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2013AACE指南:综合的糖尿病管理步骤

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2013AACE指南:综合的糖尿病管理步骤 ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Vol 19 No. 2 March/April 2013 327 George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLA Irl B. Hirsch, MD Paul S. Jellinger, MD, MACE Janet B. McGill, MD, FACE Je�rey I. Mechanick, MD, FACE, ECNU, FACN, FACP Pau...
2013AACE指南:综合的糖尿病管理步骤
ENDOCRINE PRACTICE Vol 19 No. 2 March/April 2013 327 George Grunberger, MD, FACP, FACE Yehuda Handelsman, MD, FACP, FACE, FNLA Irl B. Hirsch, MD Paul S. Jellinger, MD, MACE Janet B. McGill, MD, FACE Je�rey I. Mechanick, MD, FACE, ECNU, FACN, FACP Paul D. Rosenblit, MD, FACE Guillermo Umpierrez, MD, FACE Michael H. Davidson, MD, Advisor Martin J. Abrahamson, MD Joshua I. Barzilay, MD, FACE Lawrence Blonde, MD, FACP, FACE Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, MACE Michael A. Bush, MD Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, FACE Michael B. Davidson, DO, FACE Daniel Einhorn, MD, FACP, FACE W. Timothy Garvey, MD TASK FORCE Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, FACE, Chair AACE COMPREHENSIVE DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM 2013 Copyright © 2013 AACE May not be reproduced in any form without express written permission from AACE. To purchase reprints of this article, please visit: www.aace.com/reprints. Copyright © 2013 AACE. 328 AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) TABLE of CONTENTS Comprehensive Diabetes Algorithm Complications-Centric Model for Care of the Overweight/Obese Patient Prediabetes Algorithm Goals of Glycemic Control Algorithm for Adding/Intensifying Insulin CVD Risk Factor Modifications Algorithm Profiles of Antidiabetic Medications Principles for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Copyright © 2013 AACE May not be reproduced in any form without express written permission from AACE. AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) 329 C A R D IO M E TA B O LI C D IS E A S E B IO M E C H A N IC A L C O M P LI C A T IO N S S T E P 1 E V A L U A T IO N F O R C O M P L IC A T IO N S A N D S T A G IN G S T E P 3 If th er ap eu ti c ta rg et s fo r im pr ov em en ts in c om pl ic at io ns n ot m et , i nt en si fy li fe st yl e an d/ or m ed ic al an d/ or s ur gi ca l t re at m en t m od al it ie s fo r gr ea te r w ei gh t l os s B M I ≥ 2 7 W IT H C O M P LI C A T IO N S St ag e Se ve ri ty o f C o m p li ca ti o n s LO W M ED IU M H IG H S T E P 2 (i) Th er ap eu ti c ta rg et s fo r im pr ov em en t i n co m pl ic at io ns , (ii ) Tr ea tm en t m od al it y an d (ii i) Tr ea tm en t i nt en si ty fo r w ei gh t l os s ba se d on s ta gi ng S E LE C T: M D /R D c ou ns el in g; w eb /r em ot e pr og ra m ; s tr uc tu re d m ul ti di sc ip lin ar y pr og ra m Li fe st yl e M o d i� ca ti o n : ph en te rm in e; o rl is ta t; lo rc as er in ; p he nt er m in e/ to pi ra m at e ER M ed ic al T h er ap y: La p ba nd ; g as tr ic s le ev e; g as tr ic b yp as s Su rg ic al T h er ap y (B M I ≥ 3 5) : C o m pl ic at io n s- C en t r ic M o d el f o r C a r e o f t h e O v er w ei g h t /O b es e P at ie n t N O C O M P LI C A T IO N S B M I 2 5– 26 .9 , o r B M I ≥ 2 7 Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. 