为曹操翻案的背后（Behind Cao Cao verdict）

为曹操翻案的背后（Behind Cao Cao verdict） 为曹操翻案的背后(Behind Cao Cao verdict) "Cao Cao verdict" behind the 2010 02 month 24 days 11:12 economic observer [small] [Print] a total of 0 comments at the beginning of 1959, historians and literary circles set off a "Cao Cao suddenly raise a Babel of criticism of the verdict" wind, after "thought reform", "anti rightist" and "pull out the white flag", "" history revolution ", criticizing the emperor" and a series of different movement after the "reversing the verdict for Cao Cao, namely" history circle "as a" blatant emperor ". On the right, not nostalgia, but a great background and great significance. The historical drama "Cai Wenji" and "Guo Moruo Cao Cao" articles for the verdict, it is one of the representative. For some years, Mao Zedong published a series of thoughts on Cao Cao, clearly put forward to overturn cao. Always "trend" of Guo Moruo, the natural positive response. One In 1952 Mao Zedong read "Southern Dynasties, Wei Rui biography", praised the emperor will Wei and Wei Rui Rui both intelligent and courageous, when the enemy fortification of the cloud "for when it is" group, said: "this is Cao Cao. Listen to this Xiahou Yuan Tso, the army defeated the body caused by". (Zhang Yijiu: "Mao Zedong" histories, China Friendship Publishing Company) in the summer of 1954 in Beidaihe, Mao Zedong on the side of the staff said: "Cao Cao is a great statesman, military strategist, but also a great poet", "Cao Cao unified China north, founded in the state of wei. At that time, the the Yellow River River Basin was the center of the country. He reformed many bad governance, the inhibition of Han despots, the development of production, implementation of this system, also to open up wasteland, carry out the rule of law, thrift, the society began to suffer major damage stability, recovery and development. Shouldn't they be sure? Isn't it amazing? Cao Cao said the white book is a traitor, so write, play so play, people say, it is made by feudal orthodoxy and the unjust case, reactionary nobles, they are feudal culture monopoly, they write is to maintain the feudal orthodox. This case is going to be turned over". He also wrote to his daughters Li Min and Li Ne, saying, "Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan are places where Cao Mengde has been.". He is not only a politician, but also a poet. His poetry is famous jieshi." (Editor: Chen Jin "Mao Zedong notes", Guangdong people's publishing house, December 1958), Mao Zedong read "Three Kingdoms" in the collection of "let the county of Lu Bute this blog is self-evident" of the text, according to Lu Bi criticism to Cao Cao wrote such a comment: "this article posted a, Wei Wu many of the posters, to beat him without words; Li too:" Wei Baiyun Diying octupole, ant the concept of a Ni Heng. " This is near." (Mao Zedong "histories") From Mao Zedong on the side of the staff, family conversations, letters and their reading notes can be seen in his view of Cao Cao's "very positive", but this is just not yet public opinion. When this view occurs frequently in his public reports, speeches, talks and instructions, the leader's personal views naturally become the dominant discourse of the country. In April 10, 1957, Mao Zedong and the "people's Daily" talking to the person in charge said: "the history that Cao Cao is ganxiong. Don't believe the romance. Actually, Cao Cao is not bad. At that time, Cao Cao represented the Progressive Party, and the Han Dynasty was declining." (the Central Committee of the Communist Party Literature Research Center: "selected works of Mao Zedong", the Central Literature Publishing House) according to Li Yueran recalled, in 1957 November 2nd, Mao Zedong is visiting Moscow, Hu Qiaomu and Guo Moruo had dinner with Guo Moruo on the history of the Three Kingdoms in the best of spirits when Zhu Geliang said: "one is resourceful, but Cao Cao is not the man simple. Singing is always disguised as a boy, really wronged. This guy is great." (Li Yueran: leader of new China on the diplomatic arena), PLA press During the Great Leap Forward period, Mao Zedong made more public praise of Cao Cao. In early November 1958, Mao Zedong convened the central leaders and local official work conference held in Zhengzhou, "The first Zhengzhou conference, he spoke at the meeting specifically said:" the king Zhou, Qin Shihuang, Cao Cao as the villain is completely wrong." (the Central Committee of the Communist Party Literature Research Center: "Mao Zedong anthology", volume seventh, people's Publishing House) when he was party secretary of Shanxi Tao Lu Jia recalled, November 20th morning, Mao Zedong called Ke Qingshi, Li Jingquan, Wang Renzhong and his Wuhan forum, they are thought to be the discussion of the content is scheduled for second days, the central began in November 21st work conference and have held the six plenary session of the problem. No one expected that, when they sat down, Mao Zedong said: "you can start to talk about Chen