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浅析秦岭淮河分界线

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浅析秦岭淮河分界线浅析秦岭淮河分界线 论秦岭——淮河是我国的南北分界线及建立标志的不合理性 孙淑艳 (信阳师范学院城市与环境科学学院) 摘要:依据相关文献资料,通过综合分析,本文得出如下结论:(1)秦岭——淮河作为我国东部南北方地理分界线名副其实。从地质上说,它是由华北陆块和扬子板块经历漫长的接触碰合形成的南北分界线。从自然地理上说,它既是人们设定的一系列气候指标的分界线,又是植被和土壤的分界线。从人文地理上说,秦岭——淮河南北方农业生产以及人们的文化生活都有很大差异。(2)秦岭——淮河分界线具体的位置是有分岐的、不确定的。其一,秦岭—...
浅析秦岭淮河分界线
浅析秦岭淮河分界线 论秦岭——淮河是我国的南北分界线及建立标志的不合理性 孙淑艳 (信阳师范学院城市与环境科学学院) 摘要:依据相关文献资料,通过综合分析,本文得出如下结论:(1)秦岭——淮河作为我国东部南北方地理分界线名副其实。从地质上说,它是由华北陆块和扬子板块经历漫长的接触碰合形成的南北分界线。从自然地理上说,它既是人们设定的一系列气候指标的分界线,又是植被和土壤的分界线。从人文地理上说,秦岭——淮河南北方农业生产以及人们的文化生活都有很大差异。(2)秦岭——淮河分界线具体的位置是有分岐的、不确定的。其一,秦岭——淮河分界线不是实实在在的一条线,而是一个呈带状的宽阔的过渡区域,不能因为淮河两岸各方面的差异而将其作为南北分界线;其二,对秦岭山地的分界线的划分有三种不同的意见,分别是秦岭北麓、秦岭南麓、和秦岭主脉,国内外学者分别从气候、 [1,2][3]植被、土壤等角度开展过大量研究论证界线的确切位置,但始终没有得到统一;其三,南北分界线一直以来呈现摆动趋势。综合看来,中国南北分界线怎样划分,具体在什么地方尚待更深一步的研究。因此,在秦岭——淮河任意区域建立中国南北分界的地理标志标志都是不科学的。 关键词:秦岭——淮河;分界线;地理标志; 引言 秦岭——淮河一线历来被认为是中国东部南北方的分界线。不论是地质、气候、植被方面,还是农业生产、文化生活、习俗方面,秦岭——淮河南北方向都有很大的差异。而2009年《中国国家地理》杂志协同中国地理学会更是将1908年中国地学会首任会长张相文问题出的秦岭——淮河线评为中国境内100年来 [4]最有价值的地学大发现,并位居“中国地理百年大发现”之首。基于分界线is an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of path, through joint development, and technology cooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hi-tech results in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure upgrade, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and research hospital by, hi-tech research results, with external think tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional industry, speed up life paper, and food, and textile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technology development, and New process innovation, promoted related industry by single products to diversified extends, by General products to high-end products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industry has near ten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute cooperation for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinese God SOAP", take "micro-business" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of benefits; to 的重要性,近年来,在秦岭——淮河一线及其附近纷纷建立与“中国南北分界”有关的地理标志。那么,从地理视角分析,在秦岭——淮河一线建立有关地理标志是否科学呢, 1 秦岭——淮河区域概况 秦岭是横贯我国东部的一条古老褶皱断层山脉,大致位于北纬32?30′,35?,东经103?,113?。西起青藏高原东缘,东至豫西伏牛山、熊耳山,呈东西走向。东西长约1500?,南北宽200,500?,是长江、黄河两大水系的分水岭,对南北气流的阻隔使其南北呈现截然不同的自然景观。淮阳低山丘陵北侧的淮河,位于与秦岭大致相当的纬度上,再加上位于气候带分界线上的特殊位置,同样使河流两岸呈现出自然人文等方面的巨大差异,因此有了“南船北马”,“南米北面”,“南涝北旱”等说法。 2秦岭——淮河是我国东部重要的分界线 秦岭是我国东部东西走向最长的山脉,淮河也是一条有着深厚历史渊源的河流,不论是从地质地貌、土壤植被等方面,还是农业生产、文化生活、风俗等方面分析,中国南北方的地理分界线都非秦岭——淮河莫属。 质上的差异 2.1地 按照板块构造学说的理论,秦岭、大别山、淮阳低山丘陵是由其以北的华北板块和它以南的扬子板块经过2亿年的接触碰合才形成的。华北板块和扬子板块原来是彼此独立的陆地,中间隔着海洋,经历了“秦岭造山”之后,海洋消失, [5]并由褶皱的秦岭山脉和淮阳古陆代替,中更新世的喜山运动形成了淮河。秦岭淮河的形成使其南北方在地质上有着很大差异,以北由于地基较老,刚性较强,盖层较薄,故以块状断裂为主,盖层褶皱较宽缓,而以南为元古代或早古生代褶 [6]皱基底,刚性较弱,形成一系列北东向褶皱、断裂和小型的断陷盆地。因此,秦岭——淮河是一条鲜明的南北地质分界线。 