人的气质类型分析

人的气质类型分析 期 末 作 业 人的气质类型分析 课程名称: 心理学研究与生活 学生姓名: 学 号: 班 级: 学 院: 2012年7月3日mplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accurate grasp economic development new normal and transformation development of relationship; deep understand on in-depth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep understand on full mobilization General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretary speech spirit implementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. Xiang BA third party Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social development--in the Communist XX XX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behalf of the Chinese Communists XX th report of the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX years of outstanding achievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee rally and lead the entire people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decisions of the County party Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulty, do solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives defined at the beginning of the task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity and progress, peace consolidation and eco-good order 目 录 摘要 .................................................................................................... 1 一、气质的定义 ................................................................................. 1 二、气质的特性 ................................................................................. 1 1(感受性和耐受性 ...................................................................... 1 2(反应的敏捷性 .......................................................................... 1 3(可塑性 ..................................................................................... 1 4(情绪的兴奋性 .......................................................................... 2 5(指向性 ..................................................................................... 2 三、气质类型的外在表现................................................................... 2 1(胆汁质 ..................................................................................... 2 2(多血质 ..................................................................................... 2 3(黏液质 ..................................................................................... 2 4(抑郁质 ..................................................................................... 3 四、如何看待气质类型 ...................................................................... 3 1(气质的稳定性与可塑性 ........................................................... 3 2(气质类型没有好坏之分 ........................................................... 3 3(气质类型影响工作效率 ........................................................... 3 4(气质类型影响性格特征形成和对环境的适应 ......................... 4 5(气质类型能影响健康 ............................................................... 4 参考文献............................................................................................. 5 mplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accurate grasp economic development new normal and transformation development of relationship; deep understand on in-depth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep understand on full mobilization General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretary speech spirit implementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. Xiang BA third party Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social development--in the Communist XX XX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behalf of the Chinese Communists XX th report of the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX years of outstanding achievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee rally and lead the entire people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decisions of the County party Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulty, do solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives defined at the beginning of the task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity and progress, peace consolidation and eco-good order 人的气质类型分析 【摘要】气质是人的心理活动的动力特征的总和～它是人们典型的、稳定的行为色彩。这些特点一般不受个人活动的目的、动机、内容等的影响。一些心理学家将气质看作是人格的同义词～但多数心理学家将气质看作是人格的一个组成部分气质类型是人重要的特征～它也是表现一个人的社会性及精神面貌的主要标志。本文主要论述气质类型和气质对人的影响。 一、气质的定义 气质是个人心理活动的稳定的动力特征。心理活动的动力特征主要指心理过程的速度和稳定性，心理过程的强度和心理活动的指向性等方面的特点。这些相对稳定的心理动力特征的相互联系和相互作用，使人的日常活动带有一定的色彩，形成一定的风貌。 心理活动的动力特征既表现在人的感知觉、记忆、思维等认识活动中，也表现在人的情感和意志活动中，特别是在情感活动中表现得更为明显。例如，一个人言谈举止的敏捷性、注意力集中的程度、思维的灵活性，以及他的情绪产生的快慢、强弱程度，情绪的稳定性和变化的速度，意志努力的强度等，都是他的心理活动的动力特征的表现。 