Shou today's" Three Kingdoms "." He stressed: "the romance of the Three Kingdoms" is regarded as Cao Cao a traitor to describe; and the "Three Kingdoms" is to regard Cao Cao as a positive figure in history narrative, and said Cao Cao is "very great disorder under heaven during the period of people" and "super Jie". But because of the "Three Kingdoms" and popular and vivid, so many people look at, plus the old drama staged three scene is modeled according to the "Three Kingdoms" made up, so Cao Cao in the old drama on the stage is a traitor. This can be said in China is even woman and children all know." Speaking of this, Mao Zedong indignant said: "now we have to give Cao Cao his conviction, our party is the party who speak the truth, justice and the unjust case, ten years, twenty years to one thousand years, and two thousand years to turn", "said Cao Cao is a traitor, that is the feudal orthodoxy made this unjust case. To turn the unjust case". In the Tao's memory, meeting in Shanghai from November 1958 to April 1959 the first Zhengzhou conference, Mao Zedong has been reading the "Three Kingdoms", and repeatedly to the senior cadres of the party recommended the "Three Kingdoms" in Cao Cao. (Tao Lu Jia: "Chairman Mao taught us when the Secretary of provincial Party committee", the Central Literature Publishing House) in fact, after the Shanghai conference Mao Zedong was still talking about Cao Cao, in the summer of 1959 at the Mount Lu conference, Mao Zedong talked about Cao Cao. When Guo Moruo and Jian Bozan Cao Cao to overturn the drama and published several months, so in August 11th Mao Zedong severely criticized Peng Dehuai and the "club" the speech said: "Qin Shihuang is not being scolded again now. In 2000, Cao Cao was scolded by reputation; more than 1000 years, now is to restore the reputation of being scolded; Zhou 3000 years." (Li Rui: Mount Lu conference memoir, Henan people's Publishing House Edition) Two The Mao Zedong time after time to make to the "revisionist" Cao Cao, Guo Moruo natural positive response. January 25, 1959 "Guangming Daily" published "on Guo Moruo Cai Wenji's" Eighteen shot "Hujia an article, said:" Cao Cao is highly rated for the nation should make a contribution, he should be called a national hero. However, since the Song Dynasty of the so-called "orthodox" concept is determined, the outstanding historical figures suffered unrighted wrong. Since the "Three Kingdoms" even more popular, almost three year old children are to Cao Cao as a villain, as a traitor face powder, it is indeed a big distortion of history." In order to eliminate the influence of "Three Kingdoms", he also wants to popular form of drama for Cao. At the beginning of February 1959, Guo Moruo finally finished the historical drama "Cai Wenji", in mid April in "Yangcheng Evening News" published in March 23rd; almost at the same time, the "people's Daily" published his paper "a verdict for Cao Cao". In these articles and the drama, he eulogizes Cao Cao sparked heated debate on the political and military achievements, Cao Cao verdict. For a time, and appeared in the academia to discuss "Cao Cao verdict" craze, such as Jian Bozan also issued a "should be" for Cao Cao to restore the reputation of the thesis. In the "people's Daily" published "for Cao Cao" overturn long article, Guo Moruo made a system of defense and "the verdict on Cao Cao". He affirmed that "Cao Cao made great contributions to the development of the nation and culture", and thought that "Cao Cao was demonized by the later generations", which is unfair. The main reason for this injustice or the particular distortion of Cao Cao can not be attributed to the rule of orthodoxy." He declared: "when Luo Guanzhong wrote the romance of the Three Kingdoms, he evaluated the characters of the Three Kingdoms according to the feudal consciousness. He did not deliberately distort it, but visualized it according to the historical authenticity he saw. But today, our consciousness is really different, "bleak autumn wind is this, change the world."! The historical authenticity that Luo Guanzhong sees has become a problem, so the artistic authenticity of the romance of the Three Kingdoms has lost the foundation." The central point is: "Cao Cao wrongly done one thousand years today, to teacher by negative example, for him to restore the reputation of". He quoted Mao Zedong's words "published in 1957, Beidaihe langtaosha", because Mao Zedong has "the past millennium in the word, Wei whiplash, Jieshi have left the East article" sentence, affirmed Cao Cao, so Guo Moruo wrote: "Chairman Mao wrote the word for a variety of objective things and the same thought of Cao Cao the thought of Cao Cao's expedition Wuhuan, this is worth paying attention to." He believes that although Cao Cao suppressed the Yellow turban army but inherited the Yellow turban army career, Pingding Wuhuan have the support of the people against aggression...... To Cao Cao's murder, he also argued: "of course, Cao Cao killed people, not only to fight, to