2.2自然地理上的差异 高大的秦岭山脉阻隔了南北方气流的交换,冬季阻挡西北风南下,使其南侧 business" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of benefits; to-eration for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinese God SOAP", take "microten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute coopend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industry has near -dustry by single products to diversified extends, by General products to highted intextile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technology development, and New process innovation, promoted relaink tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional industry, speed up life paper, and food, and tech research results, with external th-, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and research hospital by, hiresults in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure upgrade tech-h, through joint development, and technology cooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hiis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of pat1 少受寒流侵袭;夏季阻挡东南气流带来的云雨,使得南北气候的差异明显加大。 2.2.1 水文地貌的差异 在水文地貌方面,东部秦岭——淮河以南的河流只有雨水和地下水补给河流,水文网发育良好,流水切割作用使地破碎起伏,而流水的冲积作用又使平原堆积加高。以北的河流还有季节性融水和消冰水补给,但是因为蒸发量超过降水量,地表径流不足,河网密度不大,暴雨冲刷以及河流的切割作用和泥沙的堆积作用仍然十分强烈,风的侵蚀也表现的一定的影响。我国0?等温线、年径流 [7] 量200?等值线、年降水量800?等值线也大致分布在秦岭——淮河一线。 2.2.2 植被的差异 植被方面,许多研究学者以文献为基础,运用植物区系地理学和数量生态学方法,认为秦岭山地是我国东部重要的南北生态分界线,即亚热带和暖温带的分界线。尤其是淮河一带非常明显,淮河以南阔叶树不落叶,终年常绿,以北阔叶树到秋天就枯黄落叶了。 2.2.3 土壤的差异 [8]土壤方面,土壤的形成是气候、风化强度、成土母质三因素综合作用的结果。由于成土母质的不同,秦岭——淮河南北方发育成了不同类型的土壤类型,形成了明显的土壤分界线。以南地区多是各种岩石原地风化形成的风化壳,南坡上为黄棕壤与黄褐土地带,南面是四川盆地,土壤为紫红色的砂岩和页岩;以北地区主要的成土母质是黄土状沉积物及沙质风积物,北坡为山地棕壤与山地褐土地 [9]带,北面是黄土高原,属于钙质土。 2.3 人文地理上的分界线 由于自然坏境等各方面的差异,秦岭——淮河南北两边形成了风格迥异的农业生产类型和生活方式,尤其是处于平原的淮河地区。 2.3.1农业生产的差异 由于低温是农作物致命的伤害,因此积温值的大小对于植物和农作物意义重大。秦岭——淮河一线既是亚热带与暖温带的分界线,又是湿润与半湿润气候的分界线,0?等温线也大致通过该区域,决定了南北方农业的巨大差异,淮河以 efits; tobusiness" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of ben-ese God SOAP", take "microy has near ten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute cooperation for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industr-products to highogy development, and New process innovation, promoted related industry by single products to diversified extends, by General ry, speed up life paper, and food, and textile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technoltech research results, with external think tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional indust-research hospital by, higrade, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and tech results in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure up-ooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hih, through joint development, and technology cis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of pat2 南多是水田,种植水稻、甘蔗、茶叶为主,一年两熟或三熟,而北面多是旱地, [10]主要是小麦和杂粮,一年两熟或两年三熟。因此有了“南稻北麦”、“橘生淮南则为橘,生于淮北则为枳”的说法。 2.3.2文化生活方面的差异 在节日习俗方面,春节时,淮北通常吃饺子,而淮南则通常吃元宝(即汤圆)。婚嫁时,淮河以北的女子通常下午进门,而在淮河以南则通常为上午。出行方面,由于南方河网密布,水流丰富,淮安历来有“南船北马”之说,差别甚是明显。语言方面,我国语言有“南蛮北侉”之称,淮安属于北方方言去与吴越方言区的过渡地带,因此淮安在语言上分界明显。从吸取风格来看,淮安北部流行粗犷、豪放的淮海戏,而淮河以南则流行柔情的淮剧,都属于淮安,然而风格各异。 3在秦岭——淮河一线建立中国南北分界线标志是不合理的 从以上的论述可以得知,不论从地质、自然地理,还是人文地理方面来说。秦岭——淮河都无愧是我国南北方的分界线。然而,从目前对秦岭——淮河的研究来看,由于秦岭——淮河区域特殊的地质地貌,南北分界线呈现出南北摆动趋势,科学界并没有划分出中国分界线的具体位置,因此在秦岭——淮河的任何地方建立关于中国南北方分界线的标志都是不科学的。 3.1 南北分界线是“带”不是“线” 地表上的地带景观是连续的、稳定的,不会有一条线,使两边的气候截然不同。在相邻的两个不同的地带之间必然有一个景观变化的突变带,秦岭——淮河就属于这样的过渡带。然而秦岭不只是东西向一字排列的众多山头,而是南北纵横数十、数百公里的庞大山系,因此淮河两岸相隔二三十里甚至更宽,并看不出自然景观、气候、农业等方面的差异。据兰州大学陈全功教授研究制作的《基于GIS的中国南北分界带分布图》,南北分界是一条涉及四川、甘肃、陕西、湖北、河南、安徽、江苏7个省130个县(市)的宽大过渡带,最窄处约26.42?,最 2[11,12] 宽处195.41?,总面积约145500.74?,而不是我们想象的一条简单的线。 