二、气质的特性 气质作为一种人格的特征是表现在人的行为和活动中的，它的特性表现在以下几个方面: 1(感受性和耐受性 感受性是人的感觉器官对外界刺激的感觉能力，它是用感觉阈限的大小来度量的。耐受性是指神经系统能够忍受外界刺激的强度和持续的时间，感受性强者，很弱的刺激他就能感受得到，因而他对较强刺激的耐受性就比较低;相反，感受性弱者，较强的刺激他才能感受得到，因而他对较强的刺激的耐受性就比较高。 2(反应的敏捷性 反应的敏捷性是神经过程灵活性的外在表现，反应时的快慢、动作、言语、思维、记忆、注意转移的速度等都反映了敏捷性。 3(可塑性 e people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decisions of the County pentir ievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee rally and lead thef the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX years of outstanding achf of the Chinese Communists XX th report oin the Communist XX XX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behal--y Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social developmentd partlementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. Xiang BA thiration General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretary speech spirit imptand on full mobilizdepth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep unders-te grasp economic development new normal and transformation development of relationship; deep understand on inmplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accura1good order-nsolidation and ecoe cothe task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity and progress, peac solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives defined at the beginning of ty, doarty Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficul 根据环境的变化改变自己行为以适应外界环境的可塑程度，它也是神经过程灵活性的表现。 4(情绪的兴奋性 情绪表现的强弱程度。有的人情绪兴奋性高而抑制能力低;有的人情绪兴奋性低但其对情绪的控制能力较强。情绪的兴奋性是神经过程的平衡性的表现。 5(指向性 人的言语、思维和情感常指向于外还是常指向于内，常指向于外者为外向，常指向于内者为内向。指向性和情绪的兴奋性有密切的联系，兴奋性高者外向，兴奋性低者内向。同时，指向性也表明兴奋和抑制哪种过程占优势，兴奋占优势者外向，抑制占优势者内向。 三、气质类型的外在表现 根据气质的特性和每种气质类型神经过程的特点，我们不难发现几种典型的气质类型的主要外在表现。 1(胆汁质 胆汁质的神经过程的特征是强但不平衡。和这种神经过程的特点相适应，胆汁质的人一般是感受性低而耐受性高，他能忍受强的刺激，能坚持长时间的工作而不知疲劳，显得精力旺盛，行为外向，直爽热情，情绪兴奋性高，但心境变化剧烈，脾气暴躁，难于自我克制。 2(多血质 多血质的神经过程的特点是强、平衡月(灵活。和这种神经过程的特点相适应，多血质的人的感受性低而耐受性高;活泼好动，言语行动敏捷，反应速度、注意转移的速度都比较快，行为外向;容易适应外界环境的变化，善交际，不怯生，容易接受新事物;注意力容易分散，兴趣多变，情绪不稳定。 3(黏液质 黏液质神经过程的特点是强、平衡但不灵活。和这种神经过程的特点相适应，黏液质的人感受性低而耐受性高，反应速度慢，情绪兴奋性低但很平稳;举止平和，行为内向;头脑清醒，做事有条不紊，踏踏实实，但容易循规蹈矩;注意力 ly and lead the entire people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decioutstanding achievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee ralrs of unists XX th report of the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX yeaX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behalf of the Chinese Commin the Communist XX X--Xiang BA third party Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social development eech spirit implementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. ry sptand on full mobilization General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretadepth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep unders-on development of relationship; deep understand on inmplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accurate grasp economic development new normal and transformati2good order-nd progress, peace consolidation and ecothe beginning of the task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity aed at ercome difficulty, do solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives definof the County party Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, ovsions 容易集中，稳定性强;不善言谈，交际适度。 4(抑郁质 抑郁质的神经过程的特点是弱，而且兴奋过程更弱。和这种特点相适应，抑郁质的人感受性高而耐受性低;多疑多虑，内心体验极为深刻，行为极端内向;敏感机智，别人没有注意到的事情他能注意得到;胆小，孤僻，情绪兴奋性弱，寡欢，爱独处，不爱交往;做事认真仔细，动作迟缓，防御反应明显。 既然上述四种气质类型是典型的类型，大多数人是中间型的或混合型的，所以，不要对任何人都对号入座，应该从实际出发，认真分析，区别对待。 四、如何看待气质类型 1(气质的稳定性与可塑性 气质类型是由神经过程的特点决定的，而神经过程的特点主要是先天形成的，所以，遗传素质相同或相近的人气质类型也比较接近。一个人的气质类型在一生中是比较稳定的，但又不是不能变化的。如果在童年时期生活条件极为恶劣，或者在成年时期遇到了重大的生活事件，可以导致人的气质的显著变化。但是，这种变化过程是很缓慢的，甚至当条件适宜的话，原来的面貌还会得到恢复。所以，有人说气质的变化可能只是一种被掩盖的现象，江山易改，秉性难移就是这个道理。 2(气质类型没有好坏之分 气质仅使人的行为带有某种动力的特征，就动力特征而言无所谓好坏;同时，每一种气质类型都有其积极的方面，也都有其消极的方面，没法比较哪一种气质类型更好。例如，胆汁质的人精力旺盛，热情豪爽，但脾气暴躁;多血质的人活泼敏捷，善于交往，但却难于全神贯注，缺乏耐心;黏液质的人做事有条有理，认认真真，但却缺乏激情;抑郁质的人非常敏锐，却容易多疑多虑。气质对一个人来说没有选择的余地，重要的是了解自己，自觉地发扬自己气质中的积极方面，努力克服气质中的消极方面。 3(气质类型影响工作效率 气质类型并不能决定一个人成就的高低，这在现实生活中有大量的事例，不胜枚举。