kill people, and his law against the people he killed.". People like to accuse him of killing Kong Rong (one of the seven sons of Jianan). Kong Rong is a descendant of Confucius, the gentleman's temperament and ideas, are actually quite eccentric. For example, Cao Cao and Kong Rong insisted on temperance, laughed at him, "said today that the tyrant to color subjugation, not marriage." In Guo Moruo's view, not only with the Cao Cao law "inconsistent" the kill, and nature and advocate "perverse" actually can be killed should reason! In the end, Guo Moruo put forward not only for Cao Cao to reverse the verdict, but also for Zhou, Qin Shihuang verdict: "in short, we should pursue the authenticity of history from a new point of view today, but also for Cao Cao palinode; for all the grievances of the historical figures, such as Zhou, such as Qin Shihuang,." Almost exactly the same as Mao Zedong's exact words. At this time he proposed to not only for Cao Cao to reverse the verdict, also proposed to him before 1949 as the tyrant criticized Qin Shihuang. The meaning of this is self-evident. "Cai Wenji" said Cao Cao from the redemption of Cai Wenji's story, to write this historical drama, Guo Moruo clearly said: "I wrote" Cai Wenji ", the main purpose is to reverse the verdict for Cao Cao." He believes that the suppression of the Yellow turban army is the peasant uprising Cao Cao's mistake, but Cao Cao while playing the Yellow turban, and not contrary to the purpose of the Yellow turbans". Moreover, Cao Cao let his son emperor Cao Pi things, Guo Moruo also said: "after the emperor Cao Pi" Jianyuan Huangchu ", this course has five elements of meaning, and Qiao County through the Huanglong, but" when Huang Tian Li 'are not intimately tied up with the breath? Therefore, I said that "Cao Cao is against the Yellow turban started, but we can say he is the inheritance of the Yellow turban movement."" Cao Cao Dong Zhuoshi was in preparation for war against with the workers. Guo Moruo also praised, said: "I pay special attention to this matter. Because intellectuals one thousand and seven hundred or eight hundred years ago were able to pay attention to physical labor, which was a great thing. Think about it, we have some progressive intellectuals today, just a year ago, seven or eight months ago, are not all still despise physical labor, despise the working people?" (Guo Moruo: "preface", "Cai Wenji", Cultural Relics Publishing House 1959) Cao Cao in the play is portrayed as a "first and worry about the world, after the world to enjoy" the National People's selfless leader, showing a peaceful scene in his reign. Guo Moruo quotes others repeatedly praised: "Prime Minister Cao Bing in love like life, love the people", "Cao Chengxiang is a good man. He was very approachable, but he was very approachable." The play had a scene is Mrs. Cao Cao side sewing quilt bianshi, One side of Cao Cao said: "this is really the quilt ah. Now for ten years, there have been many sewing, nourishing nails." Cao Cao said: "the more the better patch, winter thick, summer cotton, when the sheet, just right." Bian Shi said: "you really intend to." Cao Cao said: "a lot of people of the world are not covered, there is covered is already a big happiness." In 1959 coincided with the "people's communes", "Cai Wenji" will be Cao Cao's "wasteland" means praise. Originally in "Yangcheng Evening News" published in the script, as well as men and women farmers singing "Tun Tian Ge": "wasteland, wasteland, family reunion of father and son! Reunion! Soldiers are cultivated, people are cultivated, soldiers are people. Who is the best hero in the world, for the benefit of the people prime minister cao! The prime minister cao!" (Guo Moruo: "Cai Wenji", "Yangcheng Evening News" April 15, 1959) the last scene of the original "He Shengzhao" in a poem, "heaven and earth", and reconstruction of the sun and the moon shine again "hehe oh great literary martial arts", "the people," universal health industry, "such as philosopher Oh Feng Zhu Longxiang, ah Tao Tang to the whole world as one community" words to Cao Cao, the Beijing people's art director in the rehearsal process was "he Shengzhao" is dominated by Cao Cao, and the name "Cai Wenji" was not associated with Guo Moruo, after discussion by Tian Hanrun color, be adapted to be "look Fanghua by praising Cai Wen Ji". (Ouyang Shanzun: "from the" new Shengzhao "to" look "Youth", "Wen Wei Po" May 24, 1959) Guo Moruo published in the Cao Cao verdict in a strange logic "argument" said: "although Cao Cao is against the Yellow turban started, but we can say he is inherited from the Yellow turban movement, the movement of the." (Guo Moruo: "on Cai Wenji's" Eighteen shot "Hujia, January 25, 1959" Guangming Daily ".) Interestingly, the "Cai Wenji" of the last sentence is neat call: "I wish the king and queen of long years, die!" (Guo Moruo: "Cai Wenji", Heritage Press 1959 edition, page sixtieth) but published "Moruo plays" in February 1978, people's publishing house, led by