3.2 南北分界线的三种划分方法 对秦岭山地南北分界线具体位置的划分,一般有三种意见:秦岭北麓、秦岭 business" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of benefits; to-eration for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinese God SOAP", take "microten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute coopend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industry has near -dustry by single products to diversified extends, by General products to highted intextile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technology development, and New process innovation, promoted relaink tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional industry, speed up life paper, and food, and tech research results, with external th-, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and research hospital by, hiresults in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure upgrade tech-h, through joint development, and technology cooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hiis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of pat3 南麓、秦岭主脉。 一些学者主张把中国南北分界线划在秦岭北坡。因为从北坡看,整个关中盆地是暖温带,但是随着山地的上升,气温降低,在700m等高线处,气候已经不是暖温带了,而是山地气候,越来越冷了。而且秦岭的分水岭脊偏北,北坡陡而 [13,14]短,所以将其作为一个整体划入面积占优势一侧的北亚热带内 。 另外一些学者认为分界线应该划在秦岭南坡。因为随着山地海拔的升高,气温下降,南坡海拔超过大约1000m处得气候、植被、植物区系优势类群、土壤 [15] 等已不具备亚热带特征,因此应该以此为界。 而另外一些主张将分界线划在秦岭主脉上的学者认为,南北坡分属不同的垂 [16]直带谱结构类型,以山脊为准分两个自然区界线明确 。 从上述划分可以看到,将分界线划在南坡或者北坡的学者,都是因为山地气温随海拔升高而降低,使得较近的水平距离内气候、植被等产生明显的不同,但都未将所划界限以上的部分分界,因此都具有片面性。第三种主张划分到秦岭主脊又是不可能的,因为秦岭内部地貌特征相当复杂,而且最窄处也是宽达一百多公里的茫茫群山,其间还分布有南洛河、丹江及其支流、银花河等河流,形成山河相间的岭谷地形,根本没有一条山脊线明确的线状山岭。 3.3 南北分界线的摆动 第四纪初中国东部季风区明显形成,气候上的南北差别导致自然景观南北变化的过渡地带的形成。由于第四纪气候南北变化剧烈,使过渡地带发生较大幅度的南北摆动,或称南北分界线的南北摆动。当气候干冷时,分界线向秦岭——淮河以南的地区摆动;反之,则向秦岭——淮河以北的地区摆动。 时间 气候 分界线位置 移动规律 晚更新世早期(距 今14~7.5万年) 温暖 山东曲阜、梁山以北 北移3~4个纬度 晚更新世后期早段 (距今7.5~5万年) 湿冷 长江线 南移一个纬度 晚更新世后期中段 (距今5~2.5万年) 温和 秦淮线 无移动 efits; tobusiness" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of ben-ese God SOAP", take "microy has near ten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute cooperation for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industr-products to highogy development, and New process innovation, promoted related industry by single products to diversified extends, by General ry, speed up life paper, and food, and textile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technoltech research results, with external think tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional indust-research hospital by, higrade, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and tech results in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure up-ooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hih, through joint development, and technology cis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of pat4 晚更新世后期晚段 (距今2.5~1万年) 干冷 长江以南 南移3~4个纬度 全新世早中段(距今山东曲阜、染山以北地 1~0.25万年) 温暖 区 北移3~4个纬度 0.25万年至今 秦淮线 无移动 表一:自晚更新世淮河正式形成至今东段南北分界线的摆动规律 [17]近百年来,地球气温正经历一次以全球变暖为主要特征的显著变化,全球平均地面气温自19世纪以来大约上升了0.3?~0.6?,预计到2100年全球平 [18]均地面气温将比1990年上升1?~3.5?。亚热带的北界要翻越秦岭,直达黄土高原的南沿。在东部地区,将越过黄河,在河北平原上摆动。 4 结论 从以上论述可知,秦岭——淮河确实是我国的南北分界线,但是由于它是一条宽大的过渡地带,而且分界线有南北摆动的趋势,国内外至今并没有给中国南北分界线划出明确具体的位置。