认识有机化合物

认识有机化合物 有机物的分类: 2:应掌握的烃基除甲基、乙基外还应知道: 3:必须掌握的官能团有: of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 4:有机化合物的结构特点 1、碳原子的成键特点: (1)碳原子价键数为四个; (2)碳原子间的成键方式常有三种:C—C、C=C、C?C; (3)碳原子的结合方式有二种:碳链和碳环 2、有机物分子里原子共线、共面: 共线、共面其实是分子的构型问，掌握并会画出以下分子的构型: CH4 正四面体，键角109о28′ C2H4 平面型结构，键角120о，6个原子在同一平面上; C2H2 直线型结构，键角180о，4个原子在同一直线上 平面型结构，键角120о，12个原子在同一平面上 5:同系物 结构相似，在分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质，互称为同系物。同系物应是同类物质，应具有同一通式。对结构相似的正确理解，务必把握并运用以下两个要点: (两个相同:若含有官能团，则不仅含相同种类的官能团，且同一种官能团的1 数目也要相同，如:CH3 OH 与 HO—CH2—CH2—OH(乙二醇)、CH2=CH2 与 CH2=CH—CH=CH2都不互为同系物。 2(结构相似(而不是相同)是指属于同一类物物质。更确切地说是指: (1)碳键和碳链特点相同;(2)官能团种类、个数相同;(3)官能团与其他原子的连接方式相同。 6:同分异构体 凡分子式相同，但分子结构不同，因而性质也不同的几种化合物互称同分异构体。同分异构体可以属于同一类物质，也可以属于不同类物质。 :有机化合物的系统命名法: 7 1、烷烃的命名:长，多，近，小，简。 2、其他有机物的命名: 8:有机物的分离、提纯 有机物分离、提纯的基本原则:不增、不减、易分、复原。 1、蒸馏:常用于分离提纯液态有机物。 (1)原理:利用混合物中各种成分的沸点不同而使其分离的方法。如石油的分馏。 (2)条件:有机物热稳定性较强、含少量杂质、与杂质沸点相差较大(30?左右)。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 2、重结晶 (1)原理:利用被提纯物质与杂质在同一溶剂中的溶解度不同而将其杂质除去的方法。 关键:选择适当的溶剂。 (2)选择溶剂的条件:杂质在溶剂中的溶解度很小或很大;被提纯的有机物在此溶剂中的溶解度受温度的影响较大。 (3)重结晶时，为了得到更多的晶体，是不是温度越低越好呢, 温度过低，杂质的溶解度也会降低，部分杂质也会析出，达不到提纯苯甲酸的目的;温度极低时，溶剂(水)也会结晶，给实验操作带来麻烦。 (4)步骤:粗产品?热溶解?热过滤?冷却结晶?提纯产品 3、萃取 (1)原理:利用混合物中一种溶质在互不相溶的两种溶剂中的溶解性不同，用一种溶剂把溶质从它与另一种溶剂组成的溶液中提取出来的方法。 (2)主要仪器:分液漏斗 (3)分类:?液—液萃取:是利用有机物在两种互不相溶的溶剂中的溶解性不同，将有机物从一种溶剂转移到另一种溶剂的过程。?固—液萃取:是用有机溶剂从固体物质中溶解出有机物的过程 。(专用仪器设备) 9:相对分子质量的测定——质谱法 质荷比最大 乙醇的质谱相对丰度 的数据示 乙醇图 31 未知物的相 对分子质量 4527 15+CHCHOH 4632 m/e []确定有机化合物结构一般过程归纳如下: of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 典例: 1:某烃结构式如下: ,C?C,CH,CH,CH3， 有关其结构说法正确的是( ) A 所有原子可能在同一平面上 B 所有原子可能在同一条直线上 C 所有碳原子可能在同一平面上 D 所有氢原子可能在同一平面上 2:下列物质一定属于同系物的是 A(?和? B(?和? C(?和? D(?和? 萘的分子结构可表示为 两者是等同的。苯并[α]芘是强致癌物，其分子由5个苯环拼和而成，可表示为 如下(1)或(2)，这两者也是等同的。现有结构式(A) ,(D) (1) (2) (A) (B) (C) (D) 试回答下列问题: 与(1)(2)式等同的结构式是,,,,,,,,,。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 与(1)(2)式是同分异构体的是,,,,,,,, 下列有机物实际存在且命名正确的是 ,.2，2,二甲基丁烷 ,.2,甲基,5,乙基,1,已烷 ,.3,甲基,2,丁烯 ,.3，3,二甲基,2,戊烯 某烯烃与氢气加成后得到2.2,二甲基戊烷，烯烃的名称是 ,.2，2,二甲基,3,戊烯 ,.2，2,二甲基,4,戊烯 ,.4，4,二甲基,2,戊烯 ,.2，2,二甲基,2,戊烯 下列有四组混合物:?硝酸钾和氯化钠?溴化钠和单质溴的水溶液?乙醇和丁醇?乙酸乙酯和乙酸钠溶液，分离以上各混合液的正确方法依次是:( ) A 分液、萃取、蒸馏、结晶 B 分液、蒸馏、萃取、结晶 C 萃取、蒸馏、分液、结晶 D 结晶、萃取、蒸馏、分液 同步作业 一、选择题,本题包括12小题～每小题4分～共48分～每小题只有一个正确答案, 1(下列说法中正确的是( ) A. 