例如，俄国著名文学家中，普希金是胆汁质的，赫尔岑是多血质的，克 e people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decisions of the County pentir ievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee rally and lead thef the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX years of outstanding achf of the Chinese Communists XX th report oin the Communist XX XX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behal--y Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social developmentd partlementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. Xiang BA thiration General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretary speech spirit imptand on full mobilizdepth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep unders-te grasp economic development new normal and transformation development of relationship; deep understand on inmplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accura3good order-nsolidation and ecoe cothe task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity and progress, peac solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives defined at the beginning of ty, doarty Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficul 雷洛夫是黏液质的，果戈里是抑郁质的。可见，气质类型不决定一个人智力发展的水平，也不会决定一个人成就的大小。 但是，社会实践的领域众多，不同领域的工作对人的要求是不同的，因而就有了气质类型对工作适宜性的问题。在因事择人(人事选拔)或因人择事(选择职业)的时候，都应该考虑这个问题。例如，多血质的人宜于从事环境多变，要求作出迅速反应，交往繁多的工作，难于从事较为单调，需要持久耐心的工作;黏液质的人则相反，他们适合于从事耐心细致，相对稳定的工作。如果一个人的气质类型正好适合工作的要求，他会感到工作得心应手，对工作有浓厚的兴趣。如果不考虑气质类型对工作适宜性，将会增加人的心理负担，给他带来烦恼，也会影响到他的工作效率。 4(气质类型影响性格特征形成和对环境的适应 性格主要是在后天生活环境中形成的，它包含着多种特征。不同气质类型的人在形成这些性格特征的时候有些比较容易，有些就比较难。例如胆汁质的人容易形成勇敢、果断、坚毅的性格特征，但却难于形成善于克制自己情绪的性格特征。多血质的人容易形成热情好客，机智开朗的性格特征，却难于形成耐心细致的性格特征。 环境是在不断变化的，遇到变化的环境，一个人怎样应付，能否自如，这是对一个人适应环境能力的检验。一般来说，多血质的人机智灵敏，容易用很巧妙的办法应付环境的变化;黏液质的人常用克已忍耐的方法应付环境，也能达到目的;胆汁质的人脾气暴躁，在不顺心的时候容易产生攻击行为，造成不良的后果;抑郁质的人过于敏感，比较脆弱，容易受到伤害，感受到挫折。后两种类型的人适应环境的能力都不强。 5(气质类型能影响健康 心身医学告诉我们，心理和身体是相互联系，相互影响，相互制约，相互转化的。所谓健康，不仅是没有疾病和衰弱，而是在生理，心理和社会适应能力方面有良好的状态。这说明心理在维护健康中的作用。一般来说，积极愉快的情绪能够提高人的大脑和神经系统的活动能力，增强人对生活和工作的兴趣和信心;消极不良的情绪会使人的心理活动失去平衡，甚至会造成身体器官及其生理生化过程的异常。 sions ly and lead the entire people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decioutstanding achievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee ralrs of unists XX th report of the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX yeaX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behalf of the Chinese Commin the Communist XX X--Xiang BA third party Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social development eech spirit implementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. ry sptand on full mobilization General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretadepth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep unders-on development of relationship; deep understand on inmplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accurate grasp economic development new normal and transformati4good order-nd progress, peace consolidation and ecothe beginning of the task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity aed at ercome difficulty, do solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives definof the County party Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, ov 由于不同气质类型的人情绪兴奋性的强度不同，适应环境的能力不同，这会直接影响到人的健康。一般来说，气质类型极端的人情绪兴奋性或太强或太弱，适应环境的能力也比较差，容易影响到身体的健康，我们对这种极端类型的人应该给予特别的照顾，具有极端气质的人也应该学会更好地保护自己，尽量避免强烈的刺激和大起大落的情绪变化。 【参考文献】 [1].董奇.心理与教育研究方法，北京师范大学出版社，2004年 [2].陈琦、刘儒德.当代教育心理学，北京师范大学出版社，2007年 [3].王伟.人格心理学，人民卫生出版社，2011年 [4].荆其诚.简明心理学百科全书,湖南教育出版社,1991年 [5].陈少华.新编人格心理学, 暨南大学出版社2005年 arty Committee, adhere to the "steady, steady, steady quality," General requirements, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficule people of all ethnic groups, seriously implement the Central, provincial, State authority and the decisions of the County pentir ievements. XX years in the County, the County Government's strong leadership, the Township Party Committee rally and lead thef the Committee to the General Assembly. First, forge ahead in unity, overcome difficulties, XX years of outstanding achf of the Chinese Communists XX th report oin the Communist XX XX eight reporting three plenary meetings of the Commission representatives and comrades: today, on behal--y Congress report on the work of our efforts to promote economic and social developmentd partlementation to specific action in the to, promoted XX economic social development Michael Shang new steps. Xiang BA thiration General cadres enthusiasm, and constantly upgrade work essence God of requirements, put Jia Secretary speech spirit imptand on full mobilizdepth advance rule of law construction, and to build transformation development good environment of requirements; deep unders-te grasp economic development new normal and transformation development of relationship; deep understand on inmplementation "five big development concept" of requirements, accura5good order-nsolidation and ecoe cothe task, the Township to maintain sustainable economic growth, social harmony and stability, ethnic unity and progress, peac solid work, to promote theImplementation of the work, the successful completion of the objectives defined at the beginning of ty, do