银花王种植技术与管理

银花王种植技术与管理 银花王是多年直立灌木的木本植物，属东忍科，一般寿命四十年左右。随着植株的长大和产量的增长，需要的规范管理量度也在逐步增加。金银花能否长势健壮，保持丰产和稳产的态势和经济效益的高收入，关键在于强土、肥、水、整形修剪、防治病虫害与金银花产出，善后处理等综合管理 一、种植 1、整地: (1) 平坦大地: 首先需要翻深30—40公分以上，耙细整平，每亩施圈，上杂基肥1000公斤，以备密植。 (2) 丘陵亩地: ? 斜坡在35?以下的不管地形是带状或者是穴状，是横亩还是顺亩，都要等高线整好梯田。内低外高，整成水平阶，打好地埂。将地刨起拾去碎石，上层加深到40—50公分，整平。挖好排水沟，放好土杂肥，以备规范种植。 ? 斜坡在35?以下的，不管地形高低都要根据由形挖穴进行种植，穴长80公分，宽80公分，深40—50公分，放好杂底，以备规范种植。 (3) 河滩沙地和烂泥地: 应进行抽沙换土，粘量大的进行掺沙改良土壤，使土沙混合改变其物理性状。放好地基肥，以备规范种植或密植 2、种植时间: 一年四季都可以种植(严冬除外)，最好还是选择春、秋两季，夏季雨天，阴天最好，初冬也行。 3、种植方法: (1)平坦旱地:第一年为节约土地，人力和资金，方便管理和搞茬，最好是采用密植行距40公分，株距20—30公分，每亩可密植5500株。第二年可移植9亩地的大苗种植。(在第一年初冬和第二年的清明前后在移植)。 (2)丘陵山地:根据山状的地势来确定采用密集植还是规格种植，一般地势比较平整，土地连片种植，土壤肥沃，排水条件比较好的可采用密集一部分，留出好地在第一年种植其他农作物，增加收入。在第二年清明前后，才移植按规范种二年的苗。 但如果地势不平整，不便移植的地带，可一次性直接使用规范种植，让树苗有足够的时间生长，同时也可以选择穴植和排行种植。 (3)河滩沙地:一般情况下使用直接种植，第二年生移植的大苗(即留出空地，等平整地带第一年密植苗长大后，在第一年底和第二年初移苗过来种植最好)。如果土地肥沃，基肥充足的也可以进行与平地相同的密植。根据山形和穴形(长90公分×宽90公分、穴距1米)。每穴可栽四株(即四个角各一株)，一般规范行穴距1米，株距80—90公分之间。 种植的深度与平地相同，填土踏实，每穴修一穴盘，浇足定根水，然后封穴，填土或按行距修穴灌水。等水渗下后在培土保湿。 二、田间管理 1、土壤耕种 金银花种植每年冬春都要结合施基肥进行深刨、扩大、清穴等土壤管理工作，深度一般25—30厘米，除净杂草碎石，整平地面。土壤耕作能增加土壤的通透medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high 性和蓄水能力，同时也可以消灭底下越冬的害虫。 2、中耕除草 中耕除草是夏冬金银花管理的一项经常性工作，一般要进行3—4次，既能抗旱保湿，又能清除杂草，节约养分，促进花穴壮旺成长。尤其在无水浇灌条件的地方，中耕除草特别重要，方法简单，行之有效。 三、施肥 肥料是金银花的粮食，没有高质量充足的肥料供应金银花植株的生长，就没有高额优质的金银花产量，高投入才有高产出。 ? 肥料种类:农家圈肥，三元素复合肥尿素。 ? 施肥时间:(1)基肥:落叶后及发芽前。(2)追肥:每次采花修剪后。第一次5月下旬，第二次7月中旬，第三次8月下旬。 ? 施肥方法:环状沟施。沿花墩冠径周围开深20公分沟，撒土肥料拌匀培土。 ? 施肥数量:每亩圈肥6000斤，或复合肥，尿素100斤。基肥用圈肥或复合肥。追肥用复合肥、尿素。 四、浇水与排涝 1、灌溉 金银花虽然耐寒抗涝，但在整个生长发育过程中，需要供应一定得水分，才能生长旺盛，金银花的需水期为初春，初冬两遍水，初春水是在春季芽子萌动期(南方2月上旬，北方3月上旬)，这时浇一遍水，可提前发芽育蕾2—3天，花墩生长显着旺盛。初冬水是在封冻前灌溉，可加速有机养分的分解和吸收，为翌年金银花的生长现蕾储蓄充足养分。 浇水方法:有水浇条件的可以满园灌溉，也可挑水灌溉，开沟注水等水渗下后封上。也可进行喷灌，视条件而定。 2、排涝 金银花虽然不怕涝，但长期积水浸泡，也会生长不良，降低产量。因此在一些低洼积水园地，要采取防涝排水措施，防治积水洪涝。 五、整形修剪 整形修剪一词说的是两个事情。整形:是通过剪枝造成一个骨干枝布局合理，墩内通风透光，长势壮旺平衡的丰产墩形。修剪:就是将枝条疏去或短截，在整形的基础上对花墩上的各类枝条促进或控制发育生长，使其枝枝见光，充分利用光能和地力，促进花墩壮旺，获得高产优质的金银花。金银花是一种多年生的小灌木，根系发达，生长健壮，喜光性强，一年内多次生长，栽培后就要加强整地、施肥、修剪、防治病虫害等四项管理，才能达到丰产优质、壮墩的目的。若常年不加管理，任其自然生长，枝蔓铺地，相互依附，错乱交叉缠绕，墩内郁闭，不见光线，枝乱相压，造成捂枝烂秧，病虫严重、死枝、烂秧现象。花墩衰竭，即使长出花针，也很小切质量差，产量低。我们整修修剪的目的就是调节光照，平衡墩势，使其枝枝见光，花墩壮旺、银花质优丰产。 1、 整形修剪的好处 (1) 骨干枝布局合理，充分利用光能，通过整形修剪使墩内骨干枝均匀分布，枝枝见光，墩势发育健壮。 (2) 通风透光，墩势生长均衡，由于骨干枝布局合理，清除了细弱枝，内堂通风透光养分集中，结花母枝发育粗壮。 (3) 更新墩势，延长花墩寿命。修剪时对花墩内的枯老、衰弱、病虫危害medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high 枝从基部疏去，同时利用新生枝条更新弱枝，这样就助长了花墩的生长势，从而延长了花墩的生长年限。 (4) 合理密植，便于管理。修剪可以控制花墩的冠幅，体积相应的缩小，增加单位面积的种植株数，达到合理密植的目的，而且经修剪的墩形，冠形整齐，高度一致，打药，施肥，采摘都很方便 (5) 减少病虫害，提高花枝质量，通过修剪去除病虫害，减少病虫越冬场所，来年的病虫危害也就相应的减少了 。 2、 整形修剪的原则 (1) 因枝修剪，随墩造形:由于管理水平的不同，墩形多种多样，在修剪中要因枝修剪，随墩就势，诱导成形，修剪过重，影响产量，只要光照合理，没有不丰产的墩形，只要骨干枝搭配合理，结果母枝有大有小，有高有低，枝枝见光就能丰产。 (2) 长远，全面安排:金银花春天培植，当年就能结花，整形修剪的好坏直接影响着来年的产量。因此在修建时既要考虑到早见效益，又要考虑到将来的丰产结构，要有一个长远的打算和全面的安排，前两年产量低，应以培养好骨干枝为主，为后来丰产打下基础。 (3) 平衡墩势，通光透光:在一个墩花中各级骨干枝要长势差不多，不能一边强，一边弱，高矮悬殊，形成偏冠，必须采取抑强扶弱的措施，防止竞争，保持平衡，稳定墩势。 3、 丰产墩形的理想结构 (1) 自然圆头形: 主干一个，干高30厘米，一级骨干枝2—3个，二级骨干枝7—11个，三级骨干枝18—25个，结花母枝80—100条，自然均匀分布、无一定格局，以通风透光为原则。墩高1—1.2米。其优点是能充分利用空间，通风透光，病虫害少，丰产性能强。缺点是初期整形较难，早期产量低。 (2) 伞状形: 主干3个，干高20厘米，一级骨干枝6—7个，二级骨干枝12—15个，三级骨干枝20—30个，结花母枝100—120条，上下左右均匀排列，不拘一格，以充分利用光为原则，墩高0.8—1米，冠径1.2米左右，上小下大成伞状。其优点是成形早，收效快，缺点是花秧易铺地后期内部有捂秧现象，影响产量。 4、 整形修剪的时间与方法 (1) 时间:份冬夏两个时期，一年修剪4次，结花5次。 ? 冬剪:也叫休眠期修剪，即从花墩落叶，至翌年发芽前。 ? 夏剪:也叫绿剪期修剪，即整个夏季修剪期的修建，时间是每次结花后:5月下旬、7月中旬、8月下旬、9月下旬、一共四次。 (2) 整形修剪的方法 ? 1—5年生幼龄花墩的修剪方法:此修剪重点是培养好一、二、三级骨干枝，为以后丰产打下基础。 