有机化合物都是从有机体中提炼出来的物质 B、有机物不一定都是共价化合物 C、有机物与无机物在性质上是完全不同的 D、有机物都是难溶于水的 2.迄今为止，以下各族元素中生成化合物种类最多的是( ) OH A(II族 B(III族 C(?族 D(?族 AAAA 3. 某有机物的结构简式为它含有( )种官能团 A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 4(用于制造隐形飞机物质具有吸收微波的功能，其主要成分的结构如图，它属于( ) SSA(无机物 B(烃 HCCHC=CC(高分子化合物 D(有机物 HCCHSS5.下列关于同系列或同系物的叙述不正确的是( ) A. 分子组成相差一个或若干个CH原子团的物质互称为同系列 2 B. 两个同系物之间相对分子质量相差14n(n?1) of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. C. 同系物之间物理性质不同，但化学性质相似 D. 烷烃的同系物的通式为CH(n?1)n2n+2 6(下列有机物命名正确的是( ) (A)2,2,4--甲基乙烷 (B)2,2--二甲基丙烷 (C)2--乙基丁烷 (D)1,3,3--三甲基丁烷 CH3CH3 7、按系统命名法, 的正确名称是( ) HCCCH3CH2 CH3CH3 (A)3,3--二甲基异己烷 (B)1,1,2,2--四甲基丁烷 (C)2,3,3--3甲基戊烷 (D)2,3,3--三甲基戊烷 8、下列物质中，与丁烯互为同系物的是( ) A.CH CH==CH CH B.CH CH==CH 3332 C.CH CH CH CH D. == 222 9( 2,2,3,3,—四甲基戊烷的结构简式是( ) A(CH(CH)CH B((CHCH)CHCH 32333223C( D((CH)CC(CH) 333310(某烃分子中有一个环状结构和两个双键，它的分子式可能是， ， A, CH B, CH C, CH D, CH 46785610611(拟除虫菊酯是一类高效、低毒、对昆虫具有强烈触杀作用的杀虫剂，其中对光稳定的溴氰菊酯的结构简式如右图: 下列对该化合物叙述正确的是 A 属于芳香烃 B 属于卤代烃 C 该分子是高分子化合物 D 在一定条件下可以发生加成反应 12.下列化合物属于苯的同系物的是( ) —CH== CH—CH C( 23D. B. A. —CH— 2 —CH 3 二、填空题(本题共4小题～共50分) 13((24分)分析下列有机化合物的结构简式，完成填空并回答问题。 O CH 3 CHCHCHCH CHCHCHCHCH ? 32223? 323 ? CHCH O —C—H —CHCHCHCHCH== 32? 33 Cl CH 3CH—CH 23CHCHCH of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passi22ng, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. ? ? ? ? OH OH OH OH (1) 请你对以上有机化合物进行分类，其中: 含有羟基 -- OH的是___________;含有羟基 -- OH但不属于醇的是_______;属于烯烃的是______;属于芳香烃的是_____________;属于羧酸的是_______;属于醛的是____________;属于卤代烃的是__________。 (2)以上物质中，________和_________互为同系物，原因是_____________________________。 14((8分)请给下列有机物进行系统命名。 ? ? —CHCH 3— CHCH 232 CH —CH CHC 33 CH— CH 3CH 22 15((15分)判断下列烷烃的系统命名是否正确，并将错误的加以改正。 ?2，5—二甲基—4—乙基己烷 ( )_________________________________; ?3—甲基丁烷 ( )________________________________; ?1，2—二甲基丁烷 ( )_________________________________; ?2,3—二甲基—2—乙基丁烷 ( )______________________________; ?3，3，5，5—四甲基己烷 ( )__________________________________。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 16((5分)今有化合物甲、乙、丙，其结构简式分别为 O CHO CH C—CH33 —CHOH 2—COOH —OH 丙 乙 甲 (1) 丙中含氧官能团的名称_________________________; CH 3O (2) 乙和 是不是同一种物质_________，原因是_________________; --O—C--H (3)甲、乙、丙中互为同分异构体的是_______________。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood.