19 否定形式

nullPray For PeacePray For Peace否定形式 Negation否定形式否定形式 示否定意义时，英汉的表达手段和方法往往大不相同。本节讲述以下内容。 1. 全部否定 2. 部分否定 3. 双重否定 4. 意义否定 5. 否定词not和no 6. 前缀和后缀的否定1. 全部否定1. 全部否定构成全部否定的常用词有not, never, neither, nor, none, no, nobody, nobody, no one, nowhere等。可直接译成汉语的否定句。 --- That was not the end of the affair. --- No apologies were given. --- These buses are never overcrowded so there is no need for them to run so frequently.1. 全部否定1. 全部否定--- There is nothing important in his speech. --- None of the students has come back yet. --- Neither you nor I could do it. --- Nobody / No one could answer the question correctly. My watch was nowhere to be found.2. 部分否定2. 部分否定常用not加all, every, each, both等词构成部分否定，可译成“不都是”，“不全是”，“并非都”等等。 --- Not all the answers are right. == All the answers are not right. cf: None of the answers is right. --- Not both these books are useful. cf: Neither of these books is useful.2. 部分否定2. 部分否定--- I like not both of them. Cf: I like neither of them. --- Not every computer here is made in China. Cf: No computer here is made in China. --- Not everything is going smoothly. Cf: Nothing is going smoothly. 3. 双重否定3. 双重否定通常由not, no, never等否定词加上一个由否定意义的词或词组而构成的。它实际上是肯定，而且语气更强。汉译时视上下文和汉语的习惯，可直译为双重否定或肯定形式。 --- There is no rule that has no / does not have exceptions. 凡规则都有例外。 （没有无例外的规则。）3. 双重否定3. 双重否定--- There is no one but has his weak side. 人皆有弱点。 （没有无弱点的人。） --- No living thing could exist without air. 有空气，生物才能生存。 (没有空气，生物都不能生存。) 3. 双重否定3. 双重否定There is no work unless there is motion. 没有运动，就没有作功。 Don’t get off the bus until ( till ) it stops. 汽车停后才可下车。 （汽车停止前不能下车。） 4.意义否定4.意义否定有些英语句子形式上是肯定句，但句子中含否定意义的词或词组，所以实际上有否定意义，翻译时必须表达清楚。 --- I made few mistakes in my composition. 我的作文错误很少。（几乎没有错误） --- This computer is little better than that one. 这台计算机并不比那台好多少。4.意义否定4.意义否定--- She is so tired she can hardly walk. 她太累，简直走不动了。 --- I scarcely know her. 我不太认识她。 --- The box is too heavy for him to carry. 这箱子太重，他拿不动。 What keeps us from falling off the earth? 什么东西使我们不会掉离地球？ 4.意义否定4.意义否定--- We should prevent the gas from escaping? 我们应当防止气体逸出。 --- I would rather have the small one than the large one. 我宁愿要小的一个而不要大的。 --- He failed to keep his word. 他没有遵守诺言。4.意义否定4.意义否定--- Shall we have tea instead of coffee today? 我们今天不喝咖啡，喝茶好吗？ --- She passed without seeing me. 她走过去，没有看见我。 5. 否定词not和no5. 否定词not和no他们都是否定词，但在否定程度上和意义上有些不同，no的否定比not更强。 1) --- She is not a doctor. 她不是医生。 --- She is no doctor. 她根本不是医生。 2) --- His pronunciation is not better than mine. 他的发音不比我的好。5. 否定词not和no5. 否定词not和no --- His pronunciation is no better than mine. 他的发音和我的一样差。 3) --- They have learnt not more than 500 new words this semester. 这学期他们学的生词没有超过500个。 --- They have learnt no more than 500 new words this semester. 这学期他们只学了500个生词而已。 6. 前缀和后缀的否定6. 前缀和后缀的否定英语中还可以用含有否定意义的前缀或后缀来表示否定意义。 1) 前缀：im-, in-, ir-, un-, dis-, non-, 等 possible --- impossible efficient --- inefficient regular --- irregular important --- unimportant appear --- disappear existent --- non-existent 2) 后缀：-less， -free 等 hope --- hopeless oil --- oil-free null nullTransition Page