PubMed

nullPubMed PubMed 什么是PubMed?什么是PubMed?生物医学研究领域应用最广泛也最重要的数据库，由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）下属的美国国立医学图书馆（NLM）的国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）开发、维护 面向全世界免费提供最新的生物医学信息 每周5天更新数据，检索功能完善，使用方便 整合在NCBI的统一检索平台Entrez上，与该平台其他数据库建立无缝链接，可实现跨库检索 http://www.pubmed.govPubMed发展过程*PubMed发展过程1997-1983-1971-1879-PubMed的收录范围PubMed的收录范围收录全世界80多个国家5200多种生物医学期刊的文摘及题录数据 绝大部分可回溯至1948年，最早回溯至1865年 累积了1900多万条文献记录 部分文献可直接获取全文，包括： PubMed Central (PMC，收录期刊780余种)：NLM开发的免费生物医学数字化期刊全文数据库 开放获取（Open Access，OA）期刊 部分出版商提供的免费文献 与出版商的电子期刊文献同步发布，标注为[Epub ahead of print]（先于印刷版期刊发的电子文献）或EpubInterrelationships between Entrez DatabasesInterrelationships between Entrez DatabasesPubMed provides links to the integrated molecular biology databases maintained by NCBI  The following diagram illustrates the relationships between some of the information resources in Entrez: 3PubMed的记录来源PubMed的记录来源Medline：PubMed主体部分 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE] In-process citations： 尚未进行MeSH主题词标引的最新文献 [PubMed-in Process] Publisher supplied citations：出版商提供，但不被Medline收录的文献 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] OLDMEDLINE：部分1966年以前出版且未被MEDLINE收录的文献 [PubMed-OLDMEDLINE] What’s in PubMedWhat’s in PubMedMost PubMed records are MEDLINE citations. Other records include those in different stages of processing (including records provided directly from the journal publisher) but destined to be MEDLINE citations. A relatively small number of records that are included in PubMed but not selected for MEDLINE. PubMedMEDLINEIn Process4MEDLINE CitationsMEDLINE CitationsPubMed provides access to MEDLINE, the National Library of Medicine’s premier bibliographic database containing citations and author abstracts from approximately 5,400 biomedical journals published in the United States and in other countries.   MEDLINE has records for journal articles, including topics related to medicine, such as microbiology, delivery of health care, nutrition, pharmacology and environmental health. MEDLINE currently contains over 18 million references dating back to 1947. New material is added Tuesday through Saturday. English laguage: About 8% journals are foreign language journals. Approximately 82% of the citations are included with the published abstract.5MEDLINE Journal SelectionMEDLINE Journal SelectionThe Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC) meets three times a year and considers approximately 140 titles for MEDLINE at each meeting. Final approval is made by the Director of the National Library of Medicine. Titles are considered for scope and coverage, quality of content, quality of editorial work, production quality, audience, and type of content. For more details, see the NLM Fact Sheet, MEDLINE Journal Selection, at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/jsel.html. 6MEDLINE® – Basic Bibliographic CitationMEDLINE® – Basic Bibliographic CitationThe following information is generally provided:  Title of the journal article  Names of the Authors  Abstract published with the article  Controlled Vocabulary search terms (Medical Subject Headings)  Journal Source Information  First Author Affiliation  Language in which the article was published  Publication Type (description of the type of article, e.g., Review, Letter, etc.) A sample MEDLINE citation from PubMed follows.7null8How Citations Get into PubMedHow Citations Get into PubMedThe publishers provide two copies of the journal  Citations are immediately made available via PubMed. All citations display a status tag, which indicates their stage of processing.  9Publisher Supplied CitationsPublisher Supplied CitationsThese are citations that are supplied electronically by publishers directly to PubMed. The citations are then forwarded to NLM’s Index Section to be processed. Citations received electronically have the status tag: [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]. Sample PubMed citation that was submitted electronically but processing has not yet begun:Notice the [PubMed – as supplied by publisher] status tag. 10In ProcessIn ProcessThese citations are being reviewed for inclusion in MEDLINE and, if in scope, subsequently are indexed with MeSH ® vocabulary. In addition the bibliographic data in these records is being checked for accuracy. In process record carry the status tag: [PubMed – in process]. In process records are added to PubMed Tuesday-Saturday. Sample In Process citation in PubMed:Notice the [PubMed – in process] status tag. 11MEDLINE CitationsMEDLINE CitationsAfter Medical Subject Headings (NLM’s controlled vocabulary terms) and other indexing terms are added, the in process citations graduated to MEDLINE records. These “completed” records have also been checked for bibliographic accuracy. Fully indexed MEDLINE records carry the status tag [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]. MEDLINE records are added to PubMed Tuesday – Saturday. Sample MEDLINE citation in PubMed:Notice the [PubMed – in process] status tag. 12OLDMEDLINE CitationsOLDMEDLINE CitationsThe approximately 1.9 million OLDMEDLINE citations, most without abstracts, were originally printed in hardcopy indexes published from 1946 through 1965. Beginning in 2005, the original subject terms applied to the citations in the printed indexes are being mapped to current Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®). OLDMEDLINE records carry the status tag [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE] until all original subject terms are mapped to current MeSH. Once all terms are mapped, the records are promoted to status [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. 13Non-MeSH Indexed CitationsNon-MeSH Indexed CitationsSome citations never become MEDLINE citations. These records are not indexed with MeSH. These records have either the status tag [PubMed] or [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] . 14PubMed记录的主要字段PubMed记录的主要字段字段标识：字段名称 AB：Abstract AD：Affiliation ALL：All Field AU：Authors 1AU：First Author FAU：Full Author Name LASTAU：Last Author PMID：PubMed Unique Identifier CY：Country DP：Publication Date EDAT：Entrez Date GS：Gene Symbol GN：Grant Number 字段标识：字段名称 IS：ISSN LA：Language MH：MeSH Terms MAJR：MeSH Major Topic SH：MeSH Subheadings PT：Publication Type SO：Source TA：Journal Title TI：Title TW：Text Words UID：Unique Identifiers NM：Substance Number TIAB：Title/AbstractPubMed的检索方法PubMed的检索方法基本检索 自动词语匹配检索 著者检索 期刊检索 短语精确检索 截词检索 字段限定检索 布尔逻辑检索高级检索 检索史 组合检索 检索限定 索引检索 主题词检索 期刊数据库检索 单篇引文匹配器 临床查询 专类查询 PubMed主页面PubMed主页面基本检索高级检索登录 My NCBI一、一般检索一、一般检索直接输入检索词 多个词时，用AND, OR, NOT连接检索维生素C的文献检索维生素C的文献null思考： 维生素C与感冒的关系？ 高血压与心脏病的关系？著者检索著者检索姓在前名在后，姓用全称，名用首字母 例如，输入Smith SR可检索出姓为Smith，名的首字母为SR的所有著者的文献 例如，输入Smith SR [1AU]可检索出第一著者为Smith SR的所有文献。 精确检索：”Smith s”[AU] 2002年以后的文献，PubMed可实现对姓名全称的检索，而且姓名排列顺序不限 例如，输入Smith SR的姓名全称Steven R Smith，可检索出2002年以来该著者被PubMed收录的文献。 期刊检索期刊检索字段[TA] 三种方式： 刊名全称：如the American Journal of Pathology 的Medline刊名缩写：如Am J Pathol 期刊的ISSN号：如0002-9440， Am J Pathol ISSN号 当刊名与MeSH词相同时，PubMed默认将其作为MeSH词检索。为避免误检，可采用刊名字段限定检索 例如，Cell [TA]自动词语匹配检索(Automatic Terms Mapping) 自动词语匹配检索(Automatic Terms Mapping) 对未加字段限制的检索词： MeSH转换表 期刊转换表 词组表 作者索引 Search Details框详细显示自动词语匹配的实际检索式 如输入： Bioinformatics[ta]ExamplesExamplesPubMed’s Translation: “foot”[MeSH Terms] OR “foot”[All Fields] OR “feet”[All Fields] When a term is searched as a MeSH Heading, PubMed automatically searches that heading and the more specific headings underneath in the hierarchy. This is called exploding a term. 5null例如，查找阿司匹林防治心肌梗死的文献，最简单的方法是在检索框中直接输入heart attack aspirin三个词，系统即进行自动词语匹配检索，Detail栏目显示PubMed实际执行的检索式为 ("myocardial infarction"[MeSH Terms] OR ("myocardial"[All Fields] AND "infarction"[All Fields]) OR "myocardial infarction"[All Fields] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "attack"[All Fields]) OR "heart attack"[All Fields]) AND ("aspirin"[MeSH Terms] OR "aspirin"[All Fields])If no match is found?If no match is found?7PracticePracticeFind references about shingles （带状疱疹） and facial paralysis（瘫痪）. To what MeSH Heading does shingles map?  Find references about hypertension and a nosebleed. How does PubMed map the term, nosebleed? 8Suggested AnswersSuggested AnswersEnter shingles facial paralysis in the search box --- check search details --- shingles maps to Herpes Zoster. Enter hypertension nosebleed in the search box --- check details --- nosebleed maps to Epistaxis. 截词检索截词检索在检索词后加“*”可实现截词检索，以提高查全率 截词检索时，PubMed关闭自动词语匹配功能 例如，输入immun*可检索出immun开头的所有词语，如immunity, immunology, immune, immunological等短语精确检索短语精确检索常用词组：Heart disease 不常用词组： kidney allograftnull短语精确检索 （1）The phrase is enclosed in double quotes. “kidney allograft” （最常用） （2）The phrase is entered with a search tag kidney allograft[tw] （3）The term is truncated kidney allograft* 关闭自动词语匹配功能 PracticePractice Compare the searches “wisdom teeth” and wisdom teeth (with and without quotes), using the Details feature. What accounts for the difference?字段限定检索字段限定检索字段限定检索的形式：检索词 [字段标识] 例如，leukemia [TI]可检索出篇名中含有leukemia的文献 myocarditis [MAJR]可检索出MeSH Major Topic为myocarditis的文献 字段限定检索可提高查准率PracticePracticeUsing the Search box, find a few articles by Jerry Swanson from the Mayo Clinic. Using the Search Builder on the Advanced Search page, search the journal Pediatrics for citations with vaccines or vaccination as a Major Topic. Limit to articles published in the last year.Suggested AnswersSuggested AnswersType: “Swanson J”[au] AND mayo[ad] “Swanson J”[1au] AND mayo[ad] Pediatrics[ta] AND (Vaccines[majr] or vaccination[majr]) limits: in the last 1 year. 布尔逻辑检索布尔逻辑检索支持AND，OR，NOT布尔逻辑运算 逻辑运算符要大写 直接输入几个检索词，系统默认词之间是AND的逻辑组配关系 可以输入检索式的序号进行布尔逻辑运算，如#1 AND #3 检索结果显示检索结果显示nullSummary显示格式的页面右侧有多个栏目，主要包括： Filters Activated：处于激活状态的检索限定点击，Remove去除限定，Change更改限定 Filter your results：结果过滤，包括综述、免费全文等 Titles with your search terms：提供20条篇名中包含了检索词的文献记录（密切相关文献） Free full-text articles in PubMed Central：在PubMed Central中能直接获取全文的文献 Find related data：链接到NCBI其他数据库中检索 Search details：详细显示PubMed实际完成的检索式 Recent Activity：显示最近8小时内在NCBI的操作记录 PubMed检索结果的Summary显示格式PubMed检索结果的Summary显示格式处于激活状态的检索限定检索结果滤过（综述、免费全文）篇名中包含了检索词的密切相关文献PubMed Central中的免费全文点击Display Setting可更改显示格式、每页显示条数及排序方式相关文献及免费全文链接PubMed检索结果的Abstract显示格式PubMed检索结果的Abstract显示格式出版类型、MeSH主题词出版商的全文链接保存及输出格式PMID号及记录状态最近的操作记录null二、高级检索（Advanced Search）Smith J 发表在期刊Bioinformatics上的文献检索史（Search History）检索史（Search History）点击Search History，显示检索史，包括检索式序号、检索提问式、检索时间及检索结果数 检索史最多保留8小时 PracticePracticeIn one search, find references about the relationships between circadian rhythms and either cortisol or melatonin in humans. Find references about heart surgery Using History, combine this search with the previous search to find references about heart surgery, circadian rhythms and cortisol or melatonin in humans. 28Suggested AnswersSuggested Answers#1: Circadian rhythms AND (cortisol OR melatonin) filters: human OR: #1: Circadian rhythms AND (cortisol OR melatonin) AND humans 2. #2: heart surgery #1 AND #2 The filters sidebar (Limits)The filters sidebar (Limits)20PracticePracticeUsing only the search box, find some information about using a living donor for a liver transplantation. Using Filters side bar, further restrict the search to the publication type (Type of Article), Clinical Trial. Find references about tuberculosis from the AIDS literature available in free full text.24Suggested AnswersSuggested AnswersInput: living donor liver transplantation AND clinical trial[pt] Input: tuberculosis, limits: subsets – AIDS, text options – links to free full text 索引检索（Index of Fields and Field Values）索引检索（Index of Fields and Field Values）索引检索主要用于正确选择检索词 先选择检索字段，输入检索词后点击Index，可显示该词的相关索引词，选定检索词后点击AND、OR或NOT，可以与最近一次的检索式进行布尔逻辑运算 PubMed的索引检索PubMed的索引检索Myocardial Infarction的所有索引词选定检索词后进行布尔逻辑运算MeSH DatabaseMeSH DatabaseThe MeSH Database allows you to: Locate and select MeSH terms See the definition and other helpful information for a MeSH term Display MeSH terms in the hierarchy Build a PubMed search strategy Specify subheadings29MeSH主题词检索（MeSH） MeSH主题词检索（MeSH） MeSH Database 注意：用MeSH词检索时，只检索来源于MEDLILNE的文献，不检索PubMed其他来源的文献（包括in-process， supplied by publisher, OLDMEDLINE等） MeSH DatabaseMeSH Database30Find the proper MeSH Term for condition of double vision and then run a search on itMeSH DatabaseMeSH Database31Build a search about the diagnosis of bursitis which requires the use of a subheadingnull32Restrict to citations where the major focus of the article is knee joints, and review articles.null33null34Example Example Papers on treating angioma with interferon.35null36null37null38null39PracticePractice Find articles discussing prostate cancer as the main focus of the article. Use the MeSH Database to begin your search. Restrict to studies involving treatment by leuprolide.40Suggested AnswersSuggested Answers Prostatic Neoplasms[majr] AND leuprolide/therapeutic use[mesh] 期刊数据库检索（Journals）期刊数据库检索（Journals）期刊数据库检索可查询PubMed及Entrez平台其他数据库所收录的期刊信息 提供Topic、刊名全称、Medline刊名缩写、ISSN等检索途径，也可以按学科（Subject Terms）进行浏览 在Journal Database主页面 点击Limits可以按语种、不同子集及其他字段进行期刊检索 点击Lists of all Entrez Journals，链接到Entrez平台所收录期刊一览表（包括PubMed收录的所有期刊） 点击Links to full-text web sites，可链接到LinkOut Journal Lists页面，了解能提供期刊全文的Web站点 null单篇引文匹配器（Single Citation Matcher）单篇引文匹配器（Single Citation Matcher）单篇引文匹配器主要用于查找某一篇文献的准确信息 点击Journal Citation Matcher，在系统给出的选项中输入已知信息，点击Go，返回符合要求的文献信息 Journal：输入刊名的任何有效信息，系统会主动给出提示，帮助选择正确的刊名 Date：输入期刊的出版日期 Volume、Issue、First Page：输入期刊的卷、期、起始页码 Author name：输入著者 Title Works中：输入文献篇名中的任意词举例：已知2008年Circulation上有关于心源性休克的综述文献，查询该篇文献的准确信息举例：已知2008年Circulation上有关于心源性休克的综述文献，查询该篇文献的准确信息输入刊名、年份、题名中的词等已知信息PracticePracticeThere is an article titled [something about] salted food published in the journal [something] hypothesis or hypotheses. Can you find it? What was the theme of volume 10 issue 5 of the Journal of Medical Internet Research? 42Suggested AnswersSuggested AnswersUse single citation matcher: Medical hypotheses[journal] AND salted food[title] Journal of medical internet research[journal] AND 10[volume] AND 5[issue] theme: smoking cessation43临床查询（Clinical Queries）临床查询（Clinical Queries）临床查询是专门为临床医生的检索服务，包括 Search by Clinical Study Category 查找疾病的etiology、diagnosis、therapy、prognosis及clinical predictions guides文献，综合考虑检索结果的敏感性（broad，sensitive search，查全率较高）与特异性（narrow，specific search，查准率较高） Finding Systematic Reviews 提供systematic reviews、meta analysis、reviews of clinical trials、guidelines等循证医学文献 Medical Genetics Searches 查询疾病的遗传学文献，有ALL 、Diagnosis、Differential Diagnosis、Clinical Description、Management、Genetics Counseling、Molecular Genetics、Genetics Testing等选项null专题查询（Special Queries）专题查询（Special Queries）专题查询汇总整合了PubMed提供的其他专题检索功能（Directory of Topic-Specific PubMed Queries），并提供相应的链接，包括： 不同的学科专题（Subjects）设立的子集（Subsets）：如AIDS，Toxicology、Cancer、History of Medicine等 不同的期刊专辑（Journal Collections） …… 4.1.3 PubMed检索结果的处理4.1.3 PubMed检索结果的处理检索结果保存及输出检索结果保存及输出点击检索结果显示页面的Send to下拉菜单，PubMed提供了以下保存及输出方式，包括： File：选中文献记录以文件的形式保存（ 用MEDLINE格式保存文件可以将结果直接转入EndNote等文件管理软件） Clipboard（剪贴板）：浏览、选择选所需文献，在Send to中选择Clipboard，点选Add to Clipboard，选中文献用绿色提示“item in Clipboard” 。