Jiang Qing, the "Gang of four" has already been crushed, Guo Moruo also replaced it: "I wish the king and Princess die long years!" "After" to "Princess", this word is easy, but also from the side that Cao Cao overturn the intention, quite worthy of pondering. Guo Moruo wrote his own childhood fameng, read "Three Character Classic", "early exposure to Cai Wenji can see Qin" story, but did not think more than 60 years after they left Cai Wenji drama. He admits, "I don't want to deny that I wrote this script by putting my own experience into it." Most of his "Cai Wenji" is true. There are a lot of things about my feelings, and a lot of things about my life. No, readers will be aware of it. In my life, I had a similar experience with Cai Wenji, similar feelings." It can be said, "Cai Wenji is me."! That's what I wrote." (Guo Moruo: preface to Cai Wenji, cultural relics press, 1959) Perhaps, do have very similar experiences, similar feelings, but he wanted to show the most important experience, the most important emotional or Cai Wenji excitedly told Cao Cao: "I flatter since returning to the Han Dynasty, after Changan came to Yexia, on the way, all I see is a peaceful scene, really make me excited. I lived thirty-one years, and this is the first time I've seen it. I was getting more and more aware of Cao Chengxiang's feelings for me. What should I do to repay him?" At the same time, as he has been indulging in personal joys and sorrows in deep regret to Cao Cao said: "I just wallow in her grief, no spare time to care for others. I'm extremely guilty." "I want to control myself, to enjoy the world, to worry about the world."." CAI was grateful to Cao Cao for getting rid of his own grief. Now, "I think I can sleep, and I can eat my meal.". I completely became a new person. "This is entirely the language of" bourgeois intellectuals "" ideological transformation "language. He admits, "Cai Wenji wrote" the purpose is to provide the Cao Cao verdict, in order to show "Cai Wenji" after a lot of thought reform by Cao Cao to "save" become "new": "from the life of Cai Wenji can be seen in the great Cao Cao. It was Cao Cao who rescued her. In fact, more than one person rescued by Cao Cao, and she can be a typical." (Guo Moruo: "on Cai Wenji's" Eighteen shot "Hujia) After Cai Wenji, the media is naturally praised. However, Luo Ruiqing's daughter, little recalls, the play first staged in the Huairen Hall of Zhongnanhai, she was not 10 years old, of course, can not understand the plot, can not understand the evaluation of complex historical figures, but she remembered: "after the show, we are out of a general on the man beside him half jokingly said loudly:" if Cao Cao like old Guo wrote so good, I will introduce him to join the party. " When Kang Sheng was there, I saw a lot of people including him laughing. There was no doubt that the general and the people around him were very "own", and Kang Sheng was a very authoritative revolutionary theorist. I don't remember that Mr. Guo Moruo was there, but this joke contains the frivolous and not to regard it as right and the response of the people around, understand this joke, but in my mind, in my judgment plays a subtle role. It's hard to believe that we kids are also snobs in this joke to tell if a person's status in the party matters." (Luo little: "red family archives", Nanhai publishing company) her memory was generally good, the general joke is general Chen Geng, Guo Moruo not only is present, and a "joke" is when he opened the theatre: "after general Chen Geng saw Guo Moruo in the lounge, please Guo he spoke on the play view, Chen Geng said:" I can fill in a registration form to apply for membership in the party Cao Cao, Guo Lao can do sponsor. " The listener all set the whole room roaring with laughter." ("biography of Chen Geng" writing group: "Chen Geng biography", contemporary China Press) Guo Moruo in the face of such a joke and I really do not know how to react or will set the whole room roaring with laughter, embarrassment. Although the details, but also intriguing: if Guo Zhen is very "own", in the party really powerful, to Chen Geng character of humor may still be free or open this joke, but around the listener dare really said no to set the whole room roaring with laughter; even if people really dare to "laugh", "Chen Geng." this will account is not allowed to say. Three Unfortunately, Cao Cao advocates for the verdict, Cao Cao praised the arbitrary historians after a few years was spared the "Cultural Revolution" violent persecution. The "Cultural Revolution" at the beginning, Jian Bozan is regarded as "reactionary academic authority" uncovered, suffered abuse in 1968 after the couple was persecuted to death. Guo Moruo was also under tremendous pressure from outsiders, and was forced to declare that all his past works should be burned. But for him, more cruel blows ensued. In 1967, ninth of his children, Guo Minying, committed suicide. Guo Minying was born in 1944 in 1964 admitted to the Central Conservatory of