile’s sauvignon blancs are now among the most appreciated in the world and offer significant and attractive opportunities for the world market. In addition, varieties such as chardonnay and pinot noir from the Costa sector are dramatically different from wines produced in other parts of the country. And, as is often the case with wine, the most exciting part may be the future with varieties that have naturally grown very well in warmer climates and/or those closer to the Andes Mountains, such as syrah, cabernet franc, or malbec and that now show a distinctly different cool-climate characteristics. The wines from Chile’s Costa sector are examples of wines with lively fruit, deliciously fresh acidity, and delightful balance and elegance… and extend a definitive invitation to drink them. It is not hard to imagine new wines from the Costa, and Chile is a vibrant and fascinating example of a wine story that is being constantly updated. Coastal Limarí has become an appellation of great interest. Leyda, an important area within San Antonio. Casablanca, pioneer in the development of coastal viticulture. the generous plains As its name states, the geographic indication “Entre Cordilleras” is the strip of land that runs between the Andes and the Coastal Mountains, the two ranges that provide natural borders to the east and west respectively. Much of this geographic indication covers the generous plains that were the first to provide a home to the vines brought by the Spanish conquis- tadors. Its benign Mediterranean climate and sedimentary soils make it the country’s major agricultural area par excellence, and therefore the most developed cradle of national identity. Although most of this area consists of flatlands that progressively widen toward the south, this intermediate depression is far from being completely flat. Transversal mountain ranges and riverbeds cross it from east to west, forming micro-reliefs that constitute a rich and fascinating S H U T T E R S TO C K .C O M 10 | Wines of Chile Wines of Chile | 11 this prolific zone, which separates the Costa from the Andes sectors and produces more than 60% of the nation’s wines, shows its true value under this new complementary quality indication. it extends across Chile from north to south through valleys that are emblematic in the country’s history. mosaic of terroirs. It is precisely there that some of Chile’s more renowned wines originate— mostly from red varieties. The Entre Cordilleras indication presents striking differences from north to south. In the Coquimbo Region, where the two mountain ranges nearly touch, there is barely space for an intimidate plain, except in Punitaqui, the only municipality in the region to be included in this indication. There the vineyards that were traditionally destined for the pisco industry are giving way to small organic productions of the likes of syrah and carmenere that produce distinctive wine styles that offer great opportunities for this region. Slightly further south is Aconcagua, another of Chile’s extensive wine regions. This is where the two mountain ranges begin to separate and give rise to what we now recognize entre CordillerAs Key Specific areas within the Entre Cordilleras indication. LIMArI VALLEY PUnItAQUI COLCHAGUA VALLEY nAnCAGUA SAntA CrUZ PALMILLA PErALILLO MArCHIGUE LA EStrELLA rAPEL VALLEY CACHAPOAL VALLEY rAnCAGUA PEUMO COLtAUCO ItAtA VALLEY CHILLAn QUILLOn BIO-BIO VALLEY YUMBEL MULCHEn MALLECO VALLEY trAIGUEn ACOnCAGUA VALLEY PAnQUEHUE HIJUELAS CAtEMU LLAY LLAY SAn FELIPE entre Cordilleras Areas P a c i f i c O c e a n COQUIMBO rEGIOn ACOnCAGUA rEGIOn CEntrAL VALLEY rEGIOn CEntrAL VALLEY rEGIOn SOUtH rEGIOn } } LA SErEnA VALPArAISO SAntIAGO rAnCAGUA tALCA COnCEPCIÓn tEMUCO MAIPO VALLEY ISLA dE MAIPO tALAGAntE MELIPILLA ALHUE MArÍA PIntO COLInA CALErA dE tAnGO tIL tIL LAMPA CUrICO VALLEY tEnO VALLEY rAUCO LOntUE VALLEY SAGrAdA FAMILIA MAULE VALLEY CLArO VALLEY tALCA PEnCAHUE SAn rAFAEL tUtUVEn VALLEY CAUQUEnES LOnCOMILLA VALLEY SAn JAVIEr VILLA ALEGrE PArrAL LInArES rEtIrO LOnGAVI Subregion. Zone. Wines of Chile | 13 Aconcagua, one of Chile’s most traditional wine valleys. Maipo has earned international fame for its privileged geography. Colchagua is another of the most important areas in the Intermediate Depression. as Entre Cordilleras. In this region the new geographic indication is only present in the center segment of the Aconcagua Valley, specifically in Panquehue and Ocoa. This is one of Chile’s oldest winegrowing zones and is marked by the presence of the Aconcagua River. Elegant and fruity cabernet sauvignon and syrah grow well here and produce wines with remarkable ability for bottle aging. Equidistant from the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, this area receives the cooling influence of both, which also makes it possible to obtain merlot and surprising wines made with petit verdot. Continuing southward, the Entre