第一年冬:先计划好采用的墩形，一般每墩栽植5—6株，选出生长健壮的一株，留2—3个枝条，每枝视其生长强弱留3—5短截，其他枝条对选留枝有影响的去掉，没有影响的留二短截。在今后的管理中，经常注意把根部生出的枝条及时去掉，以防影响主干的生长。 第二年冬:此期主要是培养一级骨干枝。上年修剪后，在一般肥水管理条件下，都能长出6—10条紫红色枝条，自然圆头形留2—3个，伞状形留6—7个，medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high 作为一级骨干枝，每枝留3—5节短截。选留标准:一是基部粗壮度在0.5厘米以上，二是与主干的夹角30—40度，三是布局均匀，错落着生，枝简不能重叠交叉。其他枝条视其对影响主枝的情况去或留二节短截，根部发分蘖一律去掉。 第三年冬:主要任务是选留培养二级骨干枝，更好的利用空间，金银花枝条基部大芽很饱满，五、六个轮生一周，抽生的纸条叶很健壮，可以用其选留二级骨干枝。自然圆头形留7—11个，伞状形留12—15个，留3—5节短截，其他枝条视其空间大小，二节短截或者去掉。方法标准同上。 第四年冬:一是选留三级骨干枝，二是利用新生枝条调整二级骨干枝。自然圆形留18—25个，伞状形 20—30个，留3—3节短截，其他枝条去留同上。 第五年冬:这时墩形已经形成，主要是选留足够健壮的结花母枝。其次是利用新生枝条调整部分性干枝的角色、方向位置。分清有效枝或无效枝，去弱枝，留强枝。结花母枝基本直径要求在0.5厘米以上。二级骨干枝留结花母枝2—3条，三级骨干枝留4—5条，全墩100—120条，结花母枝相隔距离8—10厘米，不能过密。结花母枝均留2—5短截，其他全部疏去。 ? 成龄花墩的修剪方法:五年生的花墩已进入丰产期。这时修剪的主要任务是选留健壮的结花母枝。结花母枝来源:80%是一次生长枝，20%是二次生长枝。 结花母枝要年年更新，复壮。生长越健壮越好，具有健壮的结花母枝，才能多生健壮的花枝，达到优质丰产的目的。其次是调整、更新二、三级骨干枝，去弱留强，复壮墩势。修剪步骤:先下部、后上部、先里边、后外边、先大枝、后小枝、先疏后截。疏除交叉枝、下垂枝、细弱枝、枯枝、病虫枝。留下的结花母枝全部进行截短。旺枝轻截留4—5节，中庸枝重截2—3节。每枝都截。母枝间距离保持8—10厘米，均匀分布。修剪与肥水关系很大。土地肥沃，肥水管理好的，可轻截留3—5节，肥水差的贫瘠地可重截留2—3节。在一般管理水平下，墩势旺的，可留100—120个结花母枝，每墩可产干花半斤，亩产可达200公斤左右。 ? 老龄墩的修建方法:30年以后的花墩，已逐渐衰老。这时的修剪主要是更新粗壮骨干枝，促其多发新枝、使其墩龄老而枝龄小，方可稳定产量。方法是疏截并重，抑前促后。 ? 夏季修剪方法:夏季修剪的目的是促进形成多茬花，提高产量。时间是每茬花采收后。第一次剪春梢南方4月下旬，北方5月下旬(头茬花后)。第二次剪夏梢7月中旬(二茬花后)。第三次剪秋梢8月下旬(三茬花后)第四次剪冬前9月下旬(第四茬花后)。先疏去全部细弱枝。粗壮枝留4—5节，中庸枝留2—3节。母枝间距8—10厘米。金银花生长的属性与葡萄相似，根部易生萌蘖。这是造成墩形错乱，植株早衰的根本原因，因此，成龄墩应注意及时取出根蘖，老龄墩应注意重点保留培养儿根，以便更新。 六、病虫害及防治 1、病害 (1)忍冬褐班病 ?危害症状:主要危害叶片，发病初期叶片中出现黄褐色的小斑点，后期数个斑点连成一片，圆形或受叶脉所限呈现多角形。空气潮湿时，叶背面出现灰色的霜霉状物。干燥时病斑中间容易破裂。病害严重时，叶片早期枯黄脱离。 (2)白绢病 ?危害症状:初期在离地面5—10厘米根茎处出现褐色斑点，后来逐渐扩medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high 大到整个根茎部，从病部长出一层白色菌丝，使皮层逐渐腐烂，并向下迅速蔓延。有时菌丝可蔓延到病株周围的地面。后期在菌丝层上和附近的土壤中产生菌核。初为白色，后边棕色。形状大小如菜籽。病株叶片变小，叶缘卷曲，叶呈淡绿色，花期延迟。 ?防治方法:春秋扒土晾根:深20—25厘米，并刮除病部，1000倍的硫酸铜水浇灌，10天后再培上土。 (3)白粉病 ?危害症状:主要危害新梢，枝梢被害后，在前部生一层白色粉状物，即病原菌的菌丝和分生孢子。使新梢不能生长。削弱墩势，产量降低。 ?防治方法:A、早春及时剪除病稍，减少病源。B、芽子露出片未展时，喷1度有硫合剂或喷粉锈宁1200—1500倍。 2、虫害 (1)中华忍冬圆尾蚜，又叫蜜虫、蚜虫。 ?危害症状:在金银花孕蕾、采花期发生。主要危害叶片、在叶背面刺吸汁液、使叶片翻卷，花蕾变成畸形，抑制枝条生长、光合作用降低。此虫一年发生10—12代。 ?防治方法:发生期喷扑蚜净2000—2500倍或蚜灭灵乳油1500倍，2—3遍均能防治。 (2)金银花尺蠖 危害症状:初龄幼虫在叶背面啃食叶肉，使叶片出现很多透明小斑。从三? 龄开始，蚕食叶片，叶片出现不规则的缺刻。五龄后幼虫进入暴食阶段，食量大增，危害严重时，能将整墩叶片花蕾全部吃光。 ?防治方法:A、整穴清墩，消灭越冬虫卵，清除老枝、枯枝，保持墩内通风透光。B、发生期喷幼腺3号1500—2000倍。 (3)咖啡虎天牛 ?危害症状:此虫专门蛀食干茎的木质部，在茎内形成曲折的蛀道，无排粪孔，随向前食，随排粪便堵塞后面的蛀孔。从表面很难发现，七、八月份植株突然枯死，才知其危害。多危害弱墩、老墩。 ?防治办法:A、通过修剪，剪除虫害枝。B五月上旬、六月中旬，分别为两种越冬虫态的幼虫孵化盛期，尚未蛀入木质部前喷灭虫利2000倍 (4)芳香木虫蛾 ?危害症状:幼虫成群蛀入茎皮下取食韧皮部和形成层，然后渐入木质部危害，从上至下蛀食不规则的坑道，不但影响植株的生长，并能使正株枯死。此幼虫长5厘米左右，粗直径1厘米，大小似豆虫，紫红色，有异香味，有时能致人呕吐。 ?防治方法:春季整穴清墩时间有异香，人工捉拿幼虫。并在周围撒施辛硫磷1—2两/墩。 (5)豹纹木虫蛾 ?危害症状:幼虫从越冬枝条内钻出，转入新枝危害。多从茎部蛀入，先在木质部和韧皮之间绕枝条咬一蛀环，然后沿髓部向上蛀隧道，隔不远向外开一排粪孔，排除粪便。被害枝条不久上部枯死，遇风从蛀环处折断。 ?防治方法:结合冬季修剪，剪除虫害枝，消灭越冬幼虫。夏季，6月份发现新生枝条枯萎时，即从幼虫危害处剪掉，消灭新蛀入的幼虫。 最后在防治病虫中应该注意的事项: medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high (1) 金银花为药用植物，在病虫危害防治中禁止使用1605，乐果乳剂、福美砷三种农药，以免对金银花剩有残毒。对菊脂类农药应尽量不用或少用，因为此类农药对害虫易产生抗性，对昆虫的天敌亦有杀伤。 (2) 防治病虫害要重视抓紧。应严格“治早、治少、治了”的方针。不能前紧后松，拖延不治，贻误战机。 七、采摘和晾晒 1、 采摘 金银花的采摘季节，因各地气候和立地条件不同，各有差异，在平邑，头茬花的集中采摘期一般在五月中下旬，二茬花在七月中旬，三茬花在八月中旬前后，四茬花在十月上中旬。头茬花盛花期比较集中，约5—7天左右，二、三、四茬约7—10天。 因金银花属于无限花序，花蕾发育不一致，应根据不同的发育期，分批采摘。最适宜的采摘期应掌握在花针上部膨大呈白色时，即花农俗称的“大白针期”，采摘过早，花针青白嫩小，采摘过晚，花针开放变黄，均影响产量和质量。 采摘金银花的时间，要集中在每天上午，以当天能晒至七、八成干为宜。 2、 晾晒、烘干 加工晾晒是保证丰产丰收的最后一关。无论采用哪种加工晾晒方法，都必须严格掌握一条:晾晒期间，花蕾未达八成干，绝不能翻动。否则，花针变黑，质量明显下降。 1) 晾晒 ( 金银花产区传统的晾晒方法，选择背风向阳、日照时间长的平地或者石板，在早晨未晒热地面前，把采摘的花针薄薄撒上一层，厚度以2厘米为宜，当天晒，当天收成或者第二天收，这种方法虽省时省工，但受自然条件的制约大，遇有阴雨天气会影响质量。 筐晒法，是花区较多采用的一种晾晒方式。用木条制长5尺，宽2尺，高1.5—2寸的筐架，中间用高粱秸做底做成晾晒筐，每筐晒鲜花5—7斤，将筐子南北向置于通风向阳处，北高南低，便于光照和通风。晒至八成干后，可倒入席上翻晒。夜间或遇雨可将筐子罗叠，筐与筐之间垫两根横木，上面用席或塑料布遮盖，防止雨、露浸湿。 (2) 烘干 金银花采摘后，靠自然晾晒，时间长，损失大，一等花产量低，随着金银花种植面积的扩大和栽培技术的提高，产量剧增，现蕾期花收也增加到4茬。而二、三茬花收获季节正值汛期，又遭阴雨天气的制约，因此，采用烘干技术是改善和提高质量的关键措施。 烘干房的建立 烘干房两间，长6米，宽5米，房子一头修剪两个炉口，房里修火道，火道采用回龙炕形式。屋顶留烟囱和天窗，再离地面0.3米处，每间房前后墙各留相对的一对通气排潮孔，房内两侧离墙20厘米处各设钢架或木头烘干架一个架间留1.4米的通道。架长5.6米、宽1.6米、高2.6米，架分10层，层距20厘米，底层离火道40厘米，每层房花筐子8个，筐间距离10厘米，共装花筐160个，每筐装花6斤左右，一次可烘鲜花1000斤左右，框子用高粱秸或苇席做底，木板做框，长1.6米，宽0.6米，高0.10米。 烘干操作程序 A、预烘 medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high 即在上花前，预先生火提升房内温度，驱逐潮气。当室温上升到30?C时，即可预备上花。第一炕预烘时间较长，连续烘烤，预烘时间大大缩短。所以连续烘烤次数较多，平均耗煤量相应减少。B、装花 当室内温度上升至35?C时，即可装花。将采摘的鲜花均匀撒入筐内，厚度以3—4厘米为宜。然后将框子整齐的排放在烘干架上，上架完毕，关闭门窗，堵塞通气孔，进行烘烤。烘烤2—3小时将烘架上、下筐子相互交换一次位置，以保证烘烤受热均匀。 C、升温与通风排潮 交换筐位后，立即加火升温，当室温升高到40?C时候，鲜花开始排水，可打开天窗，排出水汽。5—10小时内，室内应保持在45?C—50?C，这时鲜花大量排水，要打开气孔，使水汽迅速排出，如室温不够，可将气孔的一部分或全部堵塞，待室内潮气大时再通风，每次只可5分钟左右。10个小时后，鲜花的水汽大部分排出，室温达55?C时，金银花迅速干燥。一炕历时18小时左右。 D、出炕 出炕前1小时左右，陆续减火，并一直通风透气，温度降到40?C以下，金银花有八、九成干时，就可能将花筐撤出。如继续作业，应立即关闭通风口和天窗，以保持室内温度继续烘烤。 八、依照国家医药管理局规定的药材价格标准，金银花共分为四个等级: 一级:干货。花蕾呈棒状，肥壮。上粗下细，略弯曲。表面黄、白、青色。气清香，味甘微苦。开放花朵不超过5%，无嫩蕾、黑头、枝叶、杂质、霉变。 二级:干货。花蕾呈棒状，花蕾较弱。上粗下细，略弯曲。表面黄、白、青色。气清香，味甘微苦。开放花朵不超过15%，黑头不超过3%、无枝叶、杂质、虫蛀、霉变。 三级:干货。花蕾呈棒状，上粗下细，略弯曲。花蕾瘦小，表面黄、白、青色。气清香，味甘微苦。开放花朵不超过25%，黑头不超过5%、枝叶不超过1%、无杂质、虫蛀、霉变。 四级:干货。花蕾或开放的花朵兼有，色泽不分，枝叶不超过3%、无杂质、虫蛀、霉变。 用塑料袋装，两头扎紧贮放。 medium above the surface of the pipe and heat, and their spacing is greater than 150mm. Tubing when laid horizontally, should according to different requirement of the 1:10~1:100 slope, tilt should be guaranteed to exclude gas or condensate. 