Music, in order to learn, once was very rare recorder to the dormitory, now began to pay close attention to the class struggle "," opposing and preventing revisionism "a classmate wrote a letter to Mao Zedong, report said it was" spirit of nobility "," bourgeois I thought to influence to the teachers and students in the school "very deep," some people obsessed with western music, despise folk music, resentment of music revolution, nationalism and the masses". This letter was published in the general office of the CPC Central Committee Secretariat in September 16, 1964 published "the masses" on the seventy-ninth. Mao Zedong had thought of literary and art circles the serious problem in December 1963 severely criticized: "all kinds of art, drama, opera, music, art, dance, film, poetry and literature and so on, many problems, a lot of people, The socialist transformation in many sectors is still a "dead man" rule "," many Communists enthusiastic about promoting feudalism and capitalism art, but not enthusiastic about promoting socialist art, not the monstrous absurdity "(" Mao Zedong "since the presentation of tenth copies, and the Central Literature Publishing House). So he wrote the letter and endorsed the writer's opinion (ibid., eleventh volumes). The matter to Guo Minying, also caused huge pressure for Guo Moruo, Guo Minying after learning has been bad, second years dropped out of Guo Moruo College of music, he will be admitted to the PLA, I hope he is in the thought of Mao Zedong "University", "revolution in the reform exercise pot". But the "Cultural Revolution", which is similar to the arrogant personality, Guo Moruo said the character of Kong Rong "perverse" Guo Minying is not the "atmosphere of the times, finally killed Dutch act. In the second year, Guo Moruo's eighth child, Guo Shiying, was also persecuted and killed. Guo Shiying, born in 1942, was admitted to the Philosophy Department of Peking University in 1962. Studying the Guo Shiying not smart herd, he and some of the same love of independent thinking students organized a "X group" of some thought regarded at the time as the area is absolutely correct, no doubt about the thinking and exploration: the basic contradiction of socialism is not class struggle? Did the great leap forward succeed or fail? Can Mao Zedong's thought be divided into two parts? How to regard individual worship and individual superstition"...... The discussion is not only with "law conflict" at the time, it is treason and heresy". They explore very quickly for the public security departments of the investigation, in 1963, the summer Guo Shiying problem was designated as the "contradictions between ourselves and the enemy", by Zhou Enlai to intervene to "according to" the contradictions among the people, in the Henan farm labor reform "under the name of without hat counter revolutionary revisionists". In the autumn of 1965, Guo Shiying returned to Beijing and entered Kasetsart University in Beijing to study agriculture. In the spring of 1968, the "Cultural Revolution" entered the "clean up class" stage according to the "great strategic deployment" of "supreme instructions", and Guo Shiying who had such a criminal record was naturally "cleaned up"". In April 19th, he was imprisoned by the red guards of Beijing Agricultural University, and was brutally persecuted 26 days ago. A seventy years old, a year lost two son, white haired people who sent hair, there is still more cruel than the blow? Is there any pain in the cone?! At this point, the grief of Guo Moruo can remember his years ago to Kong Rong character "withdrawn" should be killed? Can you think of a few years ago when he explained to Cao Cao that he was killed by someone who contradicted his law?...... Of course, people do not know the old man at the moment are thinking, but from this moment, he began to use the brush strokes, Gonggongzhengzheng copy son Guo Shiying's diary, a copy of the eight copies, until his death, are placed in the desk. Which contains the kind of sincere heart, contains how great sorrow ah! In the historical drama is "nostalgia", always has a clear sense of the political reality. The "Qu Yuan" is anti autocratic, while the "Cai Wenji" "Cao Cao" flatter, and they had the "individualism" to "Cao Cao". Profound and complicated background for the Cao Cao verdict is worth analyzing the common many historical figures: historical position should be the academic problem, but the historical position of Cao Cao but why is there such a direct and complex political factors? When the laws and regulations "conflicting" or even "rather odd character" can be killed as stately "reason", including the defenders, and to protect the basic rights of individuals? In this political context for Cao Cao, Zhou, Qin Shihuang's "the verdict" and later the political situation has been developed to the "Cultural Revolution" of the malignant degree of what kind of direct and indirect relationship?...... In all should cause deep thought. So history is not going to be wasted".