中国的南北分界究竟该怎样划分,在哪儿划分,也许需要我们依靠一定的技术手段进行更深入的研究。因此,目前在过渡带的任何一个地方建立中国南北分界的地理标志都是没有科学依据的。 参考文献 [1] 张学忠,张志英.从秦岭南北坡常绿阔叶木本植物的分布谈划分亚热带的北界问题.地理学报.1979,34(4):342~352. [2] 张金泉.从植物学角度试论河南省境内亚热带与暖温带的分界线问题.地理学报.1981,36(2):216~222. [3] 马建华.试论伏牛山南坡土壤垂直分异规律——兼论亚热带的划分.地理学报.2004,59(6):998~1011. [4] 陈全功.“南北分界”与“农牧交错”一席谈.中国科技财富.2010. -eration for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinese God SOAP", take "microten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute coopend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industry has near -dustry by single products to diversified extends, by General products to highted intextile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technology development, and New process innovation, promoted relaink tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional industry, speed up life paper, and food, and tech research results, with external th-, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and research hospital by, hiresults in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure upgrade tech-h, through joint development, and technology cooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hiis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of patbusiness" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of benefits; to5 [5] 鲁峰.浅析秦岭——淮河线.治淮.2000. [6] 李涛.中国地理(修订本.第三版).东北师范大学出版社.1993. [7] 任美锷.中国自然地理纲要(修订第三版).商务印书馆(北京).1999. [8] 朱鹤健.何宜庚.土壤地理学.高等教育出版社. [9] 马诚超.浅谈秦岭的地理分界意义.宿州学院学报.2007. [10] 靳玉莲.浅议“秦岭——淮河”一线.才智.2008. [11] 武永明.中国南北分界带分布图制定完成.西部时报.2010.003 [12] 郭起豪.学者量化中国南北分界带.中国气象报.2010.003 [13] 侯学煜.论中国植被分区的原则、依据和系统单位.植物生态学和植物学丛刊.1964,2(2):153~179. [14] 侯学煜.试论历次中国植被区分中所存在的争论性问题.植物生态学和植物学丛刊.1963,1(1~2):1~23. [15] 王菁兰,刘全儒等.从秦岭蕨类植物区系地理成分论秦岭山地生态分界线的划分.地理研究.2010,29(9):1629~1638. [16] 刘华训.我国山地植被的垂直分布规律.地理学报,1981,36(3):267~352. [17] 刘长友,陈爱丽等.从IPCC第四次评估报告看全球气候变化及防灾减灾对策.防灾科技学院学报.2008. [18] 李克让.全球气候变化及其影响研究进展和未来展望.地理学报.1996. efits; tobusiness" mode for letter sale, products innovation and sales mode innovation are brings has good of ben-ese God SOAP", take "microy has near ten years of accumulation, and Nanjing Institute cooperation for industry upgrade, both joint development of "Chinend products extends, promoted industry expanded capacity, and upgrade grade, nine Xin day of in cosmetics industr-products to highogy development, and New process innovation, promoted related industry by single products to diversified extends, by General ry, speed up life paper, and food, and textile, and mechanical tool, new products development, and technoltech research results, with external think tank, speed up transformation upgrade chemical, and mechanical, traditional indust-research hospital by, higrade, around I County industry layout, active docking University, and tech results in I County for into, formed reality productivity; to relies on technology cooperation led economic structure up-ooperation, variety form, will University Hospital by of hih, through joint development, and technology cis an effective shortcut to scientific and technological innovation. To active exploration "research" joint innovation of pat6
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