5.1.7.5 angle and u-tube for pressure pipe cards, isolation with a rubber plate, bracket horizontal laying spacing for the 1~1.5M, vertical laying spacing for the 1.5~2m. 5.1.7.6 after you finish laying tubing, should be blowing and pressure testing, air tightness test. 5.1.8 gas pipe laying 5.1.8.1 gas supply system using pipes, valves, fittings, cleaning should be carried out prior to installation, there should be no oil, water, corrosion and dirt. 5.1.8.2 air tubes after cutting, remove end of iron, smooth polished pipe end. Threaded connections, not seal welded, sealed with Teflon tape. Terminal Connection pipes should have a sufficient number of allowances, reduce the effects of vibration and stress. 5.1.8.3 air tube should be used to pipe rack, suitable structures, non-removable device support, terminal be fixed firmly in the 0.9m, bracket 2m. Pipe is not supported on device or process piping: might move or motion of an object, such as heat exchangers, control valves; diameter 3 "pipe, insulation pipe liquid pipe, 1000C, high temperatures of over. 5.1.8.4 dismantling the pipeline in place, should provide a Union. Laid in each pipe, should be installed at least and the possible number of fittings. Perpendicular to the long end of the gas in the pipeline should have a drain valve. 5.1.9 field instrument installation 5.1.9.1 General requirements 5.1.9.1.1 instrument installation according to the design drawings to carefully check their equipment number, type, size and material. 5.1.9.1.2 instrument shall be mounted without mechanical vibration and away from magnetic fields and high