剪贴板中最多可保存500条记录，保存时间为8小时。点击Clipboard链接，显示所有暂存文献，再集中进行处理nullCollections：注册了My NCBI的用户可以选择Collections将检索结果保存在My NCBI中，特别是对那些尚不确定是否相关的检索结果，可以先保存在Collections中，以后再登录My NCBI对这些文献记录进行浏览、删除、排序 Email：将选中的检索结果直接发送到指定的电子邮箱中。一次最多发送200条文献记录 nullOrder：如果用户无法获取选中文献的全文，可用Order选项通过LoansomeDoc文献传递系统向NLM订购全文，这项服务需支持一定的费用 RSS Feed：点击RSS图标，再点击Create RSS即可订阅，随时浏览追踪这一检索策略的最新检索结果 4.1.4 PubMed的其他工具与链接4.1.4 PubMed的其他工具与链接My NCBI（我的NCBI）My NCBI（我的NCBI）My NCBI：提供个性化服务，非常实用的文献管理工具 PubMed主页的右上方有登录My NCBI 按钮 用户注册并建立My NCBI账号后，可以管理在NCBI所有数据库的检索过程及检索结果，追踪了解所在研究领域的最新进展 nullMy NCBI的主要功能： 保存检索策略及Email定期自动更新检索结果 完成检索后，点击Save Search，进入My NCBI的My Saved Data页面，在Name of search栏中输入检索策略的名称，点击Save，系统自动提示是否需要通过Email定期自动发送新的检索结果，以及发送的频率、格式 保存检索策略后，登录My NCBI主页面，点击Saved Searches子栏目下已保存的各个检索策略，即可完成检索 点击Saved Searches子栏目下的Manage按钮，可以对保存的多个检索策略进行排序、删除、更改null保存检索结果 浏览并选定检索结果后，在send to菜单中选择collections，即进入My NCBI中的Collections子页面 默认为建立一个新文件保存选定的检索结果，输入文件名，系统自动提示保存了多少条记录；也可以将检索结果添加到已有的文件记录中 保存检索结果后，只要登录My NCBI主页面， 点击Collections子栏目下的文件名，即可显示已保存的检索结果 点击Collections子栏目下的Manage按钮，可以对保存的检索结果进行删除、排序、重命名、合并、共享等操作 null过滤检索结果 My NCBI的过滤器（Filter）提供了个性化的检索结果过滤功能 在My NCBI主页面，点击左栏的Search Filters，点选PubMed，进入PubMed Filters，点击Frequently Requested Filters可对检索结果进行过滤，有综述、临床试验、免费全文、全文、最近5年的文献、英文、人类、有摘要等多个选项，勾选所需的项目，即可完成检索结果过滤的设置。以后只要登录My NCBI后检索PubMed，检索结果显示页面右侧会显示已设定的过滤结果，方便用户浏览选择 建立个人书目记录（My Bibliography）以及其他感兴趣著者的文献记录（Other Citations） My NCBI页面的Recent Activity可以显示最近6个月用户的检索记录，包括检索时间、检索的数据库、检索结果、浏览的文献等 练习练习保存你最后一条检索策略。 将最后一条策略检索结果的前2篇文献保存到my collection中，起名为1. 将倒数第二条策略的前两天追加到my collection文献集1中，并将此文献集共享给你的同学。 建立一个my bibliography文献集，并将它用email发送到你的邮箱。 自定义你的filter sidebar。 外部链接（LinkOut）外部链接（LinkOut）PubMed主页More Resources栏目下有LinkOut外部链接 PubMed及NCBI的其他数据库通过LinkOut与其他外部资源与服务建立链接，包括在线全文数据库、生物学数据库、图书馆馆藏信息、消费者健康信息、研究工具等批量引文匹配器（Batch Citation Matcher）批量引文匹配器（Batch Citation Matcher）点击PubMed主页的PubMed Tools栏目下的Batch Citation Matcher，进入批量引文匹配器，主要用于批量核对文献信息 检索时输入的格式为： 刊名︱年︱卷︱起始页码︱著者︱核对文献的标识 返回的结果含有文献记录的唯一识别码PMID 用Batch Citation Matcher一次可核对不超过100条文献，检索结果可通过Email发送或直接存入文件中 临床试验数据库（Clinical Trials）临床试验数据库（Clinical Trials）点击PubMed主页More Resources栏目下的Clinical Trials，进入美国国立医学图书馆研制开发的临床试验数据库 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ Clinical Trials收录了美国及全世界170多个国家经注册登记的8万多个临床试验的详细信息，目前包含有8万多条，是十分重要的循证医学信息资源作业作业酒精耗量与长寿的非英文文献（alcohol, longevity） 结肠癌（colonic cancer）的姑息（palliative）化疗的现状（position） 内毒素性休克（endotoxic shock）时中枢胆碱（choline）对心血管的作用 免疫疗法治疗反复流产的综述 成年人肝硬化(Liver Cirrhosis)引起腹水(ascites)患者的治疗的综述 查文章“Challis DE. Pediatric Research. 2000;47(3):309-315”的合著者 除锌以外的微量元素的分析，只要带文摘的英文文献 香港65岁以上老年人的生活方式与健康状态的关系，仅要有文摘的文献 查2002年发表的有关染色体18q（chromosome）与高血压之间的关系 吸入NO对血浆cGMP和肺组织的影响，并用My NCBI保存该检索策略，起名为inhaled NO. 将后三题的文献保存到文献名为“test”的文件中