330 AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) Pr oc ee d to H yp er gl yc em ia A lg or it hm L IF E S T Y L E M O D IF IC A T IO N (I nc lu di ng M ed ic al ly A ss is te d W ei gh t Lo ss ) O T H E R C V D R IS K F A C T O R S TZ D G LP -1 R A N O R M A L G L Y C E M IA O V E R T D IA B E T E S If gl yc em ia n ot n or m al iz ed , co ns id er w it h ca ut io n A N T IH Y P E R G LY C E M IC T H E R A P IE S FP G > 1 00 | 2 h o u r PG > 1 40 H yp er te ns io n D ys lip id em ia Lo w R is k M ed ic at io ns M et fo rm in A ca rb os e CV D R is k Fa ct or M od i� ca ti on s A lg or it hm A N T I- O B E S IT Y T H E R A P IE S In te ns if y A nt i- O be si ty E� or ts1 Pr e- D M Cr it er io n M ul ti p le P re -D M Cr it er ia P r ed ia b et es A lg o r it h m IF G (1 00 –1 25 ) | IG T (1 40 –1 99 ) | M ET A B O LI C S Y N D R O M E (N C EP 2 00 5) Pr og re ss io n Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) 331 A 1c ≤ 6 .5 % Fo r he al th y pa ti en ts w it ho ut c on cu rr en t ill ne ss a nd a t l ow hy po gl yc em ic r is k A 1c > 6 .5 % In di vi du al iz e go al s fo r pa ti en ts w it h co nc ur re nt il ln es s an d at r is k fo r hy po gl yc em ia G o a ls f o r G ly c em ic C o n t r o l Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. 332 AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) M O N O T H E R A P Y * If A 1c > 6 .5 % in 3 m o n th s ad d se co n d d ru g (D u al T h er ap y) IN S U LI N ± O T H E R A G E N T S E N T R Y A 1 c < 7 .5 % E N T R Y A 1 c ≥ 7 .5 % E N T R Y A 1 c > 9 .0 % A D D O R I N T E N S IF Y I N S U LI N N O S Y M P TO M S S Y M P TO M S O R D U A L T H E R A P Y T R IP LE T H E R A P Y P R O G R E S S I O N O F D I S E A S E G ly c em ic C o n t r o l A lg o r it h m * O rd er o f m ed ic at io ns li st ed a re a s ug ge st ed h ie ra rc hy o f u sa ge * * B as ed u po n ph as e 3 cl in ic al tr ia ls d at a = U se w it h ca ut io n Fe w a dv er se e ve nt s or p os si bl e be ne �t s = LE G E N D M et fo rm in G LP -1 R A D PP 4- i A G -i SG LT -2 * * TZ D SU /G LN D U A L T H E R A P Y * If n o t at g o al in 3 m o n th s p ro ce ed to t ri p le t h er ap y G LP -1 R A D PP 4- i TZ D ** S G LT -2 Ba sa l i ns ul in Co le se ve la m Br om oc rip tin e Q R A G -i SU /G LN M ET or o th er �r st -li ne ag en t T R IP LE T H E R A P Y * If n o t at g o al in 3 m o n th s p ro ce ed to o r in te n si fy in su li n t h er ap y G LP -1 R A TZ D ** S G LT -2 Ba sa l i ns ul in D PP 4- i Co le se ve la m Br om oc rip tin e Q R A G -i SU /G LN M ET or o th er �r st -li ne ag en t 2ND LINE AGE NT L IF E S T Y L E M O D IF IC A T IO N (I nc lu di ng M ed ic al ly A ss is te d W ei gh t Lo ss ) Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) 333 TD D 0. 1– 0. 2 U /k g TD D 0. 2– 0. 