Cordillera geographical indication is fully expressed in the Maipo; Cachapoal; Colchagua; Curicó, and Maule Valleys and their respective sub-valleys, all of which are associated with major rivers that flow down from the Andes. The renovation of the Chilean wine trade, led by Miguel Torres in the 1980s, began precisely in the inter-mountain areas in the Curicó Valley, where the Spanish vintner made his fresh and fruity wines. Today, in the same region, but farther south in the Maule Valley, the municipalities of Cauquenes and San Javier lead the major renovations in Chilean viticulture by recovering dry-farmed old-vine carignan that produces wines with good expression of origin. Most of the wine-producing municipalities in Chile’s Southern Region belong to the Entre Cordilleras sector, and all of them show an in- teresting viticultural vocation that is deeply rooted in our country. Wines from the following areas may use the term “Entre Cordilleras” on their la- bels: Panquehue, Hijuelas, Catemu, Llay Llay and San Felipe (Aconcagua Valley); Isla de Maipo Talagante, Melipilla, Alhué, María Pinto, Colina, Calera de Tango, Til Til and Lampa (Maipo Valley); Rauco and Sagrada Familia (Curicó Valley); Talca, Pencahue, San Rafael, San Javier, Villa Alegre, Parral, Linares, Cauquenes, Retiro and Longaví (Maule Valley); Punitaqui (Limarí Valley); Cachapoal Valley, Rancagua, Peumo, Coltauco, Colchagua Valley, Nancagua, Santa Cruz, Palmilla, Peralillo, Marchigüe, La Estrella (Rapel Valley); Chillán, Quillón (Itata Valley); Yumbel, Mulchén (Bío-Bío Valley); and Traiguén (Malleco Valley). 14 | Wines of Chile S H U T T E R S TO C K .C O M Wines of Chile | 15 Andes the longest and most extensive mountain range in the world is also the backbone of Chile’s cultural identity, and its climatic qualities have led the nation’s wine to become one of its most valuable treasures to be shared with the world. Blessed by the Mountains Andes: Few countries have mountains rooted as deep- ly in their culture as Chile does. The Andes are Chile, and all it takes is a look at a map to con- firm that. Nearly half of the entire range—the longest in the world—runs through the country, from one end to the other, and its presence is directly related to our way of seeing the world. It affects everything, especially in an activity as dependent upon the land as wine is. The Andes’ influence on climate is enormous. In the extreme north, its height and breadth work in conjunction with the cold Humboldt Current to impede the formation and free movement of clouds that would otherwise cause significant rainfall. In fact, this is one of the primary condi- tions that gave rise to the Atacama Desert, the driest on the planet. In addition to affecting the climate, the tremendous size and altitude of the Andes, which lessen as we travel south- ward, also creates a major factor in preventing the existence of disease and pests such as phylloxera that have destroyed vineyards in other parts of the world. The fact that Chile is phylloxera free has enabled it to develop car- menere, a unique grape that has become the country’s signature variety. The Andes Mountains are important to Chilean wine production for a number of reasons. On the one hand, air masses form in the mountains during the early morning hours and drop down into the valleys during the day, settling in the spaces between mountains and hills. Vineyards are planted at the foot of these hills where there is good ventilation, which in Most of the wineries in the Elqui Valley are included in Andes. San Clemente: symbol of Andean Maule. San Fernando and Chimbarongo represent Colchagua. Key Specific areas within the Andes indication. ELQUI VALLEY VICUñA PAIGUAnO LIMArI VALLEY MOntE PAtrIA rIO HUrtAdO CHOAPA VALLEY SALAMAnCA ILLAPEL MAIPO VALLEY SAntIAGO PIrQUE PUEntE ALtO BUIn COLCHAGUA VALLEY SAn FErnAndO CHIMBArOnGO rAPEL VALLEY CUrICO VALLEY tEnO VALLEY rOMErAL LOntUE VALLEY MOLInA MAULE VALLEY CLArO VALLEY SAn CLEMEntE LOnCOMILLA VALLEY COLBUn ACOnCAGUA VALLEY SAntA MArIA CALLE LArGA SAn EStEBAn Andes Areas P a c i f i c O c e a n COQUIMBO rEGIOn ACOnCAGUA rEGIOn CEntrAL VALLEY rEGIOn }LA SErEnA VALPArAISO SAntIAGO rAnCAGUA tALCA COnCEPCIÓn tEMUCO CACHAPOAL VALLEY rEQUInOA rEnGO MACHALI Subregion. Zone. Wines of Chile | 17 turn controls temperatures, protects against frosts, and creates a big variation between daytime and nighttime temperatures. This is essential in defining the character of each variety. Growers have known this since vines were first planted in central Chile, where the so-called raco wind blows through their fields each morning. Furthermore, the proximity to the mountains causes another type of influence; the sheer height of the Andes regulates the number of hours the morning sun reaches the vines and concentrates the light during certain hours of the day, especially in north- facing vineyards. These qualities allow both red and white grapes