3 U /k g ** G ly ce m ic G oa l: • Fo r m os t p at ie nt s w it h T2 D , a n A 1c < 7 % , f as ti ng a nd p re m ea l B G < 1 10 m g/ d L in t he a b se nc e of h yp og ly ce m ia . • A 1c a nd F BG t ar g et s m ay b e ad ju st ed b as ed o n p at ie nt ’s ag e, d ur at io n of d ia b et es , p re se nc e of c om or b id it ie s, d ia b et ic c om p lic at io ns , a nd h yp og ly ce m ia r is k. C on si d er d is co nt in ui n g o r re d uc in g s ul fo ny lu re a af te r b as al in su lin s ta rt ed (b as al a n al og s p re fe rr ed t o N PH ) A d d P ra n d ia l I ns ul in In su lin ti tr at io n ev er y 2– 3 d ay s to re ac h gl yc em ic g oa l: • Fi xe d re gi m en : I n cr ea se T D D b y 2 U • A d ju st ab le re gi m en : • FB G > 1 80 m g /d L: a d d 4 U • FB G 1 40 –1 80 m g /d L: a d d 2 U • FB G 1 10 –1 39 m g /d L: a d d 1 U • If h yp og ly ce m ia , r ed uc e TD D b y: • BG < 7 0 m g /d L: 1 0% – 2 0% • BG < 4 0 m g /d L: 2 0% – 4 0% IN T E N S IF Y (p ra nd ia l c on tr ol ) In su lin ti tr at io n ev er y 2– 3 d ay s to r ea ch g ly ce m ic g oa l: • In cr ea se b as al T D D a s fo llo w s: • Fi xe d re gi m en : I n cr ea se T D D b y 2 U • A d ju st ab le re gi m en : • FB G > 1 80 m g /d L: a d d 4 U • FB G 1 40 –1 80 m g /d L: a d d 2 U • FB G 1 00 –1 39 m g /d L: a d d 1 U • In cr ea se p ra n d ia l d os e b y 10 % fo r an y m ea l i f t h e 2- h r p os tp ra n d ia l o r n ex t p re m ea l g lu co se is > 1 80 m g /d L • Pr em ix ed : I n cr ea se T D D b y 10 % if fa st in g /p re m ea l BG > 1 80 m g /d L • If fa st in g A M h yp og ly ce m ia , r ed uc e b as al in su lin • If ni gh tt im e hy po gl yc em ia , r ed uc e ba sa l a nd /o r p re -s up pe r or p re -e ve ni ng s na ck s ho rt /r ap id -a ct in g in su lin • If be tw ee n m ea l d ay ti m e hy po gl yc em ia , r ed uc e pr ev io us pr em ea l s ho rt /r ap id -a ct in g in su lin TD D : 0 .3 -0 .5 U /k g 50 % B as al A na lo g 50 % P ra nd ia l A na lo g Le ss d es ir ab le : N P H an d r eg u la r in su lin o r p re m ix ed in su lin G ly ce m ic C on tr ol N ot a t G oa l* * A dd G LP -1 R A or D PP 4- i A lg o r it h m f o r A d d in g /I n te n si fy in g I n su li n A 1c < 8 % A 1c > 8 % S T A R T B A S A L (l on g- ac ti ng in su lin ) Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. 334 AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) LI P ID P A N E L: A ss es s C V D R is k D Y S L IP ID E M IA If st at in -in to le ra nt In te ns ify th er ap ie s to at ta in g oa ls a cc or di ng to ri sk le ve ls St at in T he ra py If TG > 5 00 m g/ dL , � br at es , om eg a- 3 et hy l e st er s, n ia ci n Tr y al te rn at e st at in , l ow er st at in d os e or fr eq ue nc y, or a dd n on st at in L D L- C- lo w er in g th er ap ie s Re pe at li pi d pa ne l; as se ss a de qu ac y, to le ra nc e of th er ap y A ss es s ad eq ua cy & to le ra nc e of th er ap y w ith fo cu se d la bo ra to ry e va lu at io ns a nd p at ie nt fo llo w -u p H Y P E R T E N S IO N R IS K L E V EL S M O D ER AT E H IG H D E S IR A B L E L E V E L S D E S IR A B L E L E V E L S LD L- C (m g/ d L) < 10 0 < 70 N on -H D L- C (m g/ d L) < 13 0 < 10 0 TG (m g/ d L) < 15 0 < 15 0 TC /H D L- C < 3. 5 < 3. 0 A p o B (m g/ d L) < 90 < 80 LD L- P (n m ol /L ) < 12 00 < 10 00 D M b ut n o ot he r m aj or r is k an d/ or a ge < 40 D M + m aj or C V D r is k( s) (H TN , F am H x, lo w H D L- C , s m ok in g) o r C V D * In te ns if y TL C (w ei gh t l os s, p hy si ca l a ct iv it y, d ie ta ry c ha ng es ) an d gl yc em ic c on tr ol ; C on si de r ad di ti on al th er ap y If n ot a t d es ir ab le le ve ls : To lo w er L D L- C : In te ns if y st at in , a dd e ze ti m ib e & /o r co le se ve la m & /o r ni ac in To lo w er N on -H D L- C , T G : In te ns if y st at in & /o r ad d O M 3E E & /o r �b ra te s & /o r ni ac in To lo w er A p o B, L D L- P: In te ns ify s ta tin & /o r e ze tim ib e & /o r c ol es ev el am & /o r n ia ci n If n ot a t g oa l ( 2– 3 m on th s) A dd ß -b lo ck er o r c al ci um c ha nn el bl oc ke r o r t hi az id e di ur et ic A dd n ex t a ge nt fr om th e ab ov e gr ou p, re pe at If n ot a t g oa l ( 2– 3 m on th s) If n ot a t g oa l ( 2– 3 m on th s) A dd it io na l c ho ic es (α -b lo ck er s, ce nt ra l a ge nt s, v as od ila to rs , sp ir on ol ac to ne ) A ch ie ve m en t o f t ar ge t b lo od pr es su re is c ri ti ca l G O A L: S Y S TO LI C ~ 1 3 0 , D IA S TO LI C ~ 8 0 m m H g Fo r i ni ti al b lo od pr es su re >1 50 /1 00 m m H g: D ua l t he ra py Th ia zi de Ca lc iu m Ch an ne l Bl oc ke r ß- bl oc ke r A CE i or A RB A CE i or A RB * ev en m or e in te ns iv e th er ap y m ig ht b e w ar ra nt ed T H E R A P E U T IC L IF E S T Y L E C H A N G E S (S ee O be si ty A lg or it hm ) C V D R is k F a c to r M o d if ic at io n s A lg o r it h m C op yr ig ht © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) 335 P r o fi le s o f A n t id ia be t ic M ed ic at io n s M ET D PP -4 i G LP -1 R A TZ D A G I CO LS V L BC R- Q R IN SU LI N SG LT -2 PR A M L H YP O N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al M od er at e to S ev er e N eu tr al N eu tr al W EI G H T Sl ig ht Lo ss N eu tr al Lo ss G ai n N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al G ai n G ai n Lo ss Lo ss RE N A L/ G U Co nt ra - in di ca te d St ag e 3B ,4 ,5 D os e A dj us tm en t M ay b e N ec es sa ry (E xc ep t Li na gl ip tin ) Ex en at id e Co nt ra - in di ca te d Cr Cl < 3 0 M ay W or se n Fl ui d Re te nt io n N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al M or e H yp o Ri sk M or e H yp o Ri sk & F lu id Re te nt io n In fe ct io ns N eu tr al G I S x M od er at e N eu tr al M od er at e N eu tr al M od er at e M ild M od er at e N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al M od er at e CH F N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al M od er at e N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al C V D Be ne fi t N eu tr al Sa fe ? BO N E N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al M od er at e Bo ne Lo ss N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al N eu tr al ? Bo ne L os s N eu tr al G LN SU M od er at e/ Se ve re M ild Fe w a dv er se e ve nt s or p os si bl e be ne fi ts U se w it h ca ut io n Li ke lih oo d of a dv er se e ff ec ts Co py ri gh t © 2 01 3 A A C E M ay n ot b e re pr od uc ed in a ny fo rm w ith ou t e xp re ss w rit te n pe rm is si on fr om A AC E. 336 AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm, Endocr Pract. 2013;19(No. 2) P r in c ip le s o f t h e A A C E A lg o r it h m fo r t h e T r ea t m en t o f T yp e 2 D ia b et es 1) Li fe st yl e op tim iz at io n is e ss en tia l fo r al l pa - ti en ts w it h di ab et es . Th is i s m ul ti fa ce te d, on go in g, a nd e ng ag es t he e nt ir e di ab et es te am . H ow ev er , s uc h eff or ts s ho ul d no t de la y ne ed ed p ha rm ac ot he ra py , w hi ch c an b e in iti - at ed s im ul ta ne ou sl y an d ad ju st ed b as ed o n th e re sp on se t o lif es ty le e ffo rt s. T he n ee d fo r m ed ic al th er ap y sh ou ld n ot b e in te rp re te d as a fa ilu re o f lif es ty le m an ag em en t, bu t as a n ad ju nc t t o it. 2) Th e A 1c t ar ge t m us t be in di vi du al iz ed , b as ed on n um er ou s fa ct or s, s uc h as a ge , c o- m or bi d co nd iti on s, d ur at io n of d ia be te s, ri sk o f h yp o- gl yc em ia , p at ie nt m ot iv at io n, a dh er en ce , l ife ex pe ct an cy , e tc . A n A 1c o f 6 .5 % o r le ss is s til l co ns id er ed o pt im al if it c an b e ac hi ev ed in a sa fe a nd a ffo rd ab le m an ne r, bu t hi gh er t ar - ge ts m ay b e ap pr op ria te a nd m ay c ha ng e in a gi ve n in di vi du al o ve r t im e. 3) G ly ce m ic c on tr ol t ar ge ts in cl ud e fa st in g an d po st pr an di al g lu co se a s de te rm in ed b y se lf bl oo d gl uc os e m on ito rin g. 4) Th e ch oi ce o f t he ra pi es m us t b e in di vi du al iz ed ba se d on a tt rib ut es o f th e pa tie nt ( as a bo ve ) an d th e m ed ic at io ns t he m se lv es ( se e Pr ofi le s of A nt i-D ia be tic M ed ic at io ns ). A tt ri bu te s of m ed ic at io ns t ha t aff ec t th ei r ch oi ce i nc lu de : ris k of in du ci ng h yp og ly ce m ia , r is k of w ei gh t ga in , e as e of u se , c os t, an d sa fe ty i m pa ct o f ki dn ey , h ea rt , o r liv er d is ea se . T hi s al go rit hm in cl ud es e ve ry F D A -a pp ro ve d cl as s of m ed ic a- tio ns fo r d ia be te s. T hi s al go rit hm a ls o st ra tifi es ch oi ce o f t he ra pi es b as ed o n in iti al A 1c . 5) M in im iz in g ris k of h yp og ly ce m ia is a p rio rit y. It is a m at te r o f s af et y, a dh er en ce , a nd c os t. 6) M in im iz in g ris k of w ei gh t ga in is a p rio rit y. It to o is a m at te r o f s af et y, a dh er en ce , a nd c os t. 7) Th e al go ri th m p ro vi de s gu id an ce t o w ha t th er ap ie s to in iti at e an d ad d, b ut re sp ec ts in - di vi du al c irc um st an ce s th at w ou ld m ak e di f- fe re nt c ho ic es . 8) Th er ap ie s w ith c om pl em en ta ry m ec ha ni sm s of a ct io n m us t ty pi ca lly b e us ed in c om bi na - tio ns fo r o pt im um g ly ce m ic c on tr ol . 9) Ef fe ct iv en es s of t he ra py m us t be e va lu at ed fr eq ue nt ly u nt il st ab le ( e. g. e ve ry 3 m on th s) us in g m ul tip le c rit er ia i nc lu di ng A 1c , SM BG re co rd s in cl ud in g bo th fa st in g an d po st -p ra